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Teknik Ekstraksi Pewarna Batik PEWARNA DAN PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH PEWARNA Oleh: SAKUNDA ANGGARINI, STP, MP, MSc NUR LAILATUL RAHMAH, S.Si., M.Si. WARNA Persepsi yang dihasilkan dari deteksi cahaya setelah cahaya tersebut berinteraksi dengan objek. (Lawless and Heymann, 1998). Warna sering menjadi indikator kualitas dari suatu produk atau bahan (Downham and Collins, 2000). BAHAN PEWARNA Suatu bahan berwarna yang memiliki afinitas kimia terhadap benda/bahan yang diwarnainya AFINITAS : kecenderungan suatu unsur atau senyawa untuk membentuk ikatan kimia dengan unsur atau senyawa lain. TUJUAN PENGGUNAAN PEWARNA Mempertegas warna yang telah ada pada produk, tetapi kurang nampak seperti yang diharapkan konsumen. Memperoleh warna seragam pada komoditi yang warna ilmiahnya tidak seragam. Memperbaiki kenampakan dari makanan yang warnanya memudar akibat proses panas atau yang warnanya diperkirakan menjadi pudar akibat penyimpanan. TUJUAN PENGGUNAAN PEWARNA Memperoleh kenampakan yang lebih menarik dari bahan aslinya, misalnya pewarna agar-agar. Untuk identifikasi produk, misalnya margarin berwarna kuning. BEBERAPA HAL YG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN DALAM PENGGUNAAN PEWARNA Kelarutan pH Bentuk fisik Bahan tambahan lain JENIS –JENIS PEWARNA • BERDASARKAN SUMBER PEROLEHANNYA : 1. Zat Pewarna Alam (Pewarna Alami) a. Berasal dari ekstrak tumbuhan, hewan dan mineral b. Bersifat aman, khususnya bagi tubuh c. Termasuk zat yang tidak perlu mendapatkan sertifikasi d. Dapat memberikan flavor, menjadi zat antimikrobia & antioksidan e. Cenderung mahal 2. Zat Warna Buatan (Pewarna sintetik) a. Berasal dari zat kimia buatan b. Tidak boleh digunakan pada makanan c. Umumnya mengandum logam berat d. Murah JENIS –JENIS PEWARNA BERDASARKAN FUNGSINYA 1. Pewarna Makanan - Pewarna alam - Pewarna jenis direct, mordant dan vat 2. Pewarna Non Pangan - Oksidasi Basa (pewarna rambut & bulu) - Pewarna bahan kulit - Pencerah floresens (utk serat tekstil dan kertas) - Pewarna solven (untuk kayu dan tinta) - Pewarna karbin (sedang dikembangkan untuk mewarnai berbagai substrat) PERWARNA ALAM Berasal dari Tanaman Antosianin, karotenoid, betalains, klorofil dan kurkumin Berasal dari aktivitas mikroorganisme Monascus sp (angkak) Berasal dari hewan dan Serangga Cochineal (zat warna merah dr serangga Dactylopius coccus), zat pewarna heme PEWARNA ALAMI Klorofil adalah zat warna alami hijau yang umumnya terdapat pada daun sehingga sering disebut zat warna hijau daun. Miglobin dan haemoglobin ialah zat wara merah pada daging yang tersususn oleh protein globin dan heme yang mempunyai inti zat besi. PEWARNA ALAMI Karotenoid merupakan kelmpok pigmen yang berwarna kuning, orange, merah orange yang terlarut dalam lipida ( minyak ), berasal dari tanaman atau hewan. Anthosianin dan anthoxanthin tergolong pigmen yang disebut flavonoid yang pada umumnya larut dalam air. warna pigmen anthosianin merah, biru, violet, dan biasanya terdapat pada bunga, buah – buahan, dan sayur – sayuran. PEWARNA ALAMI Antoxantin termasuk kelompok pigmen flavonoid yang bewarna kuning dan larut dalam air. Antoxantin banyak terdapat dalam lendir sel daun yang kebanyakan tidak digunakan sebagai makanan. PEWARNA ALAMI (UNCERTIFIED) Biksin larut dalam lemak, sedangkan non- biksin larut dalam air, dan warna yang di hasilkan adalah kuning warna buah persik. Biksin sering di gunakan untuk mewarnai mentega, margarin, minyak jagung, dan salab dressing. PEWARNA ALAMI (UNCERTIFIED COLOUR) Karotenoid sebagai pewarna Golongan karoten menghasilkan warna jingga sampai merah dan dapat larut dalam minyak. Zat-zat ini di gunakan untuk mewarnai produk-produk minyak dan lemak seperti margarin dan minyak goreng. PEWARNA ALAMI (UNCERTIFIED COLOUR) Karamel Karamel berbentuk amorf yang bewarna coklat gelap dan dapat diperoleh dari pemanasan yang terkontrol terhadap molase,hidrolisat pati, dekstrosa, gula invert, laktosa, sirup malt, dan sukrosa PEWARNA ALAMI (UNCERTIFIED COLOUR) Titanium Oksida Titanium Oksida berwarna putih. Dalam bentuk kasar atau mutu rendah titanium oksida sebagai warna dasar cat rumah. Secara tersendiri, titanium oksida digunakan dalam sirup yang dipakai untuk melapisi tablet obat. penggunaan titanium oksida diizinkan sejak tahun 1966 dengan batas 1% dari berat badan. PEWARNA ALAMI (UNCERTIFIED COLOUR) Cochineal, Karmin, dan Asam Karminat Cochineal adalah zat berwarna merah yang diperoleh dari hewan coccus cacti betina yang dikeringkan. Zat pewarna yang terdapat di dalamnya adalah asam karminat. Karmin diperoleh dengan cara mengekstrasi asam karminat. Karmin digunakan untuk melapisi bahan berprotein dan memberikan lapisan warna merah pada jambu. Pigmen zat pewarna alam Antosianin : orange, kuning, ungu, biru Tanin : coklat Klorofil : hijau Karoten : jingga hingga merah Biksin : kuning Sumber bahan pewarna alami (BPA) Nama Warna Bagian tanaman Kunyit Kuning Rimpang Kesumba Merah terang Buah Pinang Merah tua Biji Mengkudu Coklat Akar Jati Coklat kemerahan Daun Jambu biji Hijau kemerahan Daun Soga Kuning Akar/batang Kayu secang Kuning kemerahan Kayu Kayu lambato Kuning Kayu Kayu ramelang Kecoklatan Kayu Sirih Hijau Daun Bunga telang Biru Bunga Manggis Ungu Kulit Indigo / nila / tom Biru Daun Aplikasi BPA BPA dapat diaplikasikan terhadap: sutera, wol, dan kapas (katun) serat alam Namun, BPA tidak dapat diaplikasikan pada serat sintetis Teknik ekstraksi BPA secara umum MASERASI yaitu proses pengekstrakan yg dilakukan dengan merendam bahan ke dalam pelarut yang sesuai kepolaran. Bisa dilakukan dengan alat sederhana pada suhu kamar ataupun di atas suhu kamar tergantung sifat bahan Prinsip : Pengekstrakan zat aktif dilakukan dengan cara merendam bahan dalam cairan penyari / pelarut yang sesuai pada temperatur kamar, terlindung dari cahaya. Cairan penyari akan masuk ke dalam sel melewati dinding sel. Isi sel akan larut karena adanya perbedaan konsentrasi antara larutan di dalam sel dengan di luar sel. Larutan yang konsentrasinya tinggi akan terdesak keluar dan diganti oleh cairan penyari dengan konsentrasi rendah (proses difusi). Peristiwa tersebut berulang sampai terjadi keseimbangan konsentrasi antara larutan di luar sel dan di dalam sel . Teknik ekstraksi BPA secara umum SOKLET / SOKLETASI yaitu ekstraksi menggunakan pelarut yang selalu baru yang umumnya dilakukan dengan alat khusus sehingga terjadi ektraksi kontinyu dengan jumlah pelarut yang relatif konstan dengan adanya pendingin balik Prinsip ekstraksi menggunakan pelarut yang selalu baru yang umumnya sehingga terjadi ekstraksi kontiyu dengan jumlah pelarut konstan dengan adanya pendingin balik. Soklet Proses pencelupan tekstil pada bahan pewarna 1. Mordant perendaman kain ke dalam garam logam seperti tawas (Al2(SO4)3) yang berfungsi untuk membentuk jembatan kimia antara zat warna alam dgn serat sehingga afinitas (daya tarik) zat warna meningkat terhadap serat, dan berguna utk menghasilkan kerataan dan ketajaman warna yg baik. Sebelum dilakukan proses mordant, kain terlebih dahulu dicuci dan direndam dalam air sabun selama 12 jam, kemudian dibilas dan dikeringkan. Proses pencelupan tekstil pada bahan pewarna 2. Fiksasi proses penguncian warna setelah bahan dicelup dengan zat warna alam agar memiliki ketahanan luntur yang baik Jenis larutan fixer: 1. Tunjung (FeSO4) 2. Tawas (Al2(SO4)3) 3. Kapur tohor (CaCO3) 4. Air cuka (CH3COOH) dan jeruk nipis Contoh pewarnaan kain batik dengan BPA Indigo 1. PROSES MORDANTING Resep mordanting untuk 500 gram kain katun. - Kain direndam dalam larutan 2 gram/liter air dan TRO selama semalam. - Cuci bersih. - Rebus dalam air yang mengandung 100 gram tawas dalam soda abu (30 gram) selama 1 jam. - Keringkan dan siap di warna alam. Contoh pewarnaan kain batik dengan BPA Indigo 2. PROSES PEWARNAAN DENGAN BPA INDIGO - Kain yang sudah dibasahi dicelupkan pada zat pewarna bersuhu dingin, - Kemudian dijemur di tempat yang teduh dan dalam keadaaan setengah kering, celup berulang-ulang hingga sesuai ketuaan warna yang dikehendaki (minimal 5 x). - Setelah kering , kain tersebut di fiksasi dengan (larutan air cuka + jeruk nipis). - Cuci bersih dan jemur di tempat sejuk dan tidak terpapar sinar matahari. Contoh pewarnaan kain batik dengan BPA Indigo 3. PEMBUATAN LARUTAN FIKSASI Pada akhir proses pewarnaan alam, ikatan antara zat warna alam yang sudah terikat oleh serat masih perlu diperkuat lagi dengan garam logam seperti tawas (Al2 (SO4)3), kapur (Ca (OH)2) dan tunjung (FeSO4). Selain memperkuat ikatan, garam logam juga berfungsi untuk mengubah arah warna ZWA, sesuai jenis garam logam yang mengikatnya. Pada kebanyakan warna alam, tawas akan memberikan arah warna yang sesuai dengan warna aslinya, sedangkan tunjung akan memberikan arah warna lebih gelap/tua. Pada pewarnaan dengan indigo, fiksasi yang digunakan ialah dengan larutan air cuka 0,5 ml/l dengan ditambahkan 1 buah jeruk nipis/ 20 l. Jenis pewarna berdasarkan struktur kimia (Al-Kdasi, 2004) Nitroso Nitro Aminokinon Azo Anin Stilben Indofenol Difenil metana Kinolin Tifenil metana Indigoida Akridin Contoh struktur kimia pewarna golongan azo (ikatan N=N) Ikatan N=N Jenis pewarna sintetis untuk tekstil/batik Acid dye sutera, wool, alpaca, mohair dan nilon: anthraquinone (biru), azo (merah) dan triphenylmethane (kuning dan hijau): acid yellow G (yellow 1) acid red 184 Remazol black b (diazo) Basic dye acrylic: basic rhodamine basic bismark brown Lanjutan… Direct dye digunakan bersama NaCl dan Na2SO4, untuk kain katun: - Direct sky blue (blue 1) - Direct orange Se (orange 26) Mordant dye / chrome dye katun, wol, sutera, butuh penambahan bahan kimia seperti sodium
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