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Redalyc.A REVIEW on EFFICACIOUS METHODS TO Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering E-ISSN: 1982-3932 [email protected] Universidade Federal da Paraíba Brasil Vijayaraghavan, Jagadeesan; Sardhar Basha, S. J.; Jegan, Josephraj A REVIEW ON EFFICACIOUS METHODS TO DECOLORIZE REACTIVE AZO DYE Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering, vol. 7, núm. 1, -, 2013, pp. 30-47 Universidade Federal da Paraíba Paraíba, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=283227995005 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Vijayaraghavan, Basha and Jegan 30 Journal of Urban and Environmental Journal of Urban and E Engineering, v.7, n.1, p.30-47 Environmental Engineering ISSN 1982-3932 J www.journal-uee.org E doi: 10.4090/ juee.2013.v7n1.030047 U A REVIEW ON EFFICACIOUS METHODS TO DECOLORIZE REACTIVE AZO DYE 1 2 1 Jagadeesan Vijayaraghavan , S. J. Sardhar Basha and Josephraj Jegan 1 Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University, University college of Engineering, Ramanathapuram, India 2 Department of Chemistry, Anna University, University college of Engineering, Ramanathapuram, India Received 2 June 2012; received in revised form 28 March 2013; accepted 13 April 2013 Abstract: This paper deals with the intensive review of reactive azo dye, Reactive Black 5. Various physicochemical methods namely photo catalysis, electrochemical, adsorption, hydrolysis and biological methods like microbial degradation, biosorption and bioaccumulation have been analyzed thoroughly along with the merits and demerits of each method. Among these various methods, biological treatment methods are found to be the best for decolorization of Reactive Black 5. With respect to dye biosorption, microbial biomass (bacteria, fungi, microalgae, etc), and outperformed macroscopic materials (seaweeds, crab shell, etc.) are used for decolorization process. The use of living organisms may not be an option for the continuous treatment of highly toxic organic/inorganic contaminants. Once the toxicant concentration becomes too high or the process operated for a long time, the amount of toxicant accumulated will reach saturation. Beyond this point, an organism's metabolism may be interrupted, resulting in death of the organism. This scenario is not existed in the case of dead biomass, which is flexible to environmental conditions and toxicant concentrations. Thus, owing to its favorable characteristics, biosorption has received much attention in recent years. Keywords: Decolorization, Reactive Black 5, Azo dye, Biosorption, Bioaccumulation, Dead Biomass. © 2013 Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering (JUEE). All rights reserved. Correspondence to: Jagadeesan Vijayaraghavan. E-mail: [email protected] Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering (JUEE), v.7, n.1, p.30-47, 2013 Vijayaraghavan, Basha and Jegan 31 INTRODUCTION resistant to aerobic biodegradation processes (Erdal & Taskin, 2010). Increasing population results in rapid industrialization and urbanization. Due to that, the world has been REACTIVE DYES confronted with two major problems. One is depletion of fossil fuels and another one is polluting the A dye is described as a colored substance with affinity environment. Manmade activities on water by domestic, to substrate applied. Dyes are soluble at some stage of agriculture, aquaculture, industrial, shipping, radio- the application process, whereas pigments in general active wastes; on air by industrial pollutants, mobile retain basically their particulate or crystalline form combustion, burning of fuels, ionization radiation, during application. These are used to impart color to cosmic radiation, suspended particulate matter; and on materials of which it becomes an integral part. Aromatic land by domestic wastes, industrial waste, agricultural ring structure coupled with a side chain is usually chemicals and fertilizers, acid rain, animal waste have required for resonance and in turn imparts color. negative influence over biotic and abiotic components Based on the origin and complex molecular of different natural eco-systems. structure, dyes can be classified into three categories: Though water, air and land are equally important, (1) Anionic: acid, direct and reactive dyes; (2) Cationic: especially potable water is of great. Two third of the basic dyes; and (3) Non-ionic: disperse dyes (Gong et earth’s surface is comprised of water. That too it is al., 1993; Mishra & Tripathy, 1993; Fu & Viraraghavan, undeniably the most valuable natural resource existing 2001; Greluk & Hubicki, 2010). on our planet. Industries are polluting the water resource It has been estimated that over 10,000 different is a common occurrence by emanating the effluents. textile dyes and pigments were in common use (Easton, Especially the potable water has become greatly 1995; McMullan et al., 2001). Also it is reported that polluted. Due to many instances, water lost its there are over 100000 commercial dyes are available originality. The discharge of highly colored wastewater with a production of over 7 × 105 metric tons per year into the potable water sources, will convert soon this (Zollinger, 1987; Fu & Viraraghavan, 2001) planet into a desert. Then, it is a serious environmental Among the various classes of dyes, reactive dyes are issue. one of the prominent and most widely used types of azo Dyes and dye pigments are the major sources for dyes and are too difficult to eliminate. They are polluting the water resource. Dyeing process is a extensively used in different industries, including significant consumer of water and producer of huge rubber, textiles, cosmetics, paper, leather, contaminated aqueous waste streams (Barakat, 2010). In pharmaceutical and food (Aksu & Donmez, 2005; a textile industry, 200 to 500 L of water is needed to Vijayaraghavan & Yun, 2008; Wang et al., 2009). produce 1 kg of finished products (Marcucci et al., Because these dyes have favorable characteristics, such 2002). Specifically, the dyeing of 1 Kg of cotton with as wide color spectrum , bright color and color shades, reactive dye demands 70 to 150 L of water, 0.6–0.8 Kg high wet fastness profiles, ease of application, brilliant NaCl and 30 to 60 g of dyestuffs (Colindres et al., colors and minimum energy consumption (Lee & 2010). Pavlostathis, 2004; Aksu, 2005; Vijayaraghavan et al., Effluents emanating from textile, paper, wool, 2008). cotton, silk, paper printing and leather industries contain The most common group reactive dyes are azo, a large varieties of reactive dyes. These dyes are of anthraquinone, phthalocyanine (Axelsson et al., 2006) great environmental anxiety due to their enormous and reactive group dyes (Lin & Peng, 1994; Sanghi et discharge and toxic character (Zollinger, 1987; Crini, al., 2006; Daneshvar et al., 2007). Most of these dyes 2006; Vijayaraghavan & Yun, 2008; Chatterjeea et al., are toxic and carcinogenic (Acuner & Dilek, 2004). 2010). More than 80 000 tons of reactive dyes are Disposal of these dyes into the environment causes produced and consumed each year, making it possible to serious damage, like they may significantly affect the quantify the total amount of pollution caused by their photosynthetic activity of hydrophytes by reducing light use (Maria Rivera et al., 2011). Dyes usually have a penetration (Aksu et al., 2007) and also they may be synthetic origin and complex aromatic molecular toxic to some aquatic organisms due to their breakdown structures, which possibly come from coal-tar based products (Hao et al., 2000; He et al., 2007). hydrocarbons such as benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, Once they are released, they not only produce toxic toluene and xylene. amines by reductive cleavage of azo linkages which To limit our scope, this review takes into causes severe effects on human beings through consideration of Reactive Black 5, which is more damaging the vital organs such as brain, liver, kidneys, difficult to remove. The reactive dyes are the largest central nervous and reproductive systems (Aksu, 2005; class of water soluble synthetic dyes with the greatest Iscen et al., 2007) and light penetration (Brown & De variety of colors and structure and are generally Uito, 1993; Mahony et al., 2002; Yesilada et al., 2003; Forgacs et al., 2004; Kalyani et al., 2007) in aquatic Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering (JUEE), v.7, n.1, p.30-47, 2013 32 Vijayaraghavan, Basha and Jegan environment. Therefore, their removal causes a big Greluk & Hubicki (2010) recommended the environmental concern in industrialized countries and is adsorption/ion exchange as an alternative method for subjected to many scientific researches. the removal of reactive dyes. Application of commercial It is estimated that 10–20% of reactive dyes remain anion exchange resins to water contaminated with a in wastewater during the production and nearly 50% of broad range of reactive dyes were studied by Karcher et reactive dyes are lost through hydrolysis during the al. (2001, 2002) and reported that anion exchangers dyeing process and their removal from effluent is possess excellent adsorption capacity (200–1200 difficult by conventional physical/chemical as well as μmol/g) as well as efficient regeneration property for biological treatment (Manu & Chaudhari, 2002; Li et their removal and recovery. The applicability of ion al., 2009; Greluk & Hubicki, 2010).
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