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Bio-Removal of Azo Dyes: a Review Pradeep Kumar Singh and Ram Lakhan Singh*

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Bio-Removal of Azo Dyes: a Review Pradeep Kumar Singh and Ram Lakhan Singh* P.K. Singh and R.L. Singh (2017) Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(2): 108-126 DOI: 10.3126/ijasbt.v5i2.16881 Review Article Bio-removal of Azo Dyes: A Review Pradeep Kumar Singh and Ram Lakhan Singh* Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad 224001, India *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected] Abstract Synthetic dyes are widely used in textile, paper, food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries with the textile industry as the largest consumer. Among all the available synthetic dyes, azo dyes are the largest group of dyes used in textile industry. Textile dyeing and finishing processes generate a large amount of dye containing wastewater which is one of the main sources of water pollution problems worldwide. Several physico-chemical methods have been applied to the treatment of textile wastewater but these methods have many limitations due to high cost, low efficiency and secondary pollution problems. As an alternative to physico-chemical methods, biological methods comprise bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae and plants and their enzymes which received increasing interest due to their cost effectiveness and eco-friendly nature. Decolorization of azo dyes by biological processes may take place either by biosorption or biodegradation. A variety of reductive and oxidative enzymes may also be involved in the degradation of dyes. This review provides an overview of decolorization and degradation of azo dyes by biological processes and establishes the fact that these microbial and plant cells are significantly effective biological weapon against the toxic azo dyes. Keywords: azo dye; microorganism; decolorization; biosorption; enzyme; nanoparticle dyeing process goes unbound with the textile fibers and Introduction are discharged into the environment (Asad et al., 2007). Dyes are the important industrial coloring chemical Release of dye containing effluent derived from various compounds. Organic chemicals that own color are known industrial practices into water bodies and surrounding as dyes. Dyes are classified by (i) chromophore groups in industrial areas is of major concern (Mugdha and Usha, their chemical structures as azo dyes, anthraquinone dyes 2012) which have several adverse effects on life including and phthalocyanine dyes etc. and (ii) their usage or decreased aquatic photosynthesis, ability to exhaust application method as disperse dyes for polyester and dissolved oxygen and toxic effect on flora, fauna and reactive dyes for cotton (Singh et al., 2012). Azo humans. Presence of dyes in the textile effluent causes an (monoazo, diazo, triazo and polyazo), anthraquinone, unpleasant appearance by imparting the color and also triarylmethane and phthalocynine dyes are main groups of their breakdown products (colorless amines) are toxic, dyes. Azo dyes absorb light in the visible region because carcinogenic and mutagenic (Xu et al., 2005). of their chemical structure, which is characterized by one or more azo bonds (-N=N-) (Chang et al., 2001). Globally, Harmful Effect of Azo Dyes 2.8×105 tons of textile dyes are poured into water Azo dyes are present in textile effluent are a major ecosystem every year (Jin et al., 2007). Azo dyes are the problem due to their toxic nature. Azo dyes having a nitro most common (more than 3000 different varieties) of all group are proved to be mutagenic in nature (Chung and textile dyes produced because of their easier biosynthesis, Cerniglia, 1992) and after breakdown they generate toxic chemical stability and the diversity of colors available as products such as 1, 4-phenylenediamine, o-tolidine etc. compared to natural dyes (Chang et al., 2004). About 80% (Rosenkranz and Kolpman, 1990). Also it is reported that, of azo dyes are used in the dyeing process of textile sulfonated azo dyes posed less or no mutagenic effect as industries. They are widely used in the textile, leather, compared to unsulfonated azo dyes (Jung et al., 1992). A food, paper, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. It unique aromatic amine, 3-methoxy-4-aminoazobenzene, has been estimated that about 10-15% of the dyes used in has been found to be potent hepatocarcinogen in rats and a This paper can be downloaded online at http://ijasbt.org&http://nepjol.info/index.php/IJASBT P.K. Singh and R.L. Singh (2017) Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(2): 108-126 potent mutagen in bacteria (Ferraz et al., 2011). A Microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, algae and yeast), plants commercial textile azo dye Acid Violet 7 has ability to and their enzymes can be successfully utilized in removal induce lipid peroxidation, chromosomal aberrations and of color of a wide range of azo dyes through anaerobic, inhibition of enzyme acetyl cholinesterase. The toxicity of aerobic and sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment Acid Violet 7 dye increases during the biodegradation processes. process by Pseudomonas putida due to its corresponding Biosorption metabolites 4-aminoacetanilide and 5-acetamido-2-amino- The uptake or accumulation of chemicals by microbial 1-hydroxy-3,6-naphtalene disulfonic acid (Mansour et al., mass has been termed as biosorption (Kumar et al., 1998). 2010). Similarly, Methyl Red is also a mutagenic dye and Biomass of bacteria, yeast, filamentous fungi and algae has its microbial degradation product N, N-dimethyl- been used successfully to remove toxic dyes by phenylenediamine (DMPD) is a toxic and mutagenic biosorption (Bhatnagar and Sillanpaa, 2010). This property aromatic amine (Wong and Yu, 1999) that remains of microorganism is due to the cell wall components such unchanged in the culture (Ayed et al., 2011). Tsuboy et al. heteropolysaccharide and lipid , which consists of (2007) tested azo dye Disperse Blue 291 and found that it as s s has genotoxic, mutagenic, cytotoxic effect and also leads different functional groups including, amino, hydroxyl, to the formation of micronuclei and DNA fragmentation in carboxyl, phosphate and other charged groups, creating human hepatoma cells. Sunset Yellow, Carmoisine, strong attractive forces between the azo dye and cell wall Quinoline Yellow, Allura Red, Tartrazine and Ponceau 4R (Srinivasan and Viraraghavan, 2010; Das and Charumathi, are azo compounds which are proved to be harmful to 2012). Won et al. (2005) found bacterium children when used as additives in food and drinks Corynebacterium glutamicum as a latent biosorbent of azo (Parliament, Council, The, & Union, 2008). Some dyes are dye Reactive Red 4. Mnif et al. (2015) isolated bacterial also mentioned which induces bladder cancer in humans strain Bacillus weihenstephanensis RI12 which and splenic sarcomas, hepatocarcinomas and nuclear removes Congo Red by biosorption with the use of SPB1 abnormality in experimental animals (Rafii et al., 1997; biosurfactant. Similar to bacteria mediated biosorption; Puvaneswari et al., 2006). Metanil Yellow, an azo dye, has fungi have also been used as latent sorbent for been proved to be hepatotoxic in albino rats (Singh et al., decolorization of azo dyes from industrial effluents and 1987, 1988). The metabolic disposition of Metanil Yellow have achieved considerable attention. Effective biosorption and Orange II has also been studied using rat and guinea depends on several conditions such as pH, temperature, pig as model systems (Singh, 1989; Singh et al., 1991a,b). ionic strength, time of contact, adsorbent, dye concentration, dye structure and type of used Due to these harmful effects of azo dyes on human health microorganism (Renganathan et al., 2006; Vijayaraghavan and on the environment, there is a crying need to restrict and Yun, 2007; Erden et al., 2011; Ambrosio et al., 2012). their entry in the environment. But, practically it is not feasible. So a solution to this problem is adopting such In addition to application of bacterial and fungal biomass treatments methods that reduce or remove the dyes from in biosorption of azo dyes, algae are also considered as the wastewaters. potent biosorbents due to their availability in both fresh and salt water (Wu and Jean, 2012). Donmez and Aksu This review compiles all the dimensions of biological (2002) revealed that potential of algae for biosorption is methods used for biodecolorization and biodegradation of attributed to their relative high surface area and high azo dyes from different sources. binding affinity. Electrostatic attraction and complexation Biological Methods of Decolorization and in the cell wall of algae are the physical processes that Degradation of Azo Dyes mediate algal biosorption (Satiroglu et al., 2002). Decolorization and degradation of azo dyes may take place Dead algal cells proved to be advantageous as biosorbents by two methods either adsorption on the microbial biomass over living cells as they do not have nutrients demand, can (biosorption) or biodegradation of the dyes by the living be stored and used for long periods and can be regenerated cells. Biological treatment of textile azo dyes has been using organic solvents or surfactants (Fu and proved to be the best method due to its ability to degrade Viraraghavan, 2001). The key advantages of biosorption almost all dye stuff and also overcome many process is its high selectivity, efficiency, economic, works disadvantages posed by the physico-chemical processes. at low concentration (Hammaini et al., 2002) and have Numerous studies, available with emphasis on the use of good removal performance as it is proved to be an efficient microorganisms to degrade dyes, suggest that method over presently available physico-chemical
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