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Remembering Nordbahnhof Historical Research and Deportation Report

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Remembering Nordbahnhof Historical Research and Deportation Report Blood Mountain Projects Remembering Nordbahnhof Historical Research and Deportation Report Blood Mountain Projects Marxergasse 24/2/306 Vienna 1030, Austria +43.676.930.7904 [email protected] www.bloodmountain.org Page 02 Blood Mountain Nordbahnhof Historical Research Projects © June 2019 Historical Research Deportations from Nordbahnhof 1943-1945 Written by historians, Michaela Raggam-Blesch and Dieter J. Hecht Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Commissioned by curators, Jade Niklai and Elke Krasny On behalf of The Nordbahnhof Project Produced by historians and Blood Mountain Projects For strictly documentational and educational purposes © Authors, Copyright Holders and Blood Mountain Projects | 2019 Page 03 Blood Mountain Nordbahnhof Historical Research Projects © June 2019 This research is made possible with generous support from: Cover (previous page): Nordbahnhof station (photograph), c.1900 | source: de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien_Nordbahnhof (accessed 19 January 2019) Page 04 Blood Mountain Nordbahnhof Historical Research Projects © June 2019 Prologue Note from the Editor This is the first published study to address the Nordbahnhof area’s Holocaust history and forms a critical part of the independent research and curatorial programme, The Nordbahnhof Project: www.bloodmountain.org/nordbahnhof At the time of publication, there is no commemoration of the victims of the deportations onsite or published plans for such future acknowledgement. We hope this report makes a worthy contribution towards recognising this critical and hitherto undocumented history of the Nordbahnhof area. Page 05 Blood Mountain Nordbahnhof Historical Research Projects © June 2019 Contents 1. Historical Overview: Nordbahnhof as a Place of Deportation ...................................... 06-08 Facts and Data ..................................................................................................................................................... 07 Number of Transports and Number of Victims ............................................................................................... 07 Destination of Deportation Trains ..................................................................................................................... 08 Total Number of Austrian Victims of the Holocaust ....................................................................................... 08 2. Previous History .............................................................................................................. 09-15 The Nordbahnhof Station prior to 1938 ........................................................................................................... 09 Jewish Vienna after the “Anschluss” in 1938 .................................................................................................. 15 3. From Expulsion to Extermination: Deportations from Aspangbahnhof ....................... 16-18 Beginnings of War: deportations to Nisko on the River San ........................................................................ 16 Deportations from Vienna in Spring 1941 ....................................................................................................... 16 Autumn 1941: Beginning of Mass Deportations from Vienna and the Entire German Reich ................. 18 4. Logistics of Mass Deportation Transports from Aspangbahnhof ................................ 19-20 "Conscription" for Internment in Four Transit Camps in Vienna .................................................................. 19 “Reporting” to Transit Camps ............................................................................................................................ 19 “Conscription” for Deportation .......................................................................................................................... 20 “Going into Hiding” .............................................................................................................................................. 20 5. Deportation Transports from Nordbahnhof station ...................................................... 21-59 Summary of Deportations from Nordbahnhof station ................................................................................... 21 Events at the Station ........................................................................................................................................... 27 Transports from Nordbahnhof station to Theresienstadt / Terezín ............................................................. 28 Transports from Nordbahnhof station to Auschwitz ...................................................................................... 49 6. Institutions and Protagonists ........................................................................................... 59 -60 Adolf Eichmann and the Vienna “Central Agency for Jewish Emigration” ................................................. 59 “Institutions of powerlessness”: The Vienna Jewish Community (IKG) and "Council of Elders" ............ 59 7. Transports and Victim Numbers .................................................................................... 60-62 Index of Deportations from Nordbahnhof ....................................................................................................... 60 8. Epilogue: Nordbahnhof after World War Two ..................................................................... 63-72 9. Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 73-75 10. Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ 75 11. About Blood Mountain Project ........................................................................................... 76 12. Appendix 1 ............................................................................................................................. 77 13. Appendix 2 .............................................................................................................................. 79 Page 06 Blood Mountain Nordbahnhof Historical Research Projects © June 2019 1. Historical Overview Source 1.01 Map of Vienna Above caption in translation: The location of Vienna’s North Train Station and Aspang Station according to the timetable of the Reich train directory of Vienna, valid from 02 November 1942 | German Technical Museum, Berlin Page 07 Blood Mountain Nordbahnhof Historical Research Projects © June 2019 Facts and Data: The Nordbahnhof Station Contrary to Germany, where the Jewish population was deported from several different cities, the central place of deportation of the Jewish population of Austria was Vienna. After the majority of the Jewish population had been deported in the years 1941-1942 from Aspangbahnhof station 01, smaller individual transports continued between 1943 and 1945 from the Nordbahnhof station. Most of the deportees during this time were people defined as Jewish by Nazi racial laws, who had not been deported earlier because they were formerly protected by an “Aryan” spouse or parent, or held a foreign citizenship. If the protection ended due to divorce or death of the “Aryan” spouse or parent, they were put on the next transport. Other deportation transports – particularly in 1943 – also included staff members of the former Jewish community (“Council of Elders”) who were reduced in numbers on the order of the authorities. There were also transports of people of foreign citizenship as soon as the diplomatic protection ended due to events of the war. Nordbahnhof was also the major deportation location of the Gestapo. People defined Jewish, who were arrested by the Gestapo were deported from Nordbahnhof to Auschwitz in small or single transports starting in 1940. Many were arrested for alleged crimes – i.e. defying the discriminatory anti-Jewish laws, such as wearing the stigmatising yellow star or buying foods (meat, eggs or milk) forbidden to Jews. In addition, people who had previously “gone into hiding” were deported immediately upon capture.02 Deportations from Nordbahnhof: Transports and Victims Numbers The total number of Jewish deportees from the Nordbahnhof in Vienna is estimated between 3,244 and 3,248. Most of them were deported during the years 1943-1945. Between 2,141 and 2,145 of these deportees were Jews from Austria.03 The other victims comprised an exceptionally large transport of Hungarian Jewish forced labourers and people of other nationalities, who had been captured and deported from Vienna. The total number of survivors from these Nordbahnhof transports is at best an educated estimate, undermined by the scarceness of existing data. Furthermore, the number of survivors - estimated between 1,561 and 1,693 people - includes the transport of 1,073 Hungarian forced labourers in March 1945, who arrived in Theresienstadt/Terezín shortly before the end of the war at a time when deportations to Auschwitz had already stopped. Of the estimated 2,156 - 2,160 people deported from Nordbahnhof between 1940 until the end of 1944, only between 488 and 620 survivors have been verified.04 01. Situated away from main railway routes, arterial roads and pedestrian traffic, the Aspang station was most likely chosen for its strategically quiet location. 02. Dieter J. Hecht / Eleonore Lappin-Eppel / Michaela Raggam-Blesch, Topographie der Shoah. Gedächtnisorte des zerstörten jüdischen Wien, Vienna, 2018, 473-485. Joseph Walk (Hg.), Das Sonderrecht
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