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! Fondation Nl 68 Driemaandelijks Tijdschrift van de Auschwitz Stichting Nr. 68-69 Juli-December 2000 Inhoudstafel 3 Baron Paul HALTER, Editoriaal. 5 Fabian VAN SAMANG, Duitsland tussen parlementaris- me en volksdictatuur. Over betekenisverschuivingen in Hitlers democratiebegrip. 31 Markus MECKL, Helden en martelaren. De herinnering aan de opstand in het getto van Warschau. 39 Patrice VAN LAETHEM, Een leven als U-boot in nazi- Duitsland. Een gesprek met Edith Hahn Beer en haar doch- ter Angela Schlüter. 49 Ruud van der ROL, Anne Frank Huis: meer dan een museum. 59 Severine JANS. De Dietse Meisjesscharen 1940-1944. “Is het geen aanlokkelijke taak, ons volk al spelend en zin- gend terug te voeren naar de klare bronnen van zijn eigen aard?”. 107 MEDEDELINGEN - ‘La vieille fille et la dame nomade’. - Ontmoeting met het Nederlands Auschwitz Comité. - Jaarlijkse verhandelingswedstrijd van de Auschwitz Stichting. - Studiereis naar Auschwitz-Birkenau van 11 t/m 15 april 2001. - Pedagogische Commissie van de Auschwitz Stichting. - Auschwitz Bulletin 2000. - Prijs van de Auschwitz Stichting 2001. - Archieffondsen van de Auschwitz Stichting. 115 PEDAGOGISCHE DIENSTEN 125 NIEUWE AANWINSTEN VAN DE BIBLIOTHEEK EN BOEKBESPREKINGEN 1 Baron Paul HALTER Editoriaal Voorzitter Auschwitz Stichting Voor u ligt, beste lezer, het laatste nummer van deze jaar- gang. Hierin trachten we enerzijds plaats te maken voor enkele historische bijdragen en anderzijds aandacht te schenken aan de herinnering. De historicus Fabian Van Samang heeft het in zijn bijdra- ge over Hitlers democratiebegrip. Des te opvallender dat Hitler -volkomen terecht trouwens- als anti-democraat bekend is. Maar wat hield dat begrip voor hem in ? Welke kenmerken dichtte hij dat begrip toe ? Associeerde hij het met de fundamentele rechten van de mens ? Een antwoord vindt u in dit nummer. Severine Jans geeft ons een niet onbelangrijk overzicht van de werking van de Dietsche Meisjesscharen tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Voor de eerste keer werd deze orga- nisatie grondig bestudeerd en kunnen de verschillende strekkingen binnen de Vlaams-nationalistische jeugd met veel nuances geschetst worden. In het kader van de Prijs van de Auschwitz Stichting heeft Markus Meckl zijn verhandeling over de herinnering aan de opstand in het getto van Warschau neergelegd. Hij werd voor deze studie met de prijs beloond. Daarom willen we u een samenvattend artikel zeker niet onthouden. Over de prijs van de Auschwitz Stichting 2001 leest u ook meer in dit num- mer. In dit nummer maken we ook even plaats voor het getui- genis. Volgens ons heeft iedere overlevende zijn eigen ver- haal. Daarom ook willen we u het verhaal van Edith Hahn Beer, de joodse vrouw die tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog haar leven redde door in het hart van nazi-Duitsland te trouwen met een nazi-officier, niet onthouden. Haar verhaal toont hoe ver overlevingsdrang kan gaan. 3 ‘Opvoeding na Auschwitz’ blijft uiteraard onze leidraad. Daarom vragen we u alvast volgende data in uw agenda in te schrijven. Op 26 januari 2001 vindt onze jaarlijkse ver- handelingswedstrijd plaats. Van 11 t/m 15 april 2001 vindt de jaarlijkse studiereis naar de kampen van Auschwitz en Birkenau plaats. Met grote voldoening merken we dan ook dat de interesse voor beide projecten in Vlaanderen groot is. Ook het nieu- we Auschwitz Bulletin 2000, het informatieblad voor het onderwijs, kent een groot succes. We hopen natuurlijk op de ingeslagen weg voort te kunnen gaan. Daarom ook doen we een oproep aan al diegenen die zich betrokken voelen, ons te blijven steunen, zoals ze dat trouwens in het verleden al hebben gedaan. Onze dank gaat ook uit naar de verschillende overheden in het land, die zowel de verhandelingswed- strijd, de reis als de publicatie van het bulletin mogelijk maken. Met grote voldoening wil ik ook opmerken dat we onze internationale contacten aan het uitbreiden zijn. In dit num- mer stelt Ruud van der Rol van de Anne Frank Stichting zijn project aan u voor. Ook met het Nederlands Auschwitz Comité zullen in de toekomst nauwere banden aangehaald worden en op verschillende punten samengewerkt worden. Ik wil hier dan ook onze Nederlandse vrienden van harte danken en hoop op een vruchtbare samenwerking in de toekomst. 4 Fabian Duitsland tussen VAN SAMANG* parlementarisme en volksdictatuur. Over betekenisverschuivingen in Hitlers democratiebegrip.1 1. INLEIDING «De huidige Westersche democratie is de voorloopster van het marxisme, dat zonder haar eenvoudig niet denkbaar zou zijn. Zij levert den voedingsbodem, waarop zich deze wereldpest dan later kan uitbreiden.»2 Reeds in zijn vroeg- ste redevoeringen en politieke geschriften was Hitlers afkeer voor ‘de democratie’ onmiskenbaar aanwezig. Hij ver- guisde het parlementarisme, bespotte de leiders van demo- cratische partijen, noemde hen zwak en besluiteloos en voorspelde de vernietiging van het democratisch bestel door meer autoritaire regimes. Op basis van zijn nauwelijks verholen aversie hebben diverse geschiedvorsers hem - volkomen terecht - getypeerd als een antidemocraat. Al te vaak werd hierbij echter voorbijgegaan aan de inhoud van zijn democratiebegrip. Wat bedoelde Hitler precies met de term democratie ? Welke kenmerken dichtte hij ze toe ? Associeerde hij ze met de onvervreemdbare rechten waar- over elk individu ‘van nature’ beschikt - zoals menig ver- licht denker beweerde - of reduceerde hij het begrip tot zijn louter politieke dimensies ? Hoe was de democratie vol- gens Hitler tot stand gekomen, wie had ze gecreëerd, met * De auteur is licentiaat in de Geschie- denis en gediplomeerde in de Inter- welke doeleinden, en welke toekomstperspectieven had ze nationale Betrekkingen. Hij werkt te bieden ? momenteel aan een doctoraat in de faculteit Rechtsgeleerdheid van de Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Hierbij zal onmiddellijk duidelijk worden dat Hitler het Campus Kortrijk. concept niet op een éénduidige, maar op een vage, slecht 5 gedefinieerde manier hanteerde. In zijn discours dichtte hij het verschillende betekenissen, verschillende grond- leggers, verschillende doeleinden toe. De democratie werd weliswaar van begin tot einde geviseerd, maar de inhoud van de term bleef mistig, was voortdurend aan verandering onderhevig, werd telkens in een andere betekenis en een ver- schillende context gebruikt - tot ze elke betekenis had ver- loren. De bedoeling van dit artikel is om enige klaarheid te bren- gen in de chaos, die door de diversiteit aan inhouden is ontstaan. Hoe en wanneer heeft Hitlers antidemocratisch res- sentiment vorm gekregen ? Wat verstond hij onder de term ‘democratie’ en wat waren de gronden voor zijn hardnek- kige kritiek ? Welke betekenisverschuivingen hebben zich in zijn democratiebegrip voorgedaan en welke historische evenementen lagen hiervan aan de basis ? Een antwoord op deze vragen werd gezocht in de talrijke publieke toespraken die Hitler sedert het einde van de Eerste Wereldoorlog hield en waarvan de meeste ondertussen werden gepubli- ceerd. Het is bekend dat Hitler bij het houden van zijn redevoeringen niets aan het toeval overliet : zijn tekst was steeds zorgvuldig uitgewerkt, woorden waren gewikt en gewogen en het hele gebeuren werd van begin tot einde nauwkeurig georchestreerd.3 De propagandistische doel- einden hadden meermaals tendentieuze uitlatingen en ver- tekende of foutieve beweringen tot gevolg. Toch vormen deze toespraken, die de toehoorders in de nationaal-socia- listische waarheden moesten inwijden, een uitstekend ins- trument om Hitlers democratiekritiek te analyseren. Ze werden aangevuld met de politieke bespiegelingen die Hitler in de gevangenis van Landsberg neerpende en die uit- eindelijk werden gepubliceerd onder de titel Mein Kampf. Voor de vroegste periode werd een beroep gedaan op enke- le gerenommeerde biografen (Fest, Fontaine, Kershaw, Maser e.a.) en op de herinneringen van Hitlers jeugdvriend, August Kubizek. 2. RACIALE EN POLITIEKE BEWUSTWORDING (1889-1919) Het is alvast geen eenvoudige opgave om uit te maken wanneer het relatief coherente wereldbeeld, zoals dat door Hitler aan het sterfbed van het interbellum werd uitgedra- gen, vaste vorm heeft gekregen. Wellicht zijn de eerste twee decennia van zijn leven vrij onbelangrijk geweest in de ontwikkeling van zijn filosofische interesses en politiek 6 bewustzijn : zijn laaggeschoolde, monarchistische vader met zijn overduidelijk gebrek aan «geprononceerde politieke opvattingen,»4 zal op de jeugdige Hitler net zo weinig indruk hebben gemaakt als de meeste van zijn leerkrachten aan de Realschule in Linz en Steyr. Een vaak geciteerde uit- zondering was de politiek geëngageerde, «extreem groot- Duits denkende en antisemitische»5 docent Duitse geschiedenis, Leopold Poetsch. Hitler beschreef hem in Mein Kampf als een wijze, mondaine grijzaard, die hem niet enkel de liefde voor geschiedenis bijbracht, maar van hem ook een nationalist en een «jonge revolutionair» maakte.6 Toen Hitler zich na de dood van zijn moeder (1907) in Wenen ging vestigen, was hij dus allesbehalve een intel- lectueel. Ondanks de talrijke scholen die hij had bezocht was zijn opleiding eerder schraal en weinig uitgebouwd. Hij had in het beste geval enkele klassiekers uit de letterkunde en de filosofie doorgenomen en ten hoogste een vaag, ver- snipperd beeld van de politieke actualiteit opgebouwd door de lectuur van enkele vulgariserende dag- en weekbladen.7 Wenen zou zijn leven veranderen. In deze amalgaamstad van nationaliteiten kwam Hitler voor het eerst in contact met de ideeën van de uitgetreden cisterciënzermonnik Lanz von Liebenfels, die zijn raciale
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