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CLASS 8 BLEACHING AND DYEING; FLUID TREATMENT AND CHEMICAL MODI- 8 - 1 FICATION OF TEXTILES AND FIBERS 400 MEASURING, TESTING, OR INSPECTING 439 .Logwood DYE PROCESS 440 DYE RECOVERY PROCESS, OTHER THAN 401 USING ENZYMES, DYE PROCESS, NOMINAL RECOVERY COMPOSITION, OR PRODUCT OF 441 PROCESS OF COLOR RENOVATING A DYEING DYED PRODUCT 402 WOOD DYEING PROCESS 442 COLOR PROTECTING PROCESS FOR DYED 403 FUGITIVE DYE COMPOSITION, PROCESS PRODUCT OR PRODUCT 443 WEIGHTING PROCESS (LOADING SILK 404 DYEING INVOLVING ANIMAL-DERIVED WITH METAL SALTS) NATURAL FIBER MATERIAL (OTHER 444 DYEING PROCESS UTILIZING THAN SOLELY WOOL OR SILK), ELECTRIC, MAGNETIC, OR WAVE E.G., LEATHER, FUR, HAIR, ENERGY; OR PRODUCT THEREOF FEATHERS, ETC., COMPOSITION, 445 PROCESS OF PRINTING PERMANENTLY PROCESS, OR PRODUCT ON SUBSTRATE, OTHER THAN 405 .Hair dyeing NOMINAL PRINTING, USING PRINT 406 ..Oxidation dye PASTE CONTAINING DISCHARGE 407 ...With dye other than oxidation MATERIAL, RESIST MATERIAL, OR dye DYE MATERIAL; OR STENCIL 408 ...Plural dyes or dye and DYEING coupling agent 446 .Resist or reserve 409 ....Heterocyclic amine dye 447 ..Wax 410 ....Paradiaminobenzene dye 448 ..Chemically modified local areas 411 .....With metadiaminobenzene dye 449 ..Reactive dye 412 .....With aminophenol dye 450 ..Oxidation dye, e.g., aniline, 414 ...Nitroaniline dye nitroaniline, etc. 415 ....Nitrophenylenediamine dye 451 ..Azo dye component ground 416 ...Aryldiamine dye 452 ..Mordant dye, e.g., dye with a 421 ...Aminophenol dye metal chelating group, etc. 423 ...Aminoheterocyclic dye 453 ..Vat dye or sulfur dye, e.g., quinonic or indigoid reducible 424 ...Phenols (natural oxidation dye, sulfur organic reaction dye) product dye, etc. 425 ..Mordant, solvent dye formation 454 ..Basic dye, including or metallized azo dye diphenylmethane, 426 ..Basic dye, including triphenylmethane, xanthene, diphenylmethane, fluorene, methine, acridine, triphenylmethane, xanthene, oxazine, phenazine, flavylium, fluorene, methine, acridine, napthoperinone, oxazine, phenazine, flavylium, quinophthalone, quaternary naphthoperinone, ammonium group, etc., quinophthalone, quaternary containing ammonium group, etc., 455 ..Acid (including direct) dye, containing e.g., sulfonated, sulfamated, 428 ..Dye reactive with hair etc. 429 ..Developed on the hair 456 ..Disperse dye 431 ..With fluid treatment, e.g., 457 .Discharge utilized bleaching with dyeing, etc. 458 ..Chemically modified local areas 432 ...-S-S- bond disruption, e.g., 459 ..Oxidation dye, e.g., aniline, use of thioglycolates, etc. nitroaniline, etc. 433 ...Swelling of hair 460 ..Mordant dye 435 ..Solvent assisted dyeing 436 .Leather dyeing 437 ..Azo dye 438 PROCESS OF EXTRACTING OR PURIFYING OF NATURAL DYE December 2000 8 - 2 CLASS 8 BLEACHING AND DYEING; FLUID TREATMENT AND CHEMICAL MODI­ FICATION OF TEXTILES AND FIBERS 461 ..Vat dye or sulfur dye, e.g., 483 .Random pattern effect, e.g., quinonic or indigoid space dyeing, etc. reducible, or sulfur organic 484 ..Differential diffusion compound reaction product dye, 485 .Two or more sequential dye etc. application steps 462 ..Basic dye, including 486 .Direct contact with applicator diphenylmethane, 487 ..Roller or disc triphenylmethane, xanthene, 488 BONDING OF PREFORM, E.G., fluorene, methine, acridine, FLOCKING, ETC., WITH DYEING, oxazine, phenazine, flavylium, PROCESS OR PRODUCT naphthoperinone, 489 DRAWING OR STRETCHING OF PREFORM quinophthalone, quaternary WITH DYEING, PROCESS OR ammonium group, etc., PRODUCT containing 490 PROCESS OF PRESERVING SUBSTRATE 463 ..Acid (including direct) dye, COMBINED WITH DYEING OR e.g., sulfonated, sulfamated, PRODUCT THEREOF, E.G., etc. BIOCIDAL OR FIRE RETARDANT 464 ..Disperse dye TREATMENT, ETC. 465 .Vat dye or sulfur dye, e.g., 491 OVERALL DIMENSIONAL MODIFICATION quinonic or indigoid reducible OR STABILIZATION, E.G., dye, sulfur organic compound CREPING, ETC., INCLUDING USE reaction product dye, etc. OF CHEMICAL ADDITIVE TO FORM 466 .Azo dye AT LEAST A TEMPORARY 467 DIFFUSION TRANSFER DYEING COMPOSITION, WITH DYEING PROCESS, TRANSFER SHEET AND PROCESS PRODUCT 492 .Solvent treatment of synthetic 468 .Release layer utilized fibers 469 .Steam 493 .Modification of molecular 470 .Dry heat treatment for structure of substrate by penetration chemical means, e.g., cross- 471 ..Sublimation linking of substrate, 472 ...Air pressure hydrolysis of substrate, etc. 473 SUBAMBIENT TEMPERATURE DYEING 494 NOMINAL TEXTILE MANUFACTURE PROCESS, I.E., LESS THAN 20 PROCESS COMBINED WITH DYEING DEGREES C. 495 COATING OR SIZING WITH DYEING 474 REACTIVE GAS OR REACTIVE VAPOR PROCESS OR PRODUCT UTILIZED IN DYE PROCESS 496 .Aminoplast or aminoplast 475 CONFINED GAS PHASE precursor coating SUPERATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE 497 FORMING, SHAPING, OR RESHAPING DYEING PROCESS (OTHER THAN WITH DYEING PROCESS OR PRODUCT STEAM BELOW 138 DEGREES C.) 498 PROCESS OF DYEING INVOLVING DRY 476 .Steam (at 138 degrees C. or POWDER APPLICATION above) 499 SPRAY-DYEING PROCESS 477 FOAM DYE COMPOSITION OR PROCESS 500 DYEING PROCESS UTILIZING 478 PATTERN EFFECT DYEING, PROCESS, MECHANICAL PRESSURE, E.G., COMPOSITIONS, OR PRODUCTS PRESSES, ETC. 479 .Discontinuous or 501 TWO-PHASE SYSTEM DYEING multidirectional movement of COMPOSITION OR PROCESS substrate 502 REPLENISHMENT OR REPLACEMENT OF 480 .Cross dyeing SAME BATH LIQUOR IN DYEING 481 ..Mixture of treated and PROCESS untreated individual fibers 503 DYEING PROCESS INVOLVING BURNING 482 .Suppress dyeing, e.g., fold, OF REAGENTS twist, wrinkle, etc. December 2000 CLASS 8 BLEACHING AND DYEING; FLUID TREATMENT AND CHEMICAL MODI- 8 - 3 FICATION OF TEXTILES AND FIBERS 504 PROCESS INVOLVING PLURAL 529 MULTIPLE CHEMICALLY DIVERSE APPLICATION STEPS WITH SAME FIBERS OR FIBERS WITH DYE DIFFERENT CROSS SECTION, 505 DIFFERENTIAL FLUID PRESSURE PROCESS OF DYEING OR PRODUCT ASSISTED DYEING PROCESS, E.G., 530 .Resisting a fiber AIR PRESSURE, VACUUM, ETC. 531 .Synthetic polyamide 506 NONTEXTILE, DYEING PROCESS OR 532 .Polyester fiber and cellulose PRODUCT, INCLUDING INORGANIC fiber FIBER 533 .Polyster fiber and wool or silk 507 .Contact lens fiber 508 .Vinyl chloride polymer substrate 534 .Polyacrylonitrile fiber 509 .Acrylate polymer substrate 535 PHENOL-ALDEHYDE FIBER DYEING 510 .Acrylonitrile polymer substrate COMPOSITION, PROCESS, OR DYED 511 ..Contains basic addition PRODUCT comonomer, e.g., vinyl 536 FIBER DERIVED FROM SAPONIFIED pyridine, etc. CELLULOSE ESTERS OR FROM 512 .Polymer from polyol and a NITROCELLULOSE CONVERTED TO polycarboxylic acid or CELLULOSE, DYE COMPOSITION, derivative substrate PROCESS, OR PRODUCT 513 .Olefin polymer substrate or 537 MERCERIZED CELLULOSE FIBER OR rubber PARCHMENTIZED CELLULOSE FIBER 514 ..Styrene polymer DYEING COMPOSITION, PROCESS, 515 .Polymer from isocyanate and OR PRODUCT polyol, e.g., polyurethane, 538 GELLED FIBER-DYEING PROCESS OR etc., substrate PRODUCT 516 .Amide polymer substrate 539 SYNTHETIC FIBER PRODUCED FROM 517 ..Natural polyamide, e.g., MATERIAL WHICH CONTAINS casein, gelatin, keratin, PENDANT -COO-, -(O=)S(=O)-O-, collagen, etc. -O-(O=)P(=O)-O-, PYRIDINO, 518 .Cellulose substrate other than DIALKYLAMINOALKYL-, OR paper QUATERNARY AMMONIUM RADICAL, 519 ..Cellulose ester or cellulose DYEING PROCESS OR PRODUCT ether 540 .Quaternary ammonium, pyridino, 520 .Phenol-aldehyde resin substrate or dialkylaminoalkyl 521 .Oil, fat, wax, or gasoline 541 ACYLATING AGENT OR CROSS-LINKER dyeing DYE ADDITIVE, COMPOSITION, 522 .Inorganic substrate PROCESS, OR PRODUCT 523 ..Silica or calcareous substrate, 542 .Pretreatment of substrate e.g., glass, etc. 543 REACTIVE DYE COMPOSITION, 524 DRY DYE COMPOSITION OTHER THAN PROCESS, OR PRODUCT MERE MIXTURE OF TWO OR MORE 544 .1,2-epoxy terminal group dye or DYES ALONE OR PROCESS OF Halohydroxdye, e.g., -CH(OH)- MAKING CHCl containing 525 .Dye soap or detergent 546 .Thiosulfato group containing dye 526 .Dye in specified form other than 547 .Quaternary ammonium group mere powder containing dye 527 DYE CONCENTRATE COMPOSITION 548 .Alkylene phosphate or phosphite WHEREIN AN ADDITIONAL AMOUNT dye OF A CONSTITUENT OF THE 549 .Alkylene sulfato, halotriazine, COMPOSITION MUST BE ADDED halodiazine, haloquinoxaline, BEFORE USE or halopyrimidine dye 528 .Highly viscous dye concentrate, e.g., paste, etc. December 2000 8 - 4 CLASS 8 BLEACHING AND DYEING; FLUID TREATMENT AND CHEMICAL MODI­ FICATION OF TEXTILES AND FIBERS 550 ORGANIC ADDITIVE FOR DYE 573 ..Hetero N ring contains at least COMPOSITION, DYE COMPOSITION two nitrogen hetero atoms CONTAINING ORGANIC ADDITIVE, (including hydrogenated) PROCESS OR PRODUCT; OTHER THAN 574 .Five-membered hetero ring EMULSIFIER, PH ADJUSTER OR consisting of one nitrogen and STARCH OR GUM PRINT PASTE four carbon atoms THICKENER 575 .Sulfur-containing hetero ring 551 .Ethylenimine or polymer thereof 576 .Oxygen-containing hetero ring or polyalkylene polyamine 577 ..Furyl (including hydrogenated) 552 .Polymeric additive 578 ..Lactones 553 ..Derived from vinyl pyrrolidone 579 ..Hetero ring is six-membered or vinyl pyridine consisting of one oxygen and 554 ..Cationic polymer, e.g., five carbons aminated polymer without -COO­ 580 .Fats, higher fatty acids or , -(O=)S(=O)-, -O (O=)P(=O)-O­ esters, oils or waxes, other groups, e.g., polyacrylamide, than nitrogen containing etc. 581 .Silicon-containing 555 ...Acrylamide or 582 .Carboxylic acid esters, dialkylaminoalkylacrylate cyanates, isocyanates, or polymer sulfur analogues thereof 556 ...Cyanamide- or dicyandiamide­ 583 ..Aromatic formaldehyde polymer 584 .Phosphorus-containing 557 ..Acid polymer, e.g., 585 .Ureas,
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    Aromatic Amines from Azo Dye Reduction: Status Review with Emphasis on Direct UV Spectrophotometric Detection in Textile Industry Wastewaters

    Dyes and Pigments 61 (2004) 121–139 www.elsevier.com/locate/dyepig Aromatic amines from azo dye reduction: status review with emphasis on direct UV spectrophotometric detection in textile industry wastewaters H.M. Pinheiroa, E. Touraudb,*, O. Thomasb aCentro de Engenharia Biolo´gica e Quı´mica, Instituto Superior Te´cnico, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal bLaboratoire de Ge´nie de l’Environnement Industriel, Ecole des Mines d’Ale`s, 6 Avenue de Clavie`res, 30319 Ale`s Cedex, France Received 28 July 2003; received in revised form 10 October 2003; accepted 17 October 2003 Abstract The present status of origins, known hazards, release restrictions and environmental fate of aromatic amines is reviewed. The specific case of aromatic amines arising from the reduction of the azo bond of azo colorants is addressed, with emphasis on the recalcitrance of azo dyes, their demonstrated vulnerability to azo bond reduction through dif- ferent mechanisms and the lack of data on the biodegradability of the resulting amines. The evolution and present array of analysis methods for aromatic amines in water samples is reviewed, highlighting the increased sophistication and sensitivity attained, and referring a few efforts towards fast analysis methodologies. The case for the application of direct ultraviolet spectral analysis with advanced deconvolution techniques for the monitoring of aromatic amines in textile effluent treatment is presented. # 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Aromatic amines; Azo dyes; Hazards; Textile wastewater; Analysis; UV spectra 1. Origin and types of aromatic amines in the some examples of environmentally or health-rela- environment ted important amines together with their major origins and potential impact.
  • Dyes & Pigments

    Dyes & Pigments

    Dyes & Pigments with forecasts to 2005 and 2010 New study finds: • The US market for dyes and organic pigments (organic colorants) is expected to increase 2.8 percent per year to $3.1 billion in 2005, with volume over the same period forecast to reach 675 million pounds • Positive growth opportunities are to be found in the rapidly growing market for dyes used in digital printing inks and high-tech imaging • The six leading suppliers -- Ciba Specialty Chemicals, DyStar, Clariant, Sun Chemical, Bayer and BASF -- accounted for nearly two-thirds of the total market in 2000 Freedonia Industry Study #1439 Study Publication Date: June 2001 Price: $3,700 Dyes & Organic Pigments Pages: 237 Dyes & Organic Pigments, a new study from The Freedonia Group, provides you with an in-depth analysis of major trends in the industry and the outlook for product seg- ments and major markets -- critical information to help you with strategic planning. This brochure gives you an indication of the scope, depth and value of Freedonia's new study, Dyes & Organic Pigments. Ordering information is included on the back page of the brochure. Brochure Table of Contents Study Highlights ............................................................................... 2 Table of Contents and List of Tables and Charts ............................. 4 Sample Pages and Sample Tables from: Market Environment .................................................... 6 Products ....................................................................... 7 Markets.......................................................................