Silver and Glass in Trade Contacts Between Bohemia and Venice ������������������������������������������ 149
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FORSCHUNGEN IN LAURIACUM Band 15 FORSCHUNGEN IN LAURIACUM herausgegeben von Gesellschaft für Landeskunde und Denkmalpflege Oberösterreich Museumverein Lauriacum Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum Museum der Stadt Enns Akten des 5. Österreichischen Numismatikertages Enns, 21.–22. Juni 2012 Herausgegeben von Michael Alram, Hubert Emmerig und Reinhardt Harreither Enns – Linz 2014 Gedruckt mit freundlicher Unterstützung: Münze Österreich AG Historisch-Kulturwissenschaftliche Fakultät der Universität Wien Institut für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte der Universität Wien Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Münzkabinett Abteilung Documenta Antiqua, Institut für Kulturgeschichte der Antike, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Stadtgemeinde Enns Historisch-kulturwissenschaftliche Fakultät Die verwendete Papiersorte ist aus chlorfrei gebleichtem Zellstoff hergestellt, frei von säurebildenden Bestandteilen und alterungsbeständig. Copyright © 2014 by Gesellschaft für Landeskunde und Denkmalpflege Oberösterreich Museumverein Lauriacum Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum Alle Rechte vorbehalten Satz und Layout: Andrea Sulzgruber Herstellung: Plöchl Druck GmbH, A-4240 Freistadt ISBN 978-3-902299-09-3 Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort VII Programm IX Festvortrag Bernward Ziegaus Die Werkzeuge der keltischen Münzmeister – Funde und Forschungen 3 Vorträge Marc Philipp Wahl Das System der Deinomeniden: Motivwanderungen auf westgriechischen Münzen im 5 Jahrhundert v chr 33 Lucijana Šešelj – Mato Ilkić Money circulation in Liburnia in the pre-imperial period: preliminary report 43 Martina Griesser – René Traum – Klaus Vondrovec Korrosionserscheinungen an antiken Bronzemünzen 55 Karl Strobel Vorrömischer und frührömischer Geldverkehr in Noricum: Fragen und Tendenzen �������������� 67 Martin Ziegert Zwischen Innovation und Tradition. Die Münzprägung Vespasians 101 Ursula Pintz Neue Erkenntnisse zu den Eisenmünzen der Austria Romana 109 Slavica Filipović – Tomislav Šeparović Die spätantike Nekropole in Zmajevac (Kroatien). Übersicht über die numismatischen Funde. Ein Beitrag zur Erforschung des Umlaufs von Münzen am Donau-Limes in Pannonien 119 Nikolaus Schindel Zur kushano-sasanidischen Münzprägung 133 V Inhaltsverzeichnis Hubert Emmerig Münzfunde des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit in Österreich: Die Erschließung eines Quellenbestandes – Der Fundkatalog am Institut für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte der Universität Wien (FK/ING) 143 Roman Zaoral Silver and Glass in Trade Contacts between Bohemia and Venice 149 Petr Schneider Ein Beitrag zur Oberlausitzer Münzgeschichte im 13. Jahrhundert 167 Dagmar Grossmannová Beitrag zur Typologie der mährischen Münzen der zweiten Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts 177 Herfried E. Wagner Gefälschte Gegenstempel auf Prager Groschen 185 Anna Fabiankowitsch 1683 und die Münzfunde in Wien, Niederösterreich und dem Burgenland 199 Jürgen Mühlbacher – Irene Mühlbacher Der Diskurs gesellschaftlicher Erinnerungskultur am Beispiel bundesdeutscher Silbermünzen – Ein erster Werkstattbericht 215 Bernhard Prokisch Funde religiöser Medaillen in Oberösterreich. Ein erster Bericht ������������������������������������������� 219 Karl Peitler „Dem Johanneum, einer Anstalt, in der ich Stifter und Vaterland ehre und liebe“ – Die Schenkungen Anton Prokesch von Ostens an das Münzkabinett des Universal- museums Joanneum ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 235 VI ROMAN ZAORAL Silver and Glass in Trade Contacts between Bohemia and Venice During the second half of the 13th century German settlers and mining experts started to encounter Italian prospectors, traders and financiers in Bohemia and Moravia1. The impetus for this develop- ment came from Venice, which subsequently became the largest European marketplace for pre- cious and non-ferrous metals for more than two centuries (ca. 1280 – 1500). The city profited from the fact that it was situated closer to Central European mines than any of the other Mediterranean ports. The penetration of Venetian merchants into the Eastern Mediterranean called for growing production of coinage, which was wholly dependent on supplies of silver. Large quantities of silver were an important precondition for the payments made by Venetians for goods purchased in the Levant. Venice derived major financial benefits from its role as intermediary between the German regions of production in Central Europe and markets in the Eastern Mediterranean. These profits increased rapidly after the Venetians introduced the grosso matapan, which became the most important trade coin in the Mediterranean for more than a century. Significant quantities of precious metals were extracted from the mines of Bohemia-Moravia and Hungary, with silver production in Iglau (Jihlava) and Kuttenberg (Kutná Hora) increasing considerably between 1260 and 1350. The exact output is, however, unknown. Ian BLANCHARD with reference to Jan kořán estimates that it grew to an average of some 5 tonnes a year from around 1270 before finally peaking at 6.5 tonnes of silver a year in 1298 – 13062. Jiří MAJER also refers to an output of 5 tonnes in the 1260s and 1270s. However, after the discovery of silver ore at Kuttenberg the annual yield increased, according to MAJER, to 10 tonnes by the end of the 13th century and 20 tonnes in the first half of the 14th century3. While production of gold is also assumed to have increased, its volume is unknown4 Metal was exported from Central Europe in two directions, to Venice and Flanders. A fai- lure to control supply during the initial upswing led to local money markets in Central Europe being flooded with coin. The overpricing of domestic produce caused most of silver and gold to pass into the hands of merchants, who exported it and received western and southern European 1 This study originated within the scope of a research programme at the Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, Prague, No. P20/2012/29 (cultural, social and historical anthropology). 2 I. BLANCHARD, Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages 3: Continuing Afro-European Supremacy, 1250 – 1450. Stuttgart 2005, 930 prefers figures given in J. kořán, Přehledné dějiny československého hornictví [Outline of Czechoslovak mining history] I. Prague 1955, 89 – 90, 195, based on actual mine revenues, to the hear- say and chronicle evidence presented by P. SPUffORD, Money and its use in medieval Europe. Cambridge 1988, 125 or the estimates of J. janáČek, L’argent tchèque et la Méditerranée (xIVe et XVe siècles). In: Mélanges en l’honneur de Fernand Braudel I. Toulouse 1972, 259 note 12, which yield an exaggerated annual output figure of 20 – 25 tonnes. 3 J. MAJER, Konjunkturen und Krisen im böhmischen Silberbergbau des Spätmittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit. Zu ihren Ursachen und Folgen. In: Ch. BARTELS – M. A. DENZEL (eds.), Konjunkturen im europäischen Bergbau in vorindustrieller Zeit. Festschrift für Ekkehard Westermann zum 60. Geburtstag. Stuttgart 2000, 73, 76 – 78. 4 J. janáČek, Stříbro a ekonomika českých zemí ve 13. století [Silver and economics of the Czech lands in the 13th century]. Československý časopis historický 20 (1972) 897, note 100. See also J. kuDrnáČ, Prähistorische und mittelalterliche Goldgewinnung in Böhmen. Anschnitt 29 (1977) 2 – 15. 149 Roman Zaoral manufactured goods in return5. A manuscript compiled in the last third of the 13th century detailing the most important goods transported to Bruges provides a detailed picture of the nature of this trade, containing specific information about the wares traded during this period with reference to Hungary, Bohemia and Poland: “Dou royaume de Hongrie vient cire, or et argent en plate. Dou royaume de Behaingne vient cire, or et argent et estain. Dou royaume de Polane vient or et argent en plate, cire, vairs et gris et coivre6.” Exports to Venice can be assumed to have had a similar commodity structure. As Venetian trade gradually penetrated into the Eastern Mediterranean, the need to boost production of coinage grew. A regular flow of silver helped the city to gain the advantage over Genoa (1257 – 1270, 1294 – 1299) and Pisa, and at the same time became a dynamic factor in the development of commodity-monetary relations for those countries which had a sufficiency of raw materials7. Under these circumstances most of the new Venetian grossi were not altered, in either weight or fineness, and new and larger grossi were gradually introduced. Silver passing concurrently from Bohemia had permitted mint-masters to stabilize the main circulatory media in the West – the English pound sterling and the Brabant denier8. Nevertheless, the relatively rapid establishment of trading connections between Venice and Bohemia was facilitated not only by expanding silver production in the Bohemian-Moravian highlands from the early 1240s but also by the expanding power of Ottokar II (Přemysl), King of Bohemia (1253 – 1278), which extended into the Alpine lands and farther south to the neighbouring territories of Venice during the 1260s and 1270s. Nonetheless the geographical location of Bohemia meant that trade was of necessity long- distance. The main trade routes from the south to inland Europe bypassed the Bohemian basin. Bohemia’s peripheral position is attested by the inland communications network itself, which linked Prague with Regensburg, Nuremberg, Magdeburg, Breslau and Vienna, places which were then part of the main European communications network9. Throughout the 13th century the superi- ority of the Danube