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Washington Geology OCTOBER 1983 VOLUME 11 NUMBER 4 WASHINGTON GEOLOGIC NEWSLETTER EXPLANATION 2400 photographed 2600 hydrothermal vent meters below sea level 4 km 2 hydrothermal plume The southern Juan de Fuca Ridge, showing the central depression, hydrothermal vents, and probable hydro­ thermal plume indicated by water sampling. The USGS study area is shown on the southern extension of the Juan de F uca Ridge on the inset regional map; the study of the joint Energy, Mines and Resources Canada/U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency 1983 cruise is shown on the northern extension. From Oceanus - Koski and others, 1983; map by T. R. Alpha. See page 1 for accompanying article. BRIAN J. BOYLE COMMISSIONER OF PUBLIC LANDS STATE OF WASHINGTON ART STEARNS, Supervisor RAYMOND LASMANIS, State Geologist DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF GEOLOGY AND EARTH RESOURCES Mortin Woy 1-5 - To po11\ond Exit 108 ··: GEOCOGY [" AND / t cii N South ... .!! 0 EART·~: I............ ~ .... u Sound .. .;. ;\> • C: r·~" ! ~- ~ Moll :,- 'Entrance ~ '? 0 Poulton, ,Porkln9 ••. •. ·····•• .•...•... •.•..•••.••• St. Mor ,ini t O ~r.'.!i': :..... ~ ColltOt ~ .. ···o·.. 4224 6th Ave. S.E., Lacey, Washington iii Albtrt,on, MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Earth Resources Olympia, WA 98504 (206) 459-6372 Field office address: Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Earth Resources Spokane County Agricultural Center N. 222 Havana Spokane, WA 99202 (509) 458-2038 Laura Bray, EdlLor The Washington Geologic Newsletter, a quarterly report ot geologic articles, is published by the Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Department of Natural Resources. The newsletter is free upon request. The division also publishes bulletins, information circulars, and geologic maps. A list of these publications will be sent upon request. Readers, please respond to questionnaire on back cover sheet. OFFSHORE METAL DEPOSITS - WASHINGTON AND OREGON by Ray Lasmanis* Mineral explorationists have theorized for decades Fuca Ridge lies off the coast of Oregon and Washington that certain lead, zinc, and copper deposits can form on 200 to 325 miles from shore. the ocean floor in a volcanic environment. These con· As the ocean floor spreads, long parallel faults form cepts have led to the discovery of major ore deposits. the walls of graben structures along the crests of oceanic However, debates have persisted on the genesis of massive ridges. It is within these grabens that hydrothermal vents sulfide deposits. A majority of geologists believe that arc aligned along faults and are depositing metallic miner­ such sulfides were deposited contemporaneously (syn­ als. Not only is this an opportunity to study the forma­ genetic) with the enclosing sediments or volcanics. Others tion of metal deposits but also to study a unique eco­ reason that hydrothermal solutions laden with metals system that is dependent on hydrothermal heat for Invade the host rock millions of years later. survival. Giant tube worms are one of the unusual life Credence was given to the syngenetic theory when forms. Many of these animals get fossilized by sulfides. numerous reports began to flow in from scientific deep­ Some of the hydrothermal vents have been nick­ water expeditions studying moderately fast-spreading named "black smokers" as they belch out dark clouds rich centers on the Pacific Ocean floor. Along with tectonic.. in sulfur, zinc, iron, copper, lead, silver, and cadmium. At activity and volcanism, the oceanic ridges contain hydro­ the Juan de Fuca Ridge, associated minerals are silica and thermal vents depositing massive sulfides rich in iron, barite. Typical assays from latitude 44°40' N. and line, lead, and copper. Common minerals are pyrite, longitude 130°22' W. are shown below: marcasite, galena, sphalerite, wurtzite, chalcopyrite, and cubanite. By 1978, recent sulfide deposits had been TABLE 1. - Results of bulk chemical analysis for two samples identified off the coasts of Mexico, Galapagos, and Chile. (by atomic absorption spectroscopy) The specific sites are: Name Latitude Longitude Element Sample 1 Sample 2 Guaymas Basin 27°N . 111 °w. Zinc (percent of weight) 54.0 59.2 Iron (percent of weight) 8.0 1.8 East Pacific Rise 21°N. 109°W. Copper (percent of weightl 0.32 0.07 East Pacific Rise 13°N. 104°W. Lead (percent of weight) 0.25 0.06 Galapagos Rift 01°N. 86°W. Silver (parts per million)• 290 230 East Pacific Rise 20°s. 104°w. Cadmium (parts per mlllion) 490 1,060 It followed that the spreading centers off the coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington should be investi­ Sample 1: Dark-gray massive "line sulfide with minor pyrite, Sample 2 : Light-gray spongy zinc sulfide. gated. Reconnaissance surveys by the U.5. Geological • 34.28 parts per million= 1 troy ounce per ton. Survey using submersibles and deep-water cameras during From Koski, R. A., and others, p, 46. 1980-1982 confirmed that the spreading centers known as the Jua11 de Fuca Ridge and Gorda Ridge contain identical conditions as those along the East Pacific Rise. Metal deposition is currently taking place on the ocean Metal sulfide deposits off our coast could have floor off the Oregon and Washington coasts. economic implications. Certainly, the deposits are rich Gorda Ridge is situated off the coasts of California concentrations of metals needing further exploration to and Oregon 125 to 250 miles from shore. The Juan de determine their thickness and extent. To achieve thls • State Geologist, Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources. objective, the US. Dept. of Interior Minerals Manage­ deposits discovered on the East Pacific Rise: Nature, ment Service is formulating plans to lease Gorda Ridge v. 277, no . 5697, p. 523-528. for polyrnetallic sulfide exploration. They hope to hold Franchcteau, Jean; Needham, H. D.; Choukroune1 P.; the lease sale between April and June 1984. and others, 1981, First manned submersible dives The Juan de Fuca Ridge, off the Was'1ington coast, on the East Pacific Rise at 21 °N (Project Rita) - has been withdrawn from leasing pending negotiations General results: Marine Geophysical Researches, with the Canadian Government. Meanwhile research by V. 4, p. 345-379. the US. Geological Survey will continue into 1984 to Koski, R. A.; Normark, W. R.; Morton, J. L.; Delaney, document sulfide deposition in the Juan de Fuca Ridge. J. R ., 1982, Metal sulfide deposits on the Juan de As recently as May 1983, active hydrothermal vents were Fuca Ridge: Oceanus, v. 25, no. 3, p. 42-48. discovered at latitude 48°06' N. and longitude 129°00' Mungall, Constance, 1983, Pacific Coast Ridge - Focus W. by a joint Energy, Mines and Resources Canada/ of Research; How some underseas ore deposits US. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency form: Energy, Mines and Resources canada Geos, cruise. v. 12, no. 3, p. 1, 3-9. Normark, W. R.; Morton, J. L.; Koski, R. A.; and others, SELECTED REFERENCES 1983, Active hydrothermal vents and sulfide de­ posits on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Geol­ Ballard, R. D.; Francheteau, Jean; Juteau, Tierre; and ogy, v. 11, no. 3, p. 158-163. others, 1981, East Pacific Rise at 21°N - The Normark, W. R.; Murray, J. W.; Lupton, J.E.; Delaney, volcanic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes of J. R.; Johnson, H. P.; Koski, R. A.; Clague, D. A., the central axis: Earth and Planetary Science Morton, J. L.. 1982, Polymetalllc sulfide deposits Letters, v. 55, p. 1-10. and water-column of active hydrothermal vents on Francheteau, Jean; Needham, H. D.; Choukroune, P.; the southern Juan de fuca Ridge: Marine Tech­ and others, 1979, Massive deep-sea sulphide ore nology Society Journal, v. 16, no. 31 p. 46-53. RARE MINERALS FOUND IN STEVENS COUNTY, WASHINGTON by Ray Lasmanis* INTRODUCTION HISTORY Mineral samples collected at the Wells Fargo mine, The property was originally located in 1885. The Stevens County by Wayne Moen (now retired from the principal development work was done by the Wells Fargo Division of Geology and Earth Resources) were submitted Mining Co. between 1897 and 1917. Two ad its were to Bendix Field Engineering Corp. for routine analysis. driven into the hill and a raise was brought to the surface. This spring John Sholes of Bendix, whi le working on the The lower of the two adits was driven on a heading of National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) project, N. 30° W. The mine has produced small tonnages of informed us that the rare minerals gearksutite and robin­ antimony, lead, and silver ore. sonite had been identified in these samples. The mine 1s l n the 1960's, the state lease was held by M. L. already known as a past producer of zinkenite. Carr, F. V. Carr, Clarence R. Carr, and J. Merv Carr, all of Valley, Washington. A sl!b lease was granted to Fargo LOCATION Mining Corp., which started a 2-year underground de­ VP.lopment program in 1968. The lower adit was extended The Wells Fargo antimony mine is located on state to 540 feet intersecting the downdip extension of the vein land in the N)liNWY-i sec. 36, T. 31 N., R. 38 E. It is system. It was in the course of this development program situated at an elevation of 4,000 feet on the east slope of that a massive lense of zinkenite was discovered. It was Huckleberry Mol!ntain, Deer Trail mining district, Stevens the first documented occurrence of the mi neral in the County. The Red Marble magnesite quarry is located 1 state. mile to the north. Access is by road from the town of Since 1981, part of the mine area has been under a Valley. state Mineral Prospecting Lease (No. 64348) issued to • State Geologist, Washington Divisfon of Geology and Earth Resources. 2 R Base from USGS Stensgar Mtn.
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