Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 3 2 1 Kessler Lunn J. critical Tamika data a new – foxes using flying evaluation Australian and of review, behaviour roosting on wisdom Conventional priority to of important implementation future. be the the will into for study species crucial quantitative these be and of will systematic preservation and our the temporal management from for and roost-specific and Insights actions spatial demonstrate restoration recovery the 6. We on including recommendations roosts. information flying-foxes. evidence-based within demographic grey-headed red guide females updated and little and We provide black by males and 5. of species of abundance segregation distributions and both sites. spatial eight occupancy of including across in displacement trends trees species, seasonal annual roost between and referenced competition north- roosts then spatially indirect and We within statements 2,522 Queensland and flying-foxes 31 from literature. south-eastern sympatry dataset existing identify in of 13-month of We species evidence a flying-fox context show presenting of the 4. Wales, structure in South roosting inform these New roosts. fine-scale to synthesise eastern the flying-foxes flying-fox and on Australian at structure, data of roosting practices contemporary ecology understood. flying-fox contribute management roosting of poorly the refine is understanding about and modifications to understandings relevant habitat guide held provide these commonly and to of test known recommendations flying-foxes and sufficiently practical on identify not to impact are seek the flying-foxes We and of 3. regimes ecology are these roosting or roosts flying-fox for fine-scale policies, flying-fox management of guidance the Australian conflict on evidence-based populations human-wildlife Details contentious. are Australia, through highly either programs. In populations modification, restoration are Pteropodid habitat vegetation their approaches 2. involving of management yet regimes majority management. and management vast importance, to and the declining exposed economic conservation for are knowledge their and Pteropus) ecological for ecological of (Genus: challenges lack species great A additional of presents persecution. animals human species and are bat loss habitat Pteropodidae) ongoing by (Family: threatened bats Fruit 1. Abstract 2021 12, April 4 3 2 1 Kessler data Maureen new using Lunn evaluation Tamika and review, critical flying a Australian - of foxes behaviour roosting on wisdom Conventional otn tt nvriySystem University State Montana University State Wales Montana South New of University University Griffith colo ilgclErhadEvrnetlSine,Uiest fNwSuhWls yny AUS Sydney, Wales, South New of University Sciences, Environmental and Earth Biological of School eateto irbooyadImnlg,MnaaSaeUiest,Bzmn USA Bozeman, University, State Montana Immunology, and Microbiology of Department 4111 AUS Nathan, Road, Kessels 130 University, Griffith Institute, Research Futures Environmental 4 lsnJ Peel J. Alison , 1 1* eg Eby Peggy , eg Eby Peggy , 4 n lsnPeel Alison and , 1 1,2 2 eyBrooks Remy , eyBrooks Remy , 1 1 1 aihMcCallum Hamish , aihMcCallum Hamish , 1 1 an .Plowright K. Raina , 1 an Plowright Raina , 3 are K. Maureen , 3 , Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ffrsfrtemjrt fteeseisrmi idrdb nedrn bec feooia knowledge ecological of absence enduring an by hindered remain species these of majority protection the legislative for increased Aziz species efforts including these 2010; – on trend Thiriet Trewhella this 1996; imposed 2002b; Feistner reverse threats to Lunney largest countries & some the (Eby in 2020), of taken (IUCN two data) been sufficient have as with listed measures identified species are loss 177 Half which the habitat livelihoods of decline. of severe (Jenkins and (88 human 186 in IUCN persecution of species, are the human to species sustainability plant according bat with 289 the extinct fruit to least many to threatened importance, at contributors near their of as important Despite propagation bats 1991). Tuttle the fruit & for (Fujita making responsible value, are maintenance economic the bats in have role fruit (Shilton crucial Moreover, a ecosystems play bats forest 2015). fruit of pollinators, & and (Fujita regeneration dispersers importance seed and economic distance and long ecological As extraordinary of 1991). animals Tuttle are Pteropodidae) (Family: bats Fruit Introduction conservation management; habitat; camp; bat; fruit Pteropodidae; : Keywords Abstract tamika.lunn@griffithuni.edu.au author: Correspondence * 4 eateto clg,MnaaSaeUiest,Bzmn USA Bozeman, University, State Montana Ecology, of Department Isgt rmorsseai n uniaiesuywl eipratt ud vdnebsdrec- evidence-based guide to important be will study quantitative and systematic our from Insights 6. segregation spatial including species, between competition indirect and sympatry of evidence show We synthesise 5. and structure, roosting flying-fox of understanding to relevant Australian statements of 31 ecology identify roosting We the 4. about understandings held commonly test and identify to seek We 3. (Genus: species flying-fox of populations Australia, In their 2. yet importance, economic and ecological great of animals are Pteropodidae) (Family: bats Fruit 1. medtoso etrto n aaeetadwl ecuilfrteipeetto fpriority future. of the implementation into the species for these crucial of preservation be the will for and actions management recovery and restoration on ommendations females and males of little provide distributions by and temporal roosts. abundance and species and spatial within both the occupancy of including in information displacement trends demographic annual seasonal updated roost-specific and demonstrate South roosts We sites. within eight flying-foxes. New flying-foxes red fine-scale across grey-headed north-eastern trees the and roost and on black referenced of data Queensland spatially contemporary 2,522 south-eastern from contribute in dataset then 13-month species We a flying-fox presenting literature. Wales, of existing structure of context roosting the in these flying- at practices management refine and these guide roosts. of and fox recommendations flying-foxes practical on inform impact to flying-foxes the sufficiently and not regimes understood. are these poorly flying-foxes regimes for is of management ecology modifications guidance habitat roosting evidence-based to fine-scale provide vegeta- exposed the to or on are known policies, Details management roosts programs. conflict flying-fox restoration human-wildlife their through tion Australian either ecological for modification, challenges of habitat contentious. involving additional lack highly presents A are species proaches bat persecution. Pteropodid human of and majority management. loss and vast habitat conservation the ongoing for by knowledge threatened are populations tal. et 07 cay,Bmugr ae 01 Andrianaivoarivelo 2011; Racey & Bumrungsri Acharya, 2007; tal. et 05 nhn,Ttyh&D hzl21)–cnevto n management and conservation – 2018) Chazal De & Tatayah Anthony, 2005; tal. et tal. et 06 n omnt wrns apin Crol& (Carroll campaigns awareness community and 2016) 2 99 Hodgkison 1999; Pteropus r elnn n aaeetap- management and declining are ) tal. et tal. et 03 lky ae Jones & Racey Oleksy, 2003; 01 UN22) While 2020). IUCN 2011; Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. o ul eettehbttrqieet fteaias nti otx,tenme ffligfxroosts flying-fox impact of potential the number yet the may Australia, context, in that this rapidly observations In increasing on is animals. founded modification the vegetation necessarily is of of information important are requirements programs restore detailed conflict, habitat to and of the exposed managing protect lack identify, reflect for This to fully practices aim not patterns. that and usage strategies habitat, conservation current current roosting with as Tidemann inconsistent concern, 1965b; be Nelson particular 2017a), 1931; may of Australia Ratcliffe 1999) of (e.g. (Commonwealth Tidemann patterns unquantified & usage remain historical patterns tree-use on and roosting Klose knowledge density and 2005; in animal Welbergen trends in 1965b; patterns scale (Nelson are temporal (roost behaviour broad species conservation and beyond these sociality either of 2017a) on to requirements Australia contribute Roosting of Tidemann to unknown. (Commonwealth (e.g. efforts are understood of goals well effectiveness modification) ecological not and (roost baseline impact conflict informed, systematically the or that restoration) so is species limited, these is of management knowledge for challenge major second A on (Hahn roosts Pteropodids. elsewhere of (Currey observed impact been camps the have flying-fox Peel reduce population urbanisation to of and overall demand management fragmentation growing despite active with been Brisbane, through has communities and there and local Coast 2017b) Gold Australia the of (Commonwealth Sydney, like 2001; (Tait Augee areas declines & (Parry-Jones metropolitan areas (Eby in urban Australia in particularly south-eastern resources in food winter species exotic change,Williams native environmental of availability to flowering in attributed winter increase been Ree concurrent of has der populations clearing (Van roost land areas of urban fissioning, both or in fragmentation, (Williams roosts This populations occupied review). trend roost continuously accelerating smaller, of into and fragmentation individuals emerging and an sites, by al. roost compounded et flying-fox further (Mo of being entirely urbanisation are roosts of Australia flying-fox roost some in destroy flying-fox in challenges cases, or Management away extreme meters more drive 50 In disturb, exceed 2018). to can Heritage Mo granted which and 2020a; be properties, Environment trees can private of roost Office permits and of removal and management roost promote NSW the often of between conflict (State human-wildlife cases buffers reduce perimeter to create aim in that to re- often guidelines priority are and as management policies listed ment conflict are and habitat conservation ( ( roosting flying-fox for of flying-fox grey-headed Vulnerable protection policies the and for that management actions is covery identification, species The these contrast. 2021). Welle for direct 2017; human- challenge Kohut and major 2017; perception A Australia public of News negative management BBC 2016). and with threat, Government outcomes (e.g. substantial conservation Wales conflict a balance South wildlife pose additionally to New must continues habitat 1992; species roosting Government these Industries of now Primary Queensland degradation protected and are and 1988; Environment are 1999 loss threatened of However, species Victoria Act (Department as other of legislations and Conservation listed Government species 1999) Biodiversity Species native State Environment state-level the and under and 2002). Protection persistent Water harm Hall Agriculture from were Environment of 1991; flying-foxes the (Department Tuttle of Act) under & (EPBC killing protection Fujita and national 1931; persecution (Ratcliffe afforded widespread ˜1990’s and the Indiscriminate (Genus: until flying-foxes protection. Australian (Aziz for humans of persist with levels challenges conflict conservation ongoing same and These 2002) Racey & Hutson Currey Mickleburgh, 2016; 1991; Tuttle & (Fujita tal. et 04.Rotsrcue r rniinn rmlrerot htaesaoal cuidb nomadic by occupied seasonally are that roosts large from transitioning are structures Roost 2014). tal. et 07 ugsigta hsocrec slkl ersnaieo te ytm costerneof range the across systems other of representative likely is occurrence this that suggesting 2017) .conspicillatus P. tal. et tal. et tal. et 06.A osqec,icesn ubr frot aefre errsdnilhousing, residential near formed have roosts of numbers increasing consequence, a As 2006). 2020b). tal. et 04.Teeubnrot fe eeo nostso non oflc ihneighbours with conflict ongoing of sites into develop often roosts urban These 2014). 2018). 99 adn&Tdmn 99,mgain(b 91 Eby 1991; (Eby migration 1999), Tidemann & Vardon 1999; Cmowat fAsrla21a.Yti ietcnrs,rotmanage- roost contrast, direct in Yet 2017a). Australia of (Commonwealth ) 3 trpspoliocephalus Pteropus tal. et 09.Dtie fiesae spatio- (fine-scale) Detailed 2009). tal. et tal. et n nagrdspectacled Endangered and ) Pteropus 04;Hahn 2014a; tal. et tal. et 08.Smlrchanges Similar 2018). tal. et tal. et ept improved despite ) 06 b ta in al et Eby 2006; 99 n studies and 1999) tal. et 99 n the and 1999) 99 Vardon 1999; tal. et 06 Tait 2006; 2014b; tal. et tal. et Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. dniyptnilyrlvn tde o atrdb u nta erh eas nlddeprclsupport empirical included to also to addition collection We screened data In also search. Empirical theses). were initial microclimate. (e.g. authors our sources the roost by unpublished to 5) captured known key movement and not already from 4) studies studies roosts, demographic relevant relevant individuals), of and potentially (e.g. of abundance lists identify roosts fidelity reference and of and search, occupancy structure territoriality literature to social the (e.g the relating behaviour 2) migration roosting selection), structure and 3) physical tree/roost the structuring), structure, 1) species tree to relevant and area, studies any (e.g. included This Knowl- roosts of of S1). Web (Table flying-foxes ISI’s Australian using of literature structure published 27 peer-reviewed of (July search edge literature systematic 3) a and conducted We boundary); support roost empirical the existing at of animals Review disturbing 1) or to trees, creation pertain canopy common 2) interventions. clearing/trimming that vegetation); identified restoration by under-storey We those in (either trimming on made plans. and buffers removal statements emphasis roost of (weed on particular individual activities focused management for with We vegetation SEQ resource South documents, routine (2018)). primary local New these Heritage Queensland: the by and across and are adopted Environment (2020); statements/understandings these (e.g. of Science are as Office policy and which documents, and Environment management state-level 2016), NSW of camp of Ipswich Department State flying-fox Queensland of Wales: of state’s Council State Eco- their 2015; (2012), (e.g. on Catchments Council plans based management Regional roost councils Rim site-specific government with Scenic line 2014; in undertaken Logical generally is management Flying-fox literature grey of Review Methods range. their wildlife, across urbanising species and Pteropodid contentious other threatened, restoration in these habitat approaches informing of effective comparable for of management guide implementation important the to for balance and be crucial a successfully will be management in to will study roost information This improve projects, quantitative and baseline conservation. and practices flying-fox provides systematic for modification and vegetation strategies Such temporal design, where guide and repeatable to and spatial change. approach recommendations structured, fine-scale missing, ecological evidence-based capture This a been to rapid in first has of Wales. use the roosting is time South roost dataset flying-fox flying-fox New new on of Our north-east information dynamics required. and quantitative be Queensland in may where information patterns south-east field highlight updated monthly temporal in to intra-annual and use us techniques and tree allows mapping spatial and spatial highlight document resolution and roost quantitatively statements high flying-fox and these utilise systematically for we support Lastly, to empirical observations evidence. of existing empirical extent to the in the review groups) literature’ evaluate then gaps local We ‘grey critically ecology and review to structure. government roosting roosting first literature, state the flying-fox We by empirical concerning about published understandings mainland. reports understandings held Australian or commonly held the identify plans commonly on restoration evaluate species and recovery and on (management, identify focusing to flying-foxes, seek Australian understanding available.of we guide are paper, and resources roosting this Pteropodids, and In among the data exist limited of generalities to species more multiple representation whether where needed of identify systems realistic examination vegetation is help in comprehensive a support also and information and may Systematic provide guide More Australia flying-foxes. to to in of and preferences criteria unknown. change, and ecological needs decision-making largely rapid habitat is and of time flying-foxes practices this on in management data habitat ecological baseline roosting provide to modifications of th 00.Kyod eecoe otre tde vlaigtewti-adbetween-roost and within- the evaluating studies target to chosen were Keywords 2020). 4 Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. oedtie nomto nmdligdcsosadasmaytbeo oprsn.Smaie data Summarised comparisons. of at: table GitHub summary for on available Information a Supporting are package and the code ‘mgcv’ in decisions R the S1 annotated modelling using Appendix and 4.0.2), on See We (Version information 2017). R 2013). Wood detailed Crawley in per per residuals more (as (as standardised ‘gam.check’) zero-inflation of and distribution of checks Error ‘gamm’ extent performed (functions splines). and and regression type models cubic data differences cyclic the to to of fit by according owing fit specified the species (Yang effects were in each differences comparisons model random for so, for separately (and of the run occupation were (nesting) of in seasonality where models male standard in errors non-independence species, cases of a of for for with evaluation proportion in involving accounted modelled model the comparisons spline was We autoregressive involving session regression those otherwise an random function. tree), cubic except including standard per smoothing comparisons cyclic bats a effects (all male a using combined evident random using modelled and was grey-headed were modelled series male subplot was time black, and the Session site in random Roost with seasonality nonlinearity, function. for functions. smoothing allow to smooth effects abundance comparisons space. with statistical horizontal of all in modelled patterns for segregate seasonal effects models species 5) additive bat of generalized whether utilised comparisons We 6) qualitative and provide species; also individuals subdominant We per and in occupancy roosts, species). segregate and of species (per centre bat the area whether whether occupy 2) 3) outer individuals S1); species); dominant the ‘peripheral’ (Appendix (per whether occupied centre respectively 4) irregularly roost surveys and occupation the of in space; from vertical 80% of subplots distance than with frequency with less compared decreases whether or occupation roost than 1) bat the greater of were: occupation areas by data (defined ‘core’ empirical areas in our subplots with for greater tested is comparisons statistical of Information. main methods = Supporting The detailed 7 the More and in bats; bats; 2019). S1 49,999 4,999 August Appendix - - - analyses in 16,000 2,500 2018 Statistical = found = (August 6 3 be months Program bats; bats; can 13 Monitoring 15,999 500-2,499 collection for Flying-Fox - = month data National 10,000 2 a empirical = bats; the once 5 1-499 by repeated into bats; = were used 9,999 abundance 1 surveys estimates values - estimated follows: total roost per 5,000 as total as = as Because were the 4 used, analyses, categories converted index were in 1965b). also Census use surveys) (Nelson we (2017). for bat timeframes abundance estimate the short increasing index of over with an week stable unreliable ˜a generally more within are become was (conducted roosts abundance councils of total local where abundance Westcott from (i.e. in feasible counts where abundance recommendations population Total bats per of area. as count roost census and (“fly-out”), a length to be with (accurate perimeter estimated to GPS estimate also predicted with to was mapped survey each was roost tree of 2=6-10 each occupied) the heights area at bats; after of roosting 1-5 immediately (perimeter minimum/maximum 1= 7= meters) perimeter and roost 10 bats; counts bats, Overall absolute zero 6=101-200 taken. time) 0= were bats, through species index: consistent 5=51-100 site, abundance bats; per tree tree 4=21-50 (N=60 using following 10 bats; tagged the of 3=11-20 and using network mapped (Woodbats; occupancy grid Protocol” were species Survey Trees a Tree of in Large site. extent Network, trees roost Monitoring Forest per midstory al. “Ausplots each) and the et meters in canopy 20 described overstory, methods x all survey (20 of occurred subplots arrangement sites random 2017). roost spatial black stratified Program or no the Monitoring however Flying-Fox grey-headed 1, mapped intermittently, (National of (Figure We sites flying-foxes population areas spectacled roost continuous rural of some a and distribution having visited peri-urban the as flying-foxes in within documented roosts red ranging previously to South flying-foxes, Little by were Coast, New utilised flying-foxes. sites Gold north-east habitats the All and of and gradient Queensland 1). Brisbane a Table south-east represent of in to areas chosen sites metropolitan were eight sites from at These structure 1). (Figure roosting Wales on data collected We 05.T vlaesai-eprlpten nrotn,w eiie l agdtesadsoe the scored and trees tagged all revisited we roosting, in patterns spatio-temporal evaluate To 2015). < ,0 niiul) rb onigbt ste mre nteeeigfo hi roosts their from evening the in emerged they as bats counting by or individuals), 5,000 tal. et < 5 https://github.com/TamikaLunn/FF-roost-ecology 21) fteecut ol o econducted, be not could counts these If (2011). tal. et > 0 as o usto trees of subset a For bats. 200 02 arnc21) o the For 2017). Laurinec 2012; > 000bt.Roosting bats. 50,000 > . Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. eainhp ewe oa bnac n rawr ieymse nmn ossb h ag pnof data span that large probable is the It by bats). 49,999 roosts - many 16,000 spans in that 6 masked note index with We likely (e.g. 5). relationship categories were (Figure positive index however area a some roosts, overall, in and across values and abundance variable population surveys, was total monthly variation quantified across between of formally fluctuations extent sites relationships substantial have The roost observed date abundance. we some to data, roost within our none total area From but 2). roost (Table area, total abundance roosting in and total area between to relationship changes the reported previously also have session Studies and abundance” subplot total site, with Roost fluctuates S2). 4). area (Appendix (Figure “Roost effects flying-foxes random red centre, little as roost by substantially driven contributed the largely all was from (-1.639 subplot subplot (-0.315 distance of subplot occupied centre and per per metrics trees bats occupied occupation of of number typically bat were the between time) others, in S1). the relationships including (Appendix than of negative 80% roost used than the observed consistently less (-0.606 at We (occupied trees present more trees were occupied were occupied bats regularly irregularly trees where for in surveys than tree some lower of per that bats 100% of in note number occupied The also were we that (-0.222 (-0.581 trees trees subplots, subplots including occupied peripheral density Within of in though S2). subplot proportion effects). areas, lower per random Appendix a bats core as of and than substantially number 3), lower contributed occupied Figure (those a (all densely 0.001, areas both session less p= to peripheral and were refers study, subplot density generally our lower site, time) Here, In roost the across 2). of substantially (Table 80% varied statement than this less (30 supported occupied broadly 100% data between roosts. areas”’ empirical to in ranged ‘peripheral present Existing than roosts subplots occupied were of of densely bats areas more when Occupancy some are surveys areas’ observed across 2). “‘Core subplots) we (Figure Con- (15 2005) 10% others Welbergen 2). under (Table than 1965b; to it Nelson occupied subplots) contradicting consistently none (e.g. more with studies studies, be other previous these others” by with than reported sistent areas’) generally (’core was occupied consistently understanding more This are camps permanent of areas literature “Some existing with compare output. area understandings model of held full Use study. for commonly our Information how from Supporting synthesise the data we outputs in new model 2, S2 and report Table were We Appendix in measures survey.) see the repeat and but of and total text, Below, duration our height main the that the roosting through of (Note removal Tree in average tree interest measures. of an subplot. main repeat cases meter with of 32,206 to trees each, 20x20 of owing 2,522 32,786 out trees per from than trees tagged trees less 9,056 measures and structured) for repeat measured (densely recorded monthly 118-474 was 75 count 13 contained to were (Appendix sites of structured) theses total Roost consisting (sparsely in honours/PhD dataset 2 studies focused sites. 4 empirical included roost 38 and 49 an eight studies and giving generated across published collections, species, we 18 reference Lastly, non-Pteropus author’s additional on the An S1). and 4 removed were structure). citations mainland, 52 from roost these, Australian included Of than the other our results. outside From search topics we 79 being on 2). government, of (Table total (10 state a structure screening by generated roosting we through published flying-fox literature empirical to documents for relevant restoration search understandings systematic and held recovery commonly management, 31 highlighted of review our From Results ± .3,p 0.034, ± < .3,p 0.034, .0,Apni 2.Ti eln ihdsac rmthe from distance with decline This S2). Appendix 0.001, 6 < 0.001). ± .1,p 0.016, ± .7,p 0.005, p= 0.078, < .0,Fgr )adproportion and 4) Figure 0.001, ± 0.177, Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. Temjrt frottesaeocpe ymxdgop faut,wt ertre opie fasingle a of comprised territories with adults, of groups mixed by occupied are trees roost canopy. of the majority of relative “The height from in heights realised consideration roosting true, in into reflect difference structure not taken Demographic/social relative may not a but was reflect trees, here roosts within presented ground within heights 7.1-10.4) the in variation minimum: 8.8, Differences minimum: topographical 11.2-18.9; height. 9.2-13.6; that of 15.1, 11.4, however, measures (maximum: (maximum: present) Note, grey-headed (when 7). flying-foxes by red (Figure highest followed little the height then 11.3-17.2), showing minimum 8.8-16.2), average dataset, typically 14.3, 12.6, 14.6-21.0; flying-foxes new 18.0, range: black our range: interquartile with interquartile From with height, with 2005). height (Welbergen roosting maximum of (average by trees) measures heights species of provide roosting of quadrants not did different segregation and 2). observed in only, (Table we flying-foxes roosting species grey-headed between (rather, and height height flying-foxes roosting absolute black in of differences record documented included formally This had study one only Previously on impact heights” much different too at without roost roosts roost: “Species in ‘Redcliffe’ displace co-occur the to S3). to at observed tended notably (Appendix flying-foxes (most other oc- were grey-headed locations each particular, species and roosting in irregular Black usual (‘invading’) S3). flying-foxes, their do- Appendix to from red data flying-foxes response Little quantitative grey-headed observation. in Our and black prior occupants 2). black (Table this species of flying-foxes observation supporting regular red anecdotal cupants, of little an distribution by reporting changing displaced species, cument by species” being displacement flying-foxes other reported displace grey-headed were had can and study trees flying-foxes) red previous six little one Only (especially Only 6B). roosts (Figure into also species species once. was of one at influxes only species species “Large co-occupied by three different were all occupied trees two occupy occupied were by of to that 4.6%-7.9% trees observed co-occupation 92.1-95.4% present, ever subplots showed individual versus were occupied species 0.31-0.38) species, of two two interval: 659 Co-occupation where by surveys confidence Of 6A). across S3). binomial and – the (Figure low (225, (Appendix roost in species relatively 34.1% the Likewise, roost different of S3). only the two part (Appendix of period, by north-eastern roost part survey the the south-western part the toward of eastern the across observed part the in commonly western toward roosts. flying-foxes were the distributed in grey-headed flying-foxes in commonly areas black flying-foxes were discrete roost, grey-headed flying-foxes for ‘Clunes’ and black preference observed roost example, We showing the for 2). species (Table of an- roost, with trees with ‘Lismore’ species, between species, the of and multiple In segregation within by separation spatial roosts or horizontal of overlap some inconsistent co-occupation of report observations commonly ecdotal studies previous from within” Observations spatially segregate but red of sites, little segregation roosts and spatial share grey-headed “Species for and support (16.3%), roost-dependent multiple observed surveys We when 17 surveys species (8.7%). 65 in surveys surveys species. this in 9 co-occurred during co-occurred of in flying-foxes flying-foxes evaluated co-occurred patterns red grey-headed flying-foxes and little was migration Black and seasonal surveys). species black of the between (62.5%), 70.2% with (N=73, overlap present consistent were spatial south-east is species in Fine-scale which occur 1965a). roosts, that some (Nelson species at three irregularly the found of recording systematic alecto included dataset – new Queensland our from not are Results but range, size species this of in segregation roosts Spatial for strongly more dataset. relationship this this in detected available have may resolution finer of and , .poliocephalus P. .alecto P. , .poliocephalus P. hc cuyti eincniuul hog h year. the through continuously region this occupy which , and .scapulatus P. 7 h aoiyo bevtoswr aeof made were observations of majority The . .scapulatus P. was P. Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ae 02.Hr epoieasnhsso l xsigltrtr,a ela nupeeetdempirical unprecedented an as & well behaviour, Hutson as of Mickleburgh, literature, and species 1991; existing ecology Australian Tuttle all for species & on need (Fujita population of synthesis that species effective a understanding meet these provide on to baseline of we dataset, relies a majority Here distribution is the 2002). their for this Racey across lacking to currently bats Pivotal is Pteropodid which conserve management. to habitat efforts and of success The Discussion between consistent less were numbers flying-fox black and February-March S2). Eby grey-headed in (Appendix peaking 1992; in density, sites Augee trends and roost occupancy & Seasonal in (Parry-Jones trends S2). availability) seasonal showed (Appendix food flying-foxes (e.g. red more Little are roosts dynamics (1965b). these population NSW in showed ‘Sunnybank’, that (‘Toowoomba’, al. dynamics of Others highlight times et local potentially State ‘Clunes’). other cases by 1965b; and at latter driven ‘Canungra’ (Nelson peaks The strongly ‘Redcliffe’, 9). or March (Figure consistent (‘Burleigh’) towards (e.g. ‘Lismore’) abundance patterns 2018) peaks ‘Avondale’, showed in Heritage abundance fluctuation roosts and considerable roost Some Environment no 9). total of (Figure that seasonal Office specific dataset, notion and out roost general In were 2). the density (Table abundance with and and abundance occupancy March” in in in patterns patterns peaks inconsistent abundance inter- reported &“Roost and studies extreme” “Intra- Prior be & occupation.” can and abundance abundance in of variations patterns annual seasonal distinguishable roost have the roosts to “Individual that relative tree indicate Information. by may Supporting composition The or abundance/occupancy the male groupings roosts area. Roost showing in reproductive outer of maps to S4 in structure the Appendix centre spatial also in individuals clear the seen given 2002; no subdominant be perimeter, to is (Markus can and there young closer This that roosts groupings. their suggest trees some dominance would and in observed of females (0.15 sizes centre males centre with effect the small of territory roost occupy their the proportion individuals share from lower dominant males distance a dominant with 2005), only increased Welbergen that tree assume per we males dataset, If new of our From proportion p 2). (Table the 0.039, occupation that flying-fox in observed area” subdomi- patterns outer we spatial and the inconsistent roosts reported females) of studies centre and Prior the males occupy non-reproducing September females) as between (defined and segregation individuals males complete reproducing nant noted sexes as who of (defined (1965b) individuals segregation April. Nelson “Dominant complete to to observe March (‘Sunnybank’, contrast not and roosts in December, did other year, early also the while until We of September/October, time. time in any this parturition in at after increase after flying- an immediately tree grey-headed showed decreased per and ‘Lismore’) ‘Canungra’) ‘Avondale’, black males (‘Toowoomba’, between of roosts consistent proportion Some per mostly S2). the males was of (Appendix a that proportion roosts that patterns The within not trees. seasonal here foxes did individual follow note methods only to male survey would territories, the We appeared individual entirely and more of tree (2002)). 2003) by composition Connell with Markus the occupied 2002; on in consistent (Markus general were inference territories trees allow but with male trees male’ multiple inconsistent (1965b), contain where ‘bachelor may is Nelson tree of cases This bysingle and observed reports young. occupied with also (1965a) dependent tree (consistent We Nelson their single individuals 2). a and like (Table with females studies observations sexes, more historical of contemporary or groups on one mixed based and by knowledge males, occupied more be to or young” trees one dependent roost their observed and commonly We females more or one and male 99 ar-oe ue 01 Giles 2001; Augee & Parry-Jones 1999; < .0) huhti ffc a eaieysaladvral cosrot n pce Fgr 8). (Figure species and roosts across variable and small relatively was effect this though 0.001), tal. et 06,ta erdciecce sdsrbdi Nelson in described as cycles reproductive than 2016), Pteropus 8 ehglgtta ayeitn eif on beliefs existing many that highlight We . ± Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. oial oe osgeaeb reo egt uhta l oilcnat eebtenidvdaso the of groupings individuals social between flying-fox were of contacts his- observations were social recent animals all Eby more 1984; that times, with McWilliam such contrast these and 1981; observations height, During (Puddicombe conception) these or However, 1965b). before tree sex. Nelson by and same segregate 1965a; lactation, to (Nelson during until noted conception) September parturition, torically (after between before March females immediately and post non-reproducing males period again as of (the separation (defined complete December individuals describe early single also subdominant perspectives a and reproducing historic of as roosts These area” comprised (defined of outer individuals territories the centre “Dominant with & females) the adults, young” and occupy dependent of males their females) groups and mixed and females more by males occupied or (Larsen are one time trees and roost through male utilised of contain consistently majority commonly be “The may roosts overwintering and groups contemporary Similarly, sex and Tait winter. age in all disperse from individuals will bats patterns that have usage patterns assume historical occupation where on areas based urban (Kung (Larsen in recommendations particularly most as patterns, the usage concern, the changed current of with (including inconsistent are patterns be (2020)) may occupation Science flying-fox year and on remain Environment information to groups historical recent aggregate only most allows containing & and documents (Parry-Jones behaviours foods winter Policy migratory Williams exotic in for of 2001; availability need style Augee continuous & the where living from (Parry-Jones decades, reduced less-gregarious recent round mating has more a of areas in adopt changed urban cessation and has in the ecology disperse and This availability to 1992). support animals Augee food and drive the decreased to while triggered understood were ˜May summer/autumn, 1965a), (Nelson in months these living in aggregative flora native of flowering abundant with 1991; Eby 1987; and Aston adults (e.g. (Pud- by decades onwards year 1981 recent from in the noted common throughout been become continuously has has occupation occupied and roost Larsen 1985) were of Parry-Jones type dataset 1981; This empirical dicombe sexes. our both of in juveniles/sub-adults occupation” sites and abundance roost of All patterns seasonal distinguishable have roosts “Individual a promote supported formulated to not are changed understanding variation plans be management Existing of to before need extent acquisition guidelines the data management given preliminary approved. Roost requires inappropriate, and that area. be highlight approach that regional will we tailored a suggest importantly, management more within and Most roost even outdated, knowledge. to sites improved or approach between incorporate unsupported one-size-fits-all to are a updated that based, be are should decisions plans management management and conservation which oildiesadaalblt frsucs(ar-oe ue 92.Seicly ertr formation territory Specifically, 1992). Augee ( & ˜March) (from (Parry-Jones Tait conception resources 2001; and of Augee January) availability & (from (Parry-Jones and areas drivers urban social in particularly around, when Klose year and al. (e.g. occupied 1965b). rare, observed consistently (Nelson were still now males are roosts are adult colonies summer lone occupied at or seasonally Parry- animals juveniles While overwintering 1991; predominantly types, Augee being & roost as Parry-Jones these documented For 1965b; were between Nelson present, form 1992). 1965a; the would Augee Nelson animals in & 1931; dispersed Jones cited (Ratcliffe of and September roosts’ ‘winter and (1965b) and April/May Nelson April/May, and and ˜September/October (1965a) between Nelson Guideline by Management historically Roost described pattern ‘winter’ 04.Tecci atrso umrageainadwne ipra eeoiial huh oreflect to thought originally were dispersal winter and aggregation summer of patterns cyclic The 2014). tal. et tal. et tal. et 2014). 05.Rotmntrn ro omngmn cin hudecmaseeysao,adnot and season, every encompass should actions management to prior monitoring Roost 2015). ligfxRotMngmn Guideline Management Roost Flying-fox 02 a e Ree der Van 2002; tal. et o uesad hr sme oss frpouigidvdaswudform would individuals reproducing of roosts’ ‘summer where Queensland, for 02 Tait 2002; tal. et 06.Ti atr focpto otat ote‘umr and ‘summer’ the to contrasts occupation of pattern This 2006). tal. et tal. et tal. et 99 ebre 05,adosrain rmti td.In study. this from observations and 2005), Welbergen 1999; .poliocephalus P. 04,adweehmnbtcniti fe h highest the often is conflict human-bat where and 2014), 2006). 9 o uesad tt fQenln eatetof Department Queensland of State Queensland: for tal. et and 09,a nraignme froosts of number increasing an 2009), .alecto P. Wlegn20)coupled 2005) (Welbergen ) tal. et Flying-fox 2002; et Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ilos h aiu os ieosre nti urn td a 500 eodda h imr roost Lismore the the at into recorded as 95,000, ˜ (1870’s) was Valley study Richmond current Lunney the this Likewise, in in River). observed flying-foxes (Burnett site of roost considerably’ maximum observations possibly The historical millions’ million, the millions. report a ‘into as bats of (1997) with ‘large’ quarter Moon Queensland and northern a and 10,000-50,000, in ‘exceeded roosts as and report ‘medium’ River) also estimates. (1931) animals, (Red historical Ratcliffe ˜5,000-10,000 of those size. as than this over roosts smaller much anything nomadic ‘small’ were study describes of our were (1931) from influx roosts abundance Ratcliffe other an of availability. in estimates triggered that observed food also Dynamics 2018 of note We winter 2018. dynamics August in local in from event of observed result blossoming flying-foxes peak in the the a red plots likely driving abundance roost, little population, species ‘Lismore’ the of into (see the migration bats March For around seasonal peaks abundance S2). roost, in of Appendix March ‘Redcliffe’ peak Drivers a towards the abundance ‘Lismore’). to For peak in contributed ‘Avondale’, abundance 2019 fluctuation ‘Sunnybank’, a roosts. ˜January (‘Toowoomba’, considerable roost between to no times total variable either other response a showed were at in with Others peaks consistent abundance ‘Clunes’). or patterns and in (‘Burleigh’) blossoming. showed ‘Canungra’ the decrease ‘Redcliffe’, to that roosts proximity and note some (e.g. closer away study, example, in migrate our roost for a to In (2001), high to note appeared move Augee to studies and roost presumably many superimpose Parry-Jones event, study Indeed, can blossoming availability their abundance. 1992). food from Augee in of & 1991). variability animals (Parry-Jones dynamics Palmer inter-annual birth abundance & local of and of timing Eby irregular, intra- patterns (i.e. 1991; that factors these Eby highlight reproductive into by 1965b; but variability driven are or (Nelson flight), occupation roosts, independent roosts of occupied/overwintering patterns and summer continuously cyclical during that occupied in decrease note then counts seasonally studies sizes winter These in Roost low independently) counts 2001). to fly winter Augee mating) to & zero able of Parry-Jones are on 1991; period young Palmer studies (the season’s & However, the March-April Eby flying-fox (when 1991; January-February in 2020). Eby in abundance 1965b; Science peak (Nelson peak a and until for Environment birth) time give of females the Department Queensland alecto being P. extreme” of as and poliocephalus be State documents can management abundance (e.g. some in roosts in variations identified inter-annual was and “Intra- March & conditions March” local in and peaks site disturbances abundance roost circumvent “Roost not on likely conditional scheduled will but of actions supported, roosts Department understanding of guidelines), 2015; Existing edges have current young to Australia and dependant to work of and gestation contrast restricting females Commonwealth of that in gestating per stages note to (and should late (as Importantly time in own this are their 2020a). within females on Science should when fly managers and year guidelines, cannot Environment the current that of of young times support dependant during in Specifically, actions Williams management 2001; mating), plans. availability avoid resource flying-fox Augee management (i.e. continuous current in & drivers by driven for patterns (Parry-Jones social be implications environment strong occupancy to males by urban thought in areas driven mixed is the change be roosts peripheral of the in contemporary to groups in reflects in believed living distributed potentially historically present aggregative was This randomly whereas and distribution males, living observed males. aggregative camp of the we where of groups in the study roosts, groups (mixed structure through this and groups one spatial distributed females, reproductive in and clear and that Additionally, uniformly female no notes were one (1981) 1984). is young) male, Puddicombe (McWilliam there observations, one their recent that roost. of and More however, the groups females juveniles. within suggest, family of sexes 2) study groups the 4) roosts, this of males, of from polygamous outsides results including groupings the groups social and of adult on types other groups four 3) guard roosts, young, within 1) co-occurred females females noted: and and males were that males around. times year that the such trees during Historically, around, within year and all roost present the commonly in are co-occur groups mixed-sex roosts, contemporary dniyatpclpteno nraigaudnefo etme-coe (when September-October from abundance increasing of pattern typical a identify 10 tal. et 06.Teosrain ilhave will observations The 2006). P. Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. omngmn nevnin.I antb sue,freape htseisocp ra fteroost the disease vulnerable understanding of to into areas insights important interesting less occupy give or also species more results prior be that These sites may example, flying-fox. that roost grey-headed areas for of the consider monitoring like assumed, to species, species need be of flying- actions cannot importance management grey-headed and the It by uniformly, followed flag interventions. findings roosting, These highest management species the flying-foxes. to of showing red segregation foxes little observed flying-fox also and We black foxes trees. with roosts, separate height, of of areas roosting occupation discrete by for for preference common extent preferences commonly, showed support more the commonly data even species predominantly on our and the from structure: information on Findings roost flying-fox spatial extending date. of flying-fox, quantitative, to understandings grey-headed documents contribute and management also We flying-fox underlying has observations black that (1999). anecdotal flying-fox, separation specifically, red Markus horizontal little - and overlap Some species Birt and different in areas. by Klose described different and occupied been occupied (1965b) were Nelson flying-foxes by roosts black noted of and been within sections segregation flying-foxes and that overlap red of noted species mixed little number of of (1932) documentation the structure formal Ratcliffe the little increased understanding relatively early of substantially roosts. been pertinence has and has the There 1990s increased process thereby roosts. late and species this the species, overlap, both in by distributions expansion occupied their (Roberts roosts southern flying-foxes where rapid grey-headed with of roosts overlap phase co-occupy of a area heights” underwent the different increasing flying-foxes (especially at 2000s, roosts black roost into “Species of species & range of species” The abundance. influxes other “Large population displace & high can within” of flying-foxes) spatially red into segregate periods via little expansion during but buffers outcomes an sites, roosts unintended Currey of in share avoid in result creation “Species to noted and abundance, care available, (as with with habitat increase planned fluctuate roost numbers be to normal should effectiveness flying-fox area of potential when moni- roost and area areas prior for location the new addition, the potential reduce In inform the may the to removal recognising Given 2018). and important vegetation roost, Council be creation. the will Ku-ring-gai buffer of areas activities 2000; of monitoring roosting Management prior (Pallin core/peripheral flying-foxes. on areas of of based impact different toring affect roosts, substantial not of in a will have zones importance edge not specific ecological roost will the for the so prescribed ‘core’ from to and removal be of roosting, vegetation relative For made should bat interpretation via centroid areas. of been creation the area ‘peripheral/edge’ buffer roost necessarily for ‘core’ that or of implications a not assumed ‘core/central’ important be location for has cannot has identified specific (see distinction it but recommendations Areas example, This roost management date the and to location. S3). areas, of plans spatial Appendix roosting management centre not in and roost the occupation, subplots, literature ‘central/edge’ in of surveyed in a necessarily consistency and understandings. and on not perimeter these area based were roost support roost area ‘core’ study ‘core/peripheral’ core our be a the from to between defined data area). distinction We core new the the the area. from however, and contraction of note knowledge) and occupation docu- would expansion our higher management We (reflecting areas, (to in perimeter ‘core’ literature highlighted of roost existing usage the been persistent All in have more variability roosts includes and This within areas, areas ‘core’ 2012). abundance” Catchments of SEQ total occupation with (e.g. and areas’ments fluctuates ‘Core usage area “ “Roost the & in & others” Variability areas”’ than ‘peripheral areas’) (’core than occupied occupied consistently densely more more are are camps permanent of population the areas large within “Some interpreting resources and forecasting flower supported to of understanding importance productivity Existing greater of and considerations. be timing reproductive to are and the likely than substantially is of demographic fluctuations change roosts by understanding can predicted of category An times conditions range new of feeding local a outside alone. changes that constitute population may dynamics expect in (1931), should driven resulting Ratcliffe areas populations, of in flying-fox management sizes sizes for Roost the Local rapidly from event. small’. extending flowering ‘very and, e tal. et 20) n oe fdslcmn yltl e yn-o have flying-fox red little by displacement of notes and (2009), 11 tal. et 08.Tepecito fbuffers of prescription The 2018). tal. et < 02) stetospecies two the As 2012a). ,0 eemr common more were 5,000 Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. iesaeifraino os repeeecswl loipoeudrtnigo h oeta impacts potential the of area. understanding regional improve a within also even will sites preferences flying-fox between tree variation to of of roost roost sensitive reflective extent to on are are approach the information that one-size-fits-all given that a roosts Fine-scale inappropriate, that plans within highlight be areas management we will importantly, habitat provided designing management Most important detail draft in protecting preferences. temporal the and and important movements and identifying in current be spatial in identified and of and will management specifically level needs, study to needs The habitat benefit empirical research flying-fox. practical our meets grey-headed immediate, little Vulnerable and in by of the segrega- Australia, species be for spatial in both Plan will including of Recovery roosts research displacement roosts. this flying-fox species, seasonal within of of between and outcomes conservation females roosts, competition demo- The and within indirect updated flying-foxes flying-foxes. males and grey-headed provide red of and sympatry and black distributions of sites, of temporal evidence roosts tion demonstrate and we between show peri-urban Specifically, spatial abundance also and use. the and We urban tree including occupancy and in information roost of structure on graphic abun- patterns roosting data and in temporal on occupancy variation and information roosting spatial, high use historic baseline fine-scale roost of providing flying-fox updated knowledge by of provide broad-scale roosts ecology and upon the build understand patterns, We better dance Australia. to approach in multifaceted structure thorough, and a takes study This should bats disturb Conclusion to not care Special and times. roost. 2018), all the Council at of (Ku-ring-gai storeys areas Industry lower basis core and Planning case Routine identified mid- of weed-by-weed in the Department default. taken a in and by be on refuges NSW impact weeding maintain of low target to (State considered seek or pattern be Council 2019), mosaic Ku-ring-gai not Environment a of should and follow exception removal Logan should the vegetation (with long-term actions 2014; that noted the management EcoLogical though rarely recommend 2018), We are Council works (e.g. guidance vegetation Ku-ring-gai 2018). measures of 2016; the management flying-foxes Council under for Regional vegetation governments Coast implications these Sunshine local 2015; utilise by of Council commonly developed City times conflict policies, plans at to management these needed contradictory roost surviveof refuge ways council-level to physical in flying-foxes and removing of trees Individual and ability roost macroclimate the of roost for (Welbergen flying-foxes, use implications altering heat roosting struc- indirect adjust extreme by on the long-term, events, or reduce effects have weather disperse can direct also extreme understory, of and to may removal of immediate This bats clearing the have the cause example, may management. For as accidently This vegetation well 2018). may roost vegetation. as Council midstory, and of roost (Ku-ring-gai and structure of habitat canopy complexity the the as activities tural alter in roost impact considerably vines a low (Common- weed may of act be mature EPCB actions suitability to the the these under considered however decrease habitat referral are require and 2015), roosting not actions existing Australia do These of and of of sustainability 2020b) wealth areas the 2018). Science alternative and increase Council Environment in to of Ku-ring-gai roosting or (Department encourage and 2014), (e.g. to vegetation, EcoLogical actions’ often flying-foxes understorey 2010; are management of for Geolink actions trimming camp such removal, (e.g. ‘Routine of weed roost aim trees, the sites. The whole roost or augmentation. branches habitat within tree minor vegetation of of removal that removal the approaches include management or camp-based modification several outline the 2020) involve Science and Environment the of and Department 2018) land Heritage and Environment of the Office including guidelines, black management management little State-level roost and (e.g. for grey-headed species implications (e.g. host and hosts comments primary incidental Final of be to mixing presumed of species extent other flying-foxes). the and red virus) to Hendra relating for roosts, flying-foxes within dynamics transmission tal. et 2008). ligfxRotMngmn Guideline Management Roost Flying-fox ligfxCm aaeetPolicy Management Camp Flying-fox 12 Saeo S and NSW of (State Saeo Queens- of (State Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. rca oiao fToia rp:Ise fHbttMngmn n osrainProblems. Conservation and Management Conference Habitat ( Karst of Trans-Disciplinary Bat Issues Asian Nectar Crops: Cave of Tropical (2011) of P.A. Racey, Polinator & Crucial S. Bumrungsri, P.R., Acharya, References project participated led the authors visualised and all and and drafts. research analysed manuscript, of the the HM editing drafted and for TJL and at: AJP supervision; funding review TJL, provided in acquired data; PE and the TJL GitHub RKP curated HM, research; and AJP, collected data; the RB designed on and and TJL conceived administration; available PE and TJL made declare. Contributions be to Author interests competing will no have authors The code Statement R Interests Competing annotated publication. after Dryad on and conducted. https://github.com/TamikaLunn/FF-roost-ecology data was work this which Summarised upon land the Statement of Accessibility in- Yuggera Custodians Data and be Traditional Yugambeh should not the Wia-bal, endorsement Widjabul does are official Turrbal, no information who Kabi, and and the Kabi people, government, GPL), of Balun, U.S. Ugarapul content Danggan 18 the the The of (GRI acknowledge We policy of land. permit the private Parksferred. Department or protection and Wales position liability the council South the on products reflect New from research necessarily and the undertake Purpose) from general to (Scientific Licence and permission Scientific Resources with (SL101800) Take, a Natural Service (WITK18590417), to Wildlife or Racing permit and Cultural and a from Sport with (WISP17455716), Permit Parks, a Interfere Protection Purposes National under Heritage or Scientific conducted and Keep was a Environment research Use, (DEB-1716698), of This Department permit USDA 1015891). Queensland Authority by project the supported Research was (Hatch Animal RKP Agriculture University University and and Griffith Griffith Scholarship, Food Write-Up a of Thesis by Queens- Institute Honours supported a the EFRI National was and an by RB (DE190100710) and Fellowship, En- fellowship sponsored Allowance Research DECRA an Honours scholarship ARC Postdoctoral by Program an Accelerate and Training supported by Government Na- DEB1716698 Research supported land was the grant was a TJL and AJP Systems and Government, Wildlife, Foundation, Human #D18AC00031). Australian Award and Pallin and Agreement Leadership Parks Paddy Natural Cooperative Postgraduate National the of deavour program for by Dynamics Foundation Research PREEMPT sponsored Pallin DARPA Cara Coupled The TJL, Paddy a and and (a to a Foundation Smethurst NSW awarded by Rachel Science of supported grant was Chirio, tional Society science work Liam Zoological Need’ this Royal Jones, in for The Fieldwork Devin ‘Grants a Silas, field. the and Kirk in Grant Abbot, assistance Beccy their for thank Parsons to like would We Acknowledgements habitat Australia. in flying-fox flying-foxes for of program urbanisation much increasing grants and and Trust continued timely, Environmental of is announced face information the recently This in can the requirements. and and of habitat restoration, creation, advance these buffer heed in including to removal, needed efforts vegetation removal involving vegetation strategies guide management conflict existing of p 284-289. pp. , > 13 umrsddt ilas emd available made be also will data Summarised . oytrsSpelaea Eonycteris Pteropodidae) : Proceeding < Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. b,P 19)Saoa oeet fge-eddfligfxs trpsploehls(Chiroptera: poliocephalus Pteropus Wales. flying-foxes, South grey-headed New northern of in camps movements maternity two Seasonal from Pteropodidae), (1991) flying-fox P. affecting Science). activities and Eby, impact Environment Low of Practice: Department of (ed. Code (2020b) roosts. Science of and Science). management Environment and of sustainable Environment Department Ecologically of Practice: Department of (ed. Code roosts. (2020a) flying-fox Science and Environment of Australia. FaunaDepartment Victoria, and Victoria, Flora of (1988) Government Victoria State of Victoria). Government 1988. State Industries Act conflict Primary Guarantee on and Environment perspectives Biodiver- of and Department manager Protection Environment Land (1999) 1999. (2018) A.G. Act Environment, P.E. Conservation the Lentini, sity and Water & Agriculture R. of Department camps. Ree, flying-fox der urban Sons. van for & strategies D., Wiley mitigation John Kendal, edition. K., Second Currey, 1-78. book pp. R The plan. (2013) management M.J. roost Crawley, flying-fox Ipswich (2016) Ipswich fox, of flying Council grey-headed Technology. the of of University patterns Thesis, behavioural Honours diurnal and poliocephalus composition Pteropus Population (2003) K. eastern the Connell, Australia. in management Canberra, flying-fox Australia, into Inquiry of Commonwealth bats: fruit states. with Living (2017b) Australia Flying-fox of Commonwealth Grey-headed the for Plan Australia,. Recovery of National Commonwealth poliocephalus Draft (2017a) 1-16. Australia pp. of spectacled Australia), Commonwealth and of grey-headed Commonwealth in actions (ed. bats. management for fruit camps. guideline flying-fox Ocean Referral (2015) Indian Australia western of Commonwealth of Conservation (1996) A.T. Feistner, Madagascar, of & displacement J.B. temporary Carroll, the Australia. on News Notes BBC (1999) foxes. N. by flying Markus, by & batty P. driven Birt, town Australian (2017) Australia News mitigation. pteropo- BBC between and world conflict legislation changing The species, (2016) a P.A. in growers: Racey, bats & fruit G.C. and Richards, bats S., did Bumrungsri, K.J., Olival, S.A., 1986. Aziz, in flying-fox Victoria, grey-headed area, the Melbourne human- the of the to Influx of (1987) mapping H.I. Initial Aston, steps: first Bat organizations. the Fruit conservation Taking Mauritius by (2018) the Mauritius D. of Chazal, interaction De wildlife & V. Tatayah, B.P., Anthony, Madagascar. of eastern assessment in conservation roosts A ment, (2011) Pteropodidae) 1928, R.K. Ramil- Grandidier, Jenkins, A., (G. & Rakotoarivelo, P.A. S., Racey, Raharimbola, O.R., C., ijaona, Rahaingonirina, D., Andriafidison, R.A., Andrianaivoarivelo, .scapulatus P. 6, 78-82. 1996, . ihnadyiecampsite. daytime a within 329-335. Ciotr:Peooia) trotstsi yny S uigatm n winter. and autumn during NSW Sydney, in sites roost at Pteropodidae), (Chiroptera: 47 esCC og .Knso) p 7-2.Srne,Cham. Springer, 377-426. pp. Kingston), T. & Voigt C.C. (eds e.Dprmn fEvrnetadPiayIdsre tt oenetof Government State Industries Primary and Environment of Department (ed. 91 e.Dprmn fArclueWtradteEnvironment). the and Water Agriculture of Department (ed. ora fTraee Taxa, Threatened of Journal itra Naturalist, Victorian utainMammalogy, Australian trpsniger Pteropus Diversity, 14 trpspoliocephalus Pteropus 10, 104, 39. Mmai:Ciotr:Peooia)in Pteropodidae) Chiroptera: (Mammalia: asi h nhooee osrainof Conservation Anthropocene: the in Bats aaacrCnevto n Develop- and Conservation Madagascar 9-13. 21, trpsalecto Pteropus 10, 107-110. idieResearch, Wildlife 12073-12081. (Chiroptera: ostu madagascariensis Rousettus and igorpi de Biogeographie .poliocephalus P. Pteropodidae 18, 547-559. Pteropus ) Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ie,JR,Porgt .. b,P,Pe,AJ calm .(06 oeso uaytphenology Eucalypt of Models (2016) H. McCallum, & A.J. Peel, flux. P., ecology. population Eby, virus bat R.K., Hendra predict Plowright, for implications J.R., Environ- and Giles, (2018) bats H. fruit McCallum, in & intensity D.A. Reports, Westcott, foraging Scientific R.K., spatiotemporal Plowright, of A.J., Group. and Peel, drivers Working H., mental Council flying-fox Parry, Maclean Valley P., the Eby, Clarence of J.R., for behalf key Giles, on Prepared Water of and Strategy. Change animals Climate Management threatened Environment, flying-fox of Department Maclean Pteropodidae): Final (2010) (Chiroptera: Geolink foxes Flying importance. (1991) economic M.D. and Tuttle, ecological & M.S. Fujita, ls,SM,Wlegn .. odzn ..&Klo ..(09 ptotmoa iiac architecture vigilance Spatio-temporal (2009) E.K. colony. Kalko, flying-fox & Australian A.W. an Goldizen, the of J.A., threatened: Welbergen, but S.M., rare, A., Klose, Not Rabearivelo, (2007) E., fox H.J. flying Razafimahatratra, Razafimanahaka, Madagascar N., & endemic Razafindrakoto, R.H. D., Andrianandrasana, Z., Andriafidison, Ratsimandresy, P.A., as Racey, Pteropodidae) R.K., Jenkins, (Chiroptera: Bats forest. Fruit List. rain (2003) Red malaysian (2020) T.H. lowland IUCN a Kunz, in & pollinators A. and Zubaid, dispersers S.T., seed Balding, R., Hodgkison, Australia. Sydney, (2000) Press, Wales G. Richards, & NSW. L.S. Mosman, Hall, Wales, South years. five NSW New twenty last in of the Species Society in Threatened learnt Zoological a we have as what Flying-fox camps: Grey-headed fox the role flying of The Management (2014b) (2002) S.P. L.S. Luby, Hall, & P. Daszak, Bangladesh. J.A., in Patz, on risk configuration M.S., and Islam, composition J.H., landscape Epstein, of E.S., Roosting Gurley, (2014a) M.B., J.A. Hahn, Patz, & Ecology, P. Applied Daszak, of S.P., of Luby, selection Journal M.S., habitat Islam, and E.S., Gurley, behaviour J.H., Epstein, M.B., Hahn, flying- grey-headed of precision and Accuracy (2006) ( E. fox McDonald-Madden, pp. & M.P. Council. Scroggie, Shire D.M., Forsyth, Sutherland for Prepared management. of plan 1-100. camp flying-fox vulnerability Kareela concentration. and (2014) resource abundance EcoLogical flying-fox of distribution, grey-headed period The the a nectarivore, (1999) during nomadic K. Wales, a Parry-Jones, South of & reduction L. population Collins, to G., Richards, P., Eby, N.S.W. Wollongbar, remnants. at rainforest in held Flying-foxes Workshop (1991) bilitation C. Palmer, & P. Eby, debate. flying-fox the grey-headed Wales for the South context Managing a (2002b) D. species: Lunney, & P. Eby, vision long-term a to Australia. adjusting NSW: (2002a) in species D. Lunney, & P. Eby, trpspoliocephalus Pteropus esP b .Lne) oa olgclSceyo e ot ae,Msa,Australia. Mosman, Wales, South New of Society Zoological Royal Lunney). D. & Eby P. (eds 8, h mrcnjunlo rpclmdcn n hygiene, and medicine tropical of journal American The 1-18. yu counts. flyout ) 51, clg n Evolution, and Ecology aaigteGe-eddFyn-o trpsploehlsa threatened a as poliocephalus Pteropus Flying-fox Grey-headed the Managing trpsrufus Pteropus 376-387. ligfxs ri n lso aso Australia of bats blossom and fruit foxes: Flying eairlEooyadSociobiology, and Ecology Behavioral trpsgiganteus Pteropus aaigteGe-eddFyn-o saTraee pce nNew in Species Threatened a as Flying-fox Grey-headed the Managing osrainBiology, Conservation idieResearch, Wildlife trpsgiganteus Pteropus nafamne landscape. fragmented a in e.SS hlis.Ntoa ak n idieService. Wildlife and Parks National Phillips). S.S. (ed. oa olgclSceyo e ot ae,Mosman, Wales, South New of Society Zoological Royal . 6, 15 7230-7245. eelptnillnst ia iu epidemiology. virus Nipah to links potential reveal utainZoologist, Australian 5, esP b .Lne) p 1-2.Royal 215-224. pp. Lunney), D. & Eby P. (eds 33, 455-463. rceig faRifrs enn Reha- Remnant Rainforest a of Proceedings osigeooyadNphvrsspillover virus Nipah and ecology roosting Biotropica, 57-65. trpspoliocephalus Pteropus 63, ORYX, 371-380. 90, trpspoliocephalus Pteropus 31, 35, 247-255. nvriyo e South New of University . 240-253. 491-502. 41, 263-271. sathreatened a as Managing nNew in Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. esn ..(95)Bhvoro utainPeooia (Megacheroptera). Pteropodidae Australian of 557. Behaviour (1965b) J.E. Nelson, Megachiroptera). (Pteropodidae: foxes Zoology, flying of Australian of Movements 1:110m. (1965a) data J. Nelson, scale small Downloads: (2020) Earth Natural viewer. monitoring flying-fox populations National schools. (2017) dispersal: and Program camp Monitoring residents Flying-Fox to National adjacent buffers on cleared From camp (2020b) flying-fox B. Kareela Noel, 41 & the I.N. of Drinnan, impacts R., D.L. mitigating Williams, Oliver, M., flying-fox L., Roache, grey-headed Oliver, M., from A., Mo, impacts Radford, mitigating N., species: Foster, threatened M., a Jarvis, poliocephalus bats. of Pteropus H., of Congregations Thomson, (2020a) status D., J. conservation Bentley, Lenson, global & M., the Roache, of M., review Mo, A (2002) P.A. Racey, & roosts. ORYX, A.M. their Hutson, from radar S.P., emerging weather Mickleburgh, flying-foxes Using (2019) of J.A. directions Welbergen, and & timing D.A. 9 Westcott, number, P.M., Wildlife the Stepanian, and Australia. monitor R., Parks Sydney, to Ree, National Government, der the State van for Wales J., South report Meade, A New Government. Sydney: NSW colony bat the fruit of Gordon Service The (1984) fox A.N. flying McWilliam, black interactions. the mother-infant of of characterisation Behaviour preliminary (2002) and J.K. behaviour, Blackshaw, & N. Markus, fox flying black the of Chiropterologica, Behaviour NSW. Australian (2002) north-east Studies, N. of Environmental Markus, remnants and rainforest Resource the for in Centre camps University Canberra: their National and III. Flying-foxes forests (1997) everchanging C. Australia’s Moon, & D. Lunney, flying-fox 1-20. the by pp. selection 2015–2018. roost didae). strategy Mangal management (1998) flying-fox R.A. Council Loughland, City Logan (2015) Council Model) Additive City (Generalized Logan GAM with series Australia. time Mosman, seasonal R. analyzing NSW, and in Reserve: of magic Society Flying-fox Doing Zoological (2017) Ku-ring-gai P. Royal of Laurinec, Lunney). Neighbours D. (2002) Australian & M. Eby the P. Creenaune, in (eds & 2001. Flying-foxes E. Survey (2015) Hartnell, Attitudes M. Community M., Taylor, Beck, & E., D. Larsen, Edson, opinions. A., and McLaughlin, attitudes environment—community H.E., urban Field, N.Y., plan. habitat Kung, roosting and management site year 1-132. 10 reserve pp. flying-fox Global Ku-ring-gai (2018) indoors’. Council locked Ku-ring-gai are ‘Kids protests: closures, prompts town Australia News. in invasion Bat (2017) T. Kohut, . . iesre aamnn nR in mining data series Time aieadFehae Research, Freshwater and Marine 36, 13, . 18-34. 53-74. 4, 153-166. , 247-277. ap nteBtmn a community. Bay Batemans the on camps aaigteGe-eddFyn-o saTraee pce nNSW in Species Threatened a as Flying-fox Grey-headed the Managing rtsaa Slovakia. Bratislava, . 49, 351-352. 16 trpsalecto Pteropus n Health, One trpsalecto Pteropus utainZoologist, Australian .Trioilt n courtship. and Territoriality 2. : 1, trpsalecto Pteropus 24-30. caChiropterologica, Acta nmlBehaviour, Animal Mgciotr Pteropo- : (Megachiroptera oioigflying-fox Monitoring 41, utainZoologist, Australian .A tormof ethogram An 1. : utainJournal Australian cetfi Reports, Scientific 124-138. 4, 13, 137-152. Acta 544- Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. oet,BJ,Cteal .. b,P aosi .(02)Lttdnlrnesit nAsrla flying- Australian in shifts range Latitudinal (Hons) (2012a) J. B.Sc. Kanowski, re-evaluation. & A P. Queensland. Eby, foxes: C.P., south-east Catterall, in B.J., roosts Roberts, NSW. Mosman flying-fox Wales, of South Royal University. characteristics New the Griffith of Habitat thesis, at Society (2005) colony Zoological B.J. Royal flying-fox Roberts, the 196-201. of pp. Lunney), management D. for & strategies Eby of Sydney. development Gardens, The Botanic (2002) G. Richards, Bulletin, Research ( Industrial fox and flying entific The (1931) F.N. Ratcliffe, ( bats fruit the on 32-57. Notes (1932) F. Queens- Ratcliffe, Australia. of Queensland, State Counsel Queensland, Parliamentary of (ed. State 1992. land). Act Conservation Nature (1992) England. Government Queensland New of Flying-fox, University Greyheaded the Thesis, the across Honours of Study vary roptera). Behavioural H.S., bat A ( hunted (1981) Gabrieli, R. bat most Puddicombe, A., fruit Africa’s Fernandez-Loras, straw-coloured does A.D., the How Carvalho, (2017) of P.M. humans. traits A.C., Kaliba, Population Breed, & K.S., V.A. continent? Kakengi, Baker, G.-C., J.L., Gembu, the Wood, in sympatry A.J., of Peel, implications The (2010) L.A. Shilton, flying-fox, & dae). headed S.K.A. grey Robson, and J., spectacled Wal, con- der Pteropus Van Mosman flying-foxes J.G., NSW, spectacled Parsons, of in Society Zoological fidelity management. Royal Roost and l. (2011) conservation bats. L.A. South for New Shilton, implications Sydney, & in spicillatus: S.K. site Robson, colony a J.G., of Parsons, occupation the Flying-fox affecting Grey-headed Factors the (2001) Wales. by M. Wales South Augee, New & of K. coast ( Parry-Jones, central foxes flying the grey-headed on of site ( Movements colony (1992) foxes from Wales. M. flying Augee, South & grey-headed New K. by Gosford, Parry-Jones, near selection site Food colony (1991) summer M. a occupying Augee, & NSW. southern K. in Parry-Jones, ( colonies fox flying-fox flying Winter black (1985) the K. of Parry-Jones, movements foraging and on. roosts years Seasonal (1999) 15 alecto J. Woinarski, project, & restoration C. Palmer, Habitat Reserve: Restoration, Flying-fox and Ku-ring-gai Management rufus. (2000) the Pteropus and B.N. foxes selection Pallin, flying habitat reveals Madagascan tracking by GPS dispersal High-resolution seed Conservation, (2015) long-distance G. for Jones, potential & P.A. Racey, R., Oleksy, 2016. Australia. Act Wales, Conservation South Biodiversity New (2016) ernment). Government Wales South New caChiropterologica, Acta nteNrhr ertr:rsuc rcigi adcp mosaic. landscape a in tracking resource Territory: Northern the in ) caChiropterologica, Acta 3, 678-692. uta Ecology, Austral aaigteGe-eddFyn-o saTraee pce nNSW in Species Threatened a as Flying-fox Grey-headed the Managing 12, 1, 301-309. 19, 10-20. 77-92. trpspoliocephalus Pteropus Pteropus trpsconspicillatus Pteropus 37, 53, 12-22. Pteropus 1-81. nAustralia. in ) , 66-71. 17 p. fAustralia. of spp.) idieResearch, Wildlife (Pteropodidae). h ilg n osraino Australasian of conservation and biology The omnelho utai,CuclfrSci- for Council Australia, of Commonwealth and ioo helvum Eidolon idieResearch, Wildlife .poliocephalus P. utainZoologist, Australian h ora fAia Ecology, Animal of Journal The trpspoliocephalus Pteropus 63 idieResearch, Wildlife trpspoliocephalus Pteropus uta Ecology, Austral 19, e.NwSuhWlsGov- Wales South New (ed. n t neatoswith interactions its and ) 331-339. trpspoliocephalus Pteropus Ciotr:Pteropodi- (Chiroptera: 18, lblEooyand Ecology Global 111-124. 22, 5-6. 26, 26, (Megochi- 47-55. Ecological 823-838. Pteropus oand to ) esP. (eds 1, ) Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. iean ..&Nlo,JE 20)Ln-itnemvmnso h ryhae yn o ( fox flying grey-headed the of movements Long-distance (2004) J.E. Nelson, poliocephalus flying-fox, & grey-headed C.R. the Tidemann, of management and Chiropterologica, Biology Acta (1999) conserving in C.R. study case Tidemann, A Australia: in practices and policies species. laws, unpopular conservation fox Flying (2010) D. Thiriet, a e e,R,MDnel . eb,I,Nlo,J htiga,E 20)Teestablishment The (2006) E. ( Whittingham, foxes & flying J. of camp Nelson, urban I., established Temby, recently Indian range. M., a geographic western of McDonnell, the dynamics in R., and bats Ree, fruit der endangered Van critically for Raboude, initiatives conservation K., multidisciplinary conservation Lengel, of component Ocean. E., from a Granek, as lessons education S., Environmental Garrett, (2005) programs: flying- B. A., Sewall, Entwistle, of & P. N., camps Reason, Corp, M., Australia. season K., north Dry Rodriguez-Clark, Area, (1999) W., Heritage P.J. Trewhella, World Brocklehurst, Kakadu & in R.A. spp.) Loughland, (Pteropus foxes M.J., Vardon, C.R., Tidemann, town? to coming flying-foxes Are ( (2014) flying-fox D.A. Westcott, spectacled & the A. of McKeown, Urbanisation operations. H.L., Australia. environmental Perotto-Baldivieso, Queensland, J., plan: Council, Tait, Regional management Coast flying-fox Sunshine Regional 1-72. (2016) pp. Council Regional Coast guideline. Sunshine management 2015. roost Flying-fox policy (2020) management Science 1-50. Australia. and camp Wales, Environment pp. of South Flying-fox Department New (2018) Queensland Heritage, of Heritage and State and Environment Environment of Office of 1-22. Office and pp. NSW Management of Camp State Flying-fox (2019) Australia. Environment Sydney, and Industry 2019. Planning Template of Plan Department ( and flying-fox NSW black of the State of colony ( cave-roosting fox A flying (1983) Australia. L.S. land, grey-headed Hall, the & of K.E. Stager, preferences Microclimate (2010) C. Brown, cephalus & redistribution S. Landscape-scale Snoyman, (2008) D.A. species, Westcott, Larry. threatened & be Cyclone P. mobile Tropical can Pert, highly bats A., a McKeown, fruit of P.J., World Latch, Old L.A., Sciences, gut. (1999) Shilton, Biological the B: R.J. in seeds Series Whittaker, viable London. of & of retention S.G. Society extended through Compton, dispersers seed J.D., long–distance Altringham, L.A., satellite recommendations. MODIS Shilton, and guidelines from extent camps: flying-fox urban of 1-32. global restoration pp. of and Management map (2012) new Catchments A SEQ (2009) D. Potere, Australia. & 1-42. data. M.A. pp. Friedl, strategy. A., management Schneider, Flying-fox (2015) Council the of Regional movements Rim frequent Scenic and Long-distance (2012b) J. Kanowski, & P. flying-fox Eby, C.P., Catterall, B.J., Roberts, niomna eerhLetters, Research Environmental osrainBiology, Conservation nteSde region. Sydney the in ) trpspoliocephalus Pteropus ). ora fMammalogy, of Journal ora fZoology, of Journal utaainJunlo aua eore a n Policy, and Law Resources Natural of Journal Australasian ora fZoology, of Journal 1, uta Ecology, Austral 151-164. 19, utainJunlo Zoology, of Journal Australian mlctosfrmanagement. for implications : 75-85. 263, 268, 4, trpsconspicillatus Pteropus 64, 33, 141-146. trpsconspicillatus Pteropus 044003. 177-185. 523-525. 549-561. 266, 18 219-223. Ciotr,Peooia) nrsos to response in Pteropodidae), (Chiroptera, 58, LSONE, PLoS nAustralia. in ) 376-383. trpspoliocephalus Pteropus ora fZoology, of Journal 7, 13, trpsalecto Pteropus e42532. LSONE, PLoS 161. trpspoliocephalus Pteropus rceig fteRoyal the of Proceedings trpspolio- Pteropus 247, usd their outside ) 9, nQueens- in ) e109810. 155-163. Pteropus . Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. auga19 910. 1544(118.5) 474 (71.5) 286 (29.5) 118 (81.8) 327 (67) 268 (56.5) 226 11.5 0 0 0 0 0 1601.6 1447.3 135.2 1601.6 1650.0 1650.0 59 41 50 9 68 67 1996 (km radius foraging 2003 within land-use urban of Area radius 2013 2009 foraging within roosts neighbouring of 2008 Number overwintering formation/new 2009 of Year Contemporary Canungra Contemporary Burleigh Contemporary Avondale Sunnybank Redcliffe Toowoomba Type Foraging Giles land-cover. per site high urban (as Roost a to sites having proximity study to km, close roost changed 45 in from within or being km roosts 2007 are by 45 neighbouring since greyed) and enclose of formed land-cover, (features number radii either urban types high having surrounding a roost as of having Contemporary (defined proportion 2007), study. site since overwintering the site overwintering new in an a included being sites by: roost characterised on Information 1: Table autore- with model Tables additive generalized mortality. a on Using temperature (2012) daily G. tall of Song, Australian effects & the of 12, C. study Wang, Macroecology to N., terms (2015) Zhao, network.gressive D.M.J.S. G., plot Qin, permanent Bowman, continental-scale L., & Yang, a from H.C. data Stephens, baseline forests: L.D., eucalypt Prior, S.W., expansion Range Wood, (2006) R. (2017) Ree, S.N. Der Wood, ( Van Flying-foxes & Grey-headed attract L.D. resources grey- Keim, food Melbourne. the Increased G.K., for urbanization: Phelan, method to M.J., due monitoring Mcdonnell, A N.S., (2011) Williams, C.S. Fletcher, & H.T. flying-fox, Murphy, headed A., McKeown, to D.A., ( Westcott, flying-foxes approach of counts modelling exit state-space in error A Observer Research, (2004) (2018) A. McKeown, A. & D.A. abundance. McKeown, Westcott, flying-fox & to D.K. application EcoWatch. with Heersink, monitoring bats. P., wildlife fruit Caley, with relationship D.A., love-hate Westcott, Australia’s temperature foxes: of Flying effects (2021) D. the Welle, and change Climate (2008) bats P. fruit Eby, 419-425. of & flying-foxes. Australian N. emergence on Markus, evening extremes S.M., the Klose, of J.A., duration Welbergen, the predicts roost. twilight mixed-species a in from Variation (2008) J.A. Darwin Welbergen, the Cambridge. flying-fox, in of grey-headed University the scapulatus) Philosophy, of P. organisation of structure. social and The and alecto (2005) size J.A. (Pteropus Welbergen, camp in Flying-foxes patterns (1999) Australia: C.R. north Tidemann, region, & C.R. M.J. Tidemann, Vardon, & C.F. Donnelly, R.B., Australia. flying-foxes, Cunningham, by use J.C., habitat Woinarski, Seasonal (2001) P.S., Brocklehurst, M.J., Vardon, 165. 31, ora fZoology, of Journal uta Ecology, Austral 551-558. ihn4 mfrgn aisWti 5k oaigrdu ihn4 mfrgn aisWti 5k oaigrdu ihn4 mfrgn radius foraging km 45 Within radius foraging km 45 Within radius foraging km 45 Within radius foraging km 45 Within radius foraging km 45 Within trpspoliocephalus Pteropus eeaie diiemdl:a nrdcinwt R with introduction an models: additive Generalized nmlBehaviour, Animal 31, 253, 190-198. 523-535. rceig fteRylSceyo odnB ilgclSciences, Biological B: London of Society Royal the of Proceedings SR,Qenln,Australia. Queensland, CSIRO, . trpsalecto Pteropus 75, 1543-1550. 19 tal. et and cetfi Reports, Scientific utainJunlo Zoology, of Journal Australian 2018). .scapulatus P. M eia eerhMethodology, Research Medical BMC R press. CRC . Mgciotr) nmonsoonal in (Megachiroptera), trpspoliocephalus Pteropus trpspoliocephalus Pteropus 8 LSONE, PLoS trpsspp. Pteropus . 47, 10, 411-423. ). e0137811. Doctor . Wildlife 275, to ) 2 itnet ers ra de(m ubro agdtesisd upos(ubro re e km per trees of (number subplots inside trees tagged of Number (km) edge urban nearest to Distance ) 2 ) Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. imr 073 080444(118.5) 474 (87.3) 349 0.4 14.4 species: of 20.8 20.8 segregation Spatial animals transient more by used are area’ ’core the of outside Areas time through areas’ ‘core of location the adjust Flying-foxes abundance total with fluctuates area Roost areas’ ‘peripheral 37 40 than occupied densely more are areas’ ‘Core others than areas’) (’core occupied consistently more are camps permanent (km of radius areas foraging Some within land-use area: urban of 2007 of Use Area 2014 radius foraging within roosts neighbouring Understandings of Number overwintering formation/new in of (i.e. provided coloured Year is data are results Information. of data study Supporting year empirical on the one details our in with than with S2 table less addressed Appendix evidence this require not of additional Statements version that that extended questions Note structure). An addresses grey. roost only documents. in study management patterns empirical intra-annual state-level 13-month in our understandings from Common 2: Table Lismore Type Clunes site Roost (2012) Catchments SEQ (2012) Catchments SEQ (2014) EcoLogical (2012); Catchments SEQ (2012) Catchments SEQ (2014) EcoLogical (2012); Catchments SEQ by Referenced (2005) Welbergen (2000) Pallin & (2002) Hall al. et Larsen (2000); Pallin (2005); Welbergen (2005) Welbergen (1965b); Contradict Nelson Support (1965b) Nelson (2002); Richards Contradict (2005); Welbergen Support evidence Empirical (2002) 20 (2005) Welbergen evidence Empirical iue5 Figure study) (this evidence Additional pedxS2 Appendix 4; Figure 3; Figure 2 Figure ti study) (this evidence Additional 2 itnet ers ra de(m ubro agdtesisd upos(ubro re e km per trees of (number subplots inside trees tagged of Number (km) edge urban nearest to Distance ) 2 ) Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. young dependent their and females more or one and male single a of comprised territories with adults, of groups mixed by occupied are trees roost of majority The structure: Demographic/social flying-foxes grey-headed over flying-foxes black favours competition Indirect heights different at roost Species species other displace can flying-foxes) red little (especially roosts into species of influxes Large within spatially segregate but sites, roosts share Species Understandings (2020) Science and Environment of Department Queensland of State (2012); Catchments SEQ (2014) EcoLogical (2017a); Australia of Commonwealth Welbergen (2010) Geolink (2017a) Australia of Commonwealth by Referenced onl (2003) Connell (1984); McWilliam al. Eby (2002); Markus (2002); Blackshaw and Markus (1965a); Nelson (1965b); Nelson (1981); Puddicombe (2005); Welbergen (1931) Ratcliffe (2005) Roberts (2005); (1999) Markus and Birt al. et Klose (1965b); Nelson (2010); Parsons (1932); Ratcliffe (2005); Welbergen evidence Empirical (1999); (2009) tal. et et 21 esn(1965a) Nelson (1965b); Nelson (2005); Welbergen (2005) Roberts (2002); Markus (2002) Markus (2010); Parsons evidence Empirical tal. et iue8 Figure S3 Appendix 6; Figure study) (this evidence Additional iue7 Figure S3 Appendix ti study) (this evidence Additional Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. dance/occupancy: abun- Roost months or weeks many over tree a of branch same the to return animals and consistent highly are males individual of positions roosting The site another at or roost existing their of edge the on groups form and January from mothers their leave and wean Juveniles ‘guards’ as act groups of periphery the at Individuals area outer the females) and males reproducing non- as (defined individuals subdominant and roosts of centre the occupy females) and males reproducing as (defined individuals Dominant Understandings (2012) Catchments SEQ (2020) Science and Environment of Department Queensland of State (2020) Science and Environment of Department Queensland of State (2020) Science and Environment of Department Queensland of State by Referenced aks(2002) Markus (2002); Blackshaw and Markus (2005); Welbergen al. et Klose (1965b); Nelson (2005) Welbergen (1965b); Nelson evidence Empirical (2009) 22 hlo (2011) Shilton and Robson Parsons, (2012b); Roberts (2004); Nelson and Tidemann (2003) Connell al. Eby (2002); Blackshaw and Markus (1965a); Nelson (1965b); Nelson (2005); Welbergen (2002) Blackshaw and Markus (1981); Puddicombe evidence Empirical (1999); tal. et et ti study) (this evidence Additional ti study) (this evidence Additional pedxS4 Appendix 8; Figure Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. n occupation. and abundance of patterns seasonal distinguishable have roosts Individual Understandings (2020) Science and Environment of Department Queensland of State Occupation: (2017a); Australia of Commonwealth Abundance: by Referenced (2005) Roberts (1981); Puddicombe al. Klose (1965a); Nelson & (1965b) Nelson (1965a); Nelson & (1965b) Nelson (1985); Parry-Jones (1992); Augee and Parry-Jones (1999); Tidemann and Vardon (2005); Welbergen Occupation (2019) Meade (1965a); Nelson (1965b); Nelson (1992); Augee and Parry-Jones (2001); Augee and Parry-Jones al. Tait (2005); Welbergen (2018); Westcott Abundance evidence Empirical (2009); (2014); tal. et tal. et et 23 et tal. et Shilton (1981); Puddicombe (2002); Richards (2006); Ree der Occupation (2005) Roberts (2002); Richards (2008); Shilton Abundance evidence Empirical (2008) tal. et tal. et Van iue9 Figure study) (this evidence Additional ti study) (this evidence Additional Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. eextreme be can abundance in variations inter-annual and Intra- Understandings (2017a) Australia of Commonwealth by Referenced on(1997) Moon and Lunney al. Eby (2006); Madden McDonald- and Scroggie Forsyth, al. et Giles (1998); Loughland al. et Meade (2000); Pallin (1992); Augee and Parry-Jones (2001); Augee and Parry-Jones (2002); Richards (2012a); Roberts (2002a); Lunney and Eby (2006); Ree der Van (1991); Palmer and Eby (1991); Eby (1932); Ratcliffe (1931); Ratcliffe (1999); Tidemann and Vardon (2005); Welbergen (2008); Welbergen al. Tait (2004); McKeown and Westcott evidence Empirical (1999); (2014); (2016); (2019); tal. et tal. et et et 24 oet 20)Fgr 9 Figure (2005) Roberts evidence Empirical ti study) (this evidence Additional ti study) (this evidence Additional Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. preferences: Habitat areas urban 2) and rainforest, of areas extensive 1) in located roosts in observed commonly more are use and abundance in patterns (inter-annual) Consistent March in peaks abundance Roost Understandings (2017a) Australia of Commonwealth (2012); Catchments SEQ (2020) Science and Environment of Department Queensland of State by Referenced ue (1992) Augee and Parry-Jones (2001); Augee and Parry-Jones al. et Williams (2002); Richards (2006); Ree der Van (2005); Welbergen (2014); areas (1985) Parry-Jones rainforest Extensive (1965a) Nelson (1991); Palmer and Eby (1991); Eby al. et Meade (2014); Tait al. Ree der Van evidence Empirical (2006); tal. et tal. et Tait (2006); (2019); Urban tal. et 25 et esn(1965a) Nelson (1965b); Nelson Beck); M. with munication com- personal (citing (2000) Pallin (1992); Augee and Parry-Jones (2001); Augee and Jones (2002);Parry- Richards (2012a); Roberts al. et Vardon (1999); Tidemann and Vardon (2005); Welbergen (2018); Westcott evidence Empirical al(1983) Hall and Stager (2001); tal. et tal. et ti study) (this evidence Additional pedxS2 Appendix 9; Figure ti study) (this evidence Additional Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. understory dense a prefer Flying-foxes vegetation dense prefer Flying-foxes layers) understorey and mid- (upper, structure vegetation complex prefer Flying-foxes 10ha is needed area the (50,000) roost large a for and 3ha approximately is needed area the bats) (10,000 roost small a For flying-foxes. of numbers large sustain and accommodate to enough large be but size in 1ha least at be must patch habitat The Understandings (2012) Catchments SEQ (2012) Catchments SEQ (2018) Heritage and Environment of Office and NSW of State per as (2019) Environment and Industry Planning of Department and NSW of State (2012); Catchments SEQ (2014) EcoLogical (2018); Heritage and Environment of Office and NSW of State per as (2019) Environment and Industry Planning of Department and NSW of State (2012); Catchments SEQ by Referenced oet (2005) Roberts (2005) Roberts Buchanan) by report (citing (2000) Pallin (2005) Roberts (2000); Pallin evidence Empirical 26 evidence Empirical ti study) (this evidence Additional ti study) (this evidence Additional Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ( topography level prefer Flying-foxes cover) canopy species, (e.g. trees roost individual of characteristics the than important more is vegetation roost-wide of structure The high 3-5m least at canopy closed a prefer Flying-foxes Understandings < 5 ° incline) (2018) Heritage and Environment of Office and NSW of State per as (2019) Environment and Industry Planning of Department and NSW of State (2012); Catchments SEQ (2012) Catchments SEQ (2014) EcoLogical (2018); Heritage and Environment of Office and NSW of State per as (2019) Environment and Industry Planning of Department and NSW of State (2012); Catchments SEQ by Referenced oet (2005) Roberts (2005) Roberts (2000); Richards and Hall (1999); Tidemann and Vardon al. Tidemann al. et Vardon (2000); Pallin (1999); Woinarski and Palmer (2005) Roberts (1999); Tidemann al. Tidemann evidence Empirical (1999); (1999); (2001); et et 27 (2005) Welbergen evidence Empirical ti study) (this evidence Additional ti study) (this evidence Additional Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. os trees roost individual of death and/or damage to lead can occupancy flying-fox of years several over sustained Impacts flying-foxes: from impacts Negative environment outside the against stable is that environment sheltered and humid cool, a maintaining for critical is roosts within vegetation mid-storey The mate: macrocli- Roost level sea < elevation an at or coastline the of km 50 within roost to prefer Flying-foxes Understandings 5mabove m 65 (2020) Science and Environment of Department Queensland of State (2012); Catchments SEQ (2018) Heritage and Environment of Office and NSW of State per as (2019) Environment and Industry Planning of Department and NSW of State (2012); Catchments SEQ (2018) Heritage and Environment of Office and NSW of State per as (2019) Environment and Industry Planning of Department and NSW of State (2012); Catchments SEQ by Referenced (2002) Hall (1984); McWilliam (2000); Pallin (2002); Richards (2005); Welbergen (1998) Loughland (2005) Roberts (2000); Richards and Hall evidence Empirical 28 rw (2010) Brown and Snoyman (1932) Ratcliffe (1931); Ratcliffe evidence Empirical ti study) (this evidence Additional ti study) (this evidence Additional Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 0 fsres(hnbt rsn tterot,ad‘eihrl uposa hs cuidls hn80% than less occupied those as subplots ‘peripheral’ bats least were and at subplots of roost), in when number the occupied bats those at total of as present numbers average identified bats show were by subplots (when to shown ‘Core’ surveys filtered removed). areas, of is are Data 80% ‘peripheral’ subplots period. unoccupied and survey (i.e. ‘core’ the occupied in across thereafter. bats subplot utilised the subplots was caused occupied of survey subplot per Occupancy the one during only roost 3: roost A) that contemporary ‘Avondale’ Figure such of the present. location, at features was roosting works have occupied. bat construction their was that one subplot that shift roosts the Note least to surveys indicates of at 1). “C” Table proportion when the (see sites. shows surveys types B) roost for and separate subplot, period, indicates per survey Facets/colour bats of across dense number subplots total of the of shows cover Occupancy Flying-Fox land National 2: urban the Figure from indicates obtained Giles locations shading roosts. per roost flying-fox (2017). (as Grey flying-fox of Program sites and locations Monitoring study (2020) are study. Earth roost circles Natural the from grey from and radii in downloaded 2009) foraging Potere included 45km & show sites Friedl Circles Schneider, roost per (as of habitation Map human 1: Figure Legends Figure time over vegetation to damage their lessens which areas, roosting their shift flying-foxes available, is space roosting sufficient Where weeds invasive of impact the increase will roosting) by damage tree (from canopy the opening of process the patches, remnant small In others than roosting flying-fox by damage to resilient more are species tree Some Understandings (2014) EcoLogical (2012); Catchments SEQ (2020) Science and Environment of Department Queensland of State (2012); Catchments SEQ (2012) Catchments SEQ by Referenced al(2002) Hall (2000); Pallin (2002) Hall (1984); McWilliam (2000); Pallin evidence Empirical 29 evidence Empirical tal. et 08.GSln-oe aawas data land-cover GIS 2018). ti study) (this evidence Additional ti study) (this evidence Additional Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 0-,9 as ,0 ,9 as ,0 ,9 as 000-1,9 as 600- 16,000 = 6 bats; 15,999 - 10,000 = 5 bats; 9,999 bats; - 1-499 5,000 = = 1 4 abundance: bats; of 4,999 B) score abundance - = abundance; index total 2,500 7 an roost the and = by shows total bats; 3 D) measured shows 49,999 subplot; bats; is A) per 500-2,499 abundance trees = roost occupied time. Total 2 of through proportion subplots. measures the occupied shows abundance of C) bat area; grey- contemporary of roost of ‘GHFF’ total scales features shows black-flying-fox, Different have to that 9: roosts refers Figure roost indicates ‘BFF’ polynomial by “C” 1). (local Table split flying-fox. fit shading). (see facet) loess red types (grey by little (row by roost is bands ‘LRFF’ scaled species line centre, and Trend error per flying-fox roost roost. standard values the headed by shows with from pooled A) tree value fit) species of regression lines combined session. distance shows trend versus per B) that tree observed facet); and occupied (column value site), omitted. per distance roost are bats maximum per and male combinations N=60 the of 1). to species Proportion Table by (up (see 8: only site Figure types subset all roost tree for species the fitted contemporary the from be of areas taken where not features by sites are could have split roost data is that for height relationship height roosts site; that canopy shows per indicates Note ‘Lismore’), B) height “C” and and canopy average (‘Clunes’ (facets) occupy. the areas predominantly roost represents per different by line range distinctly split dashed height occupy relationship loess A), species roosting by shows In average are A) combined. curves) shows maximum roosts fit). Fill and with regression (minimum time. boundaries polynomial over Fill (local species, height). fit per maximum to height height roosting (minimum ‘BFF’ species in Difference tally). 7: subplot/tree test. sessions Figure the intervals Wilson Confidence only in a flying-fox. comparison, with included the red flying-fox trees calculated little were in ‘LRFF’ binomial, grey-headed present subplots/total and species are flying-fox and were Total bat grey-headed black flying-fox ‘GHFF’ every black-flying-fox, the grey-headed where species. to refers for and sessions by black across (B) (e.g. subplots/trees both trees include where present. individual and were labels and comparison text (A) species in subplots contemporary shown of of are features observed have Co-occupation that trend Trend roosts 6: that indicates Note “C” combined. Figure roost shading). roosts omitted. each 1). (grey are with Table bands and for relationship error (see sites axis) standard all types shows (y with for roost B) fitted fit) area and regression be roost not polynomial (facets) could total (local roost lines fit and by loess axis) by split (x is relationship line abundance roosts shows roost indicates A) total “C” is between site. line shading). 1). Trend Relationship trees Table (grey shows (see combined. of bands 5: A) types roost error distance Figure and roost standard mean session. species contemporary with the per shows of fit) the value as B) features regression of distance and calculated have polynomial (facets); observed centroid that is (local roost maximum the centre fit by the as the split loess by survey type) from by scaled (line each Distance centroid, species for survey. occupied this per calculated are values the from trees per is of subplot when bats centre time each bats of Roost of in the number numbers total at show removed). average to area the are filtered by roost subplots is shown Data unoccupied bats, Area of period. features (i.e. survey occupancy combined. have the and roosts that during centre all subplot roosts roost shows occupied indicates from B) Distance “C” and 4: outliers. colour), 1). Figure Table extreme and (see remove (facet types to site roost cropped roost contemporary by been of split has areas subplot Shows in A) displayed time. the of > 000bats. 50,000 30 Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. Figures 31 Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 32 Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 33 Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 34 Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 35 Posted on Authorea 12 Apr 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161615114.43163894/v2 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 36