Battle of grunwald reenactment 2020

Continue The was one of the largest battles in the history of Middle Eastern Europe, and it also became one of the most important victories of Poland and . Then the battle became a symbol of the war with the invaders and a symbol of national pride. Every year Poland and Lithuania recreate the Battle of Grunwald. This event can be held on any given day from July 11th to 15th. The most common day to recur is July 15. The largest reconstruction ceremony was held in 2010 in Poland, marking the 600th anniversary of the battle. The re-appearance and various events last from July 12 to July 18. Every year people from Poland, Lithuania and other European countries come to see the battle recur. About 4,000 knights gathered in the camp. Guests can also visit local exhibitions of clothing and armor. Page 2 Brunei → July 15 is the King's birthday in Brunei. The holiday commemorates the birth of incumbent King Hassanal Bolkiah, the 29th representative of the ruling dynasty in Brunei. The → Turkey Democracy Day and National Unity Day (Demokrasi ve Milli Birlik Günü) is a public holiday in Turkey celebrated on 15 July. It is the country's latest public holiday, created to commemorate national unity against the 2016 Turkish coup attempt that took place on July 15, 2016. Ukraine→s Day of Ukrainian Peacekeeping Day is a new holiday, founded by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (supreme council) in 2003. It is observed annually on 15 July. Annual commemorations and memorial → Lithuania, Poland Lithuania and Poland observe the Battle of Grunwald Day. This battle took place on 15 July 1410 between the Union of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Prince of Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights of Germany and . The most → in the United States july 15 is National Cassava Pudding Day. Cassava pudding is a sweet dessert made from cassava flour and milk, cream or coconut milk. The U.→. Hot Dog Day is an official holiday in the United States celebrated every July. It was founded by the National Sausage and Sausage Council. Hot Dog Day celebrates sausages as one of the main items of American cuisine. The UN World Youth Skills Day, which falls annually on July 15, is one of the new UN International Anniversary Days. The UN General Assembly was established on 11 November 2014. The celebration → U.S. Social Media Day is an online holiday held on July 15. It was inaugurated Givver.com, a platform dedicated to fundraising via Twitter, in 2013. 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Born in 1976: Diane Kruger, a German-American actress and model, is best known for her roles as Helen in Troy, Dr. Abigail Chase in National Treasure and Bridget von Hammersmark in Inglourious Basterds. 1975 An Apollo spacecraft and a Soyuz spacecraft were launched on the first joint flight between the Soviet Union and the United States. Nationalists funded by the Greek Government in 1974 launched a riot in Nicosa, Cyprus, deposed President Makarios and appointed Nikos Sampson president of Cyprus. 1967 Born: Adam Savage, American actor and special effects designer, is known as one of the two co-hosts of the Discovery Channel series MythBusters and Unchained Reaction. The 1955 Mainau Declaration against Nuclear Weapons was signed by 18 Nobel Laureates. Then the statement was co-signed by 34 other winners. Born 1946: Linda Ronstadt, American singer-songwriter, producer and actress. She has won 11 Grammy Awards, 3 American Music Awards, 2 Country Music Oscars, 1 Emmy Award and 1 ALMA Award. She also won Tony and Golden Globe Awards for her achievements in the film industry. 1940 Loss: Robert Wadlow, the American giant, is known as the Alton Giant and the Giant of Illinois. He was the t senior in recorded history. He is 8 ft 11.1 in (2.72 m) tall and weighs 439 lb (199 kg). He continued to grow even at the time of his death. 1939 Death: Eugen Bleuler, Swiss psychiatrist and euscimist, notable for her contributions to understanding Mental. He laid out the terms systzophrenia, autism, schizoids and ambivalence. Born 1926: Leopoldo Galtieri, Argentine general and politician, 44th President of Argentina. You're the last one. dictatorship, deposed shortly after he took office. His presidency lasted from 22 December 1981 to 18 June 1982. Born in 1922: Leon M. 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Battle of GrunwaldPart of the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War by Grunwald by Jan Matejko (1878)July 15, 1410 (1410-07-15)Location Between the villages of Grunwald (Grünfelde) and Stębark (Tannenberg), west of Masuria, Poland Coordination: 53° 29′10N 20° 07′29E / 53.48611 °N 20.12472°E/53.48611; 20.12472Result Decision Poland-Lithuania victoryBelligerents KingdomPoland Kraków Sandomierz Łęczyca Lublin Poznań Brześć Kujawski and Inowrocław Sieradz Wieluń Land Dobrzyń Ruthenian land Lwów Land Chełm Land Halych Land Przemyśl Land Podolia Grand Duchyof Lithuania Regions and towns: Trakai Vilnius Grodno Kaunas Lida Medininkai Smolensk-Orsha Smolensk-Mstsislaw Polotsk Vitebsk Kiev Pinsk Drohiczyn Mielnik Nav Vassals of Poland: Masovia-Warsaw[1] Dub of Masovia-Płock Pomerania-Stolp Dub of [2] Lithuanian Vassals: The Land of the People Smolensk from Golden Horde[3] other allies: foreign mercenaries and volunteers[4] Bohemian[4] and Moravia mercenaries volunteer Silesians[4] Wallachians[5] Orders Switzerland (State of orders) Commander : Althausen Elbing Danzig Ragnit Schönsee Strasburg Werder der Weichsel Lands : Culmerland Towns: Allenstein Bartenstein Balga Brandenburg Braunsberg Bratyan and Neumarkt Elbing Engelsburg Danzig Dirschau Graudenz Heiligenbeil Kulm Königsberg Königsberg Königsberg-Old town Lessen Mewe Nessau Osterode Ortelsburg Ragnit Roggenhausen Schlochau Schwetz Stuhm Tuchel Vassalsonia German Knight Westphalian Knights Brunswicker Knights Meissen Knights of Inflants and Rhineland Knights Switzerland Pomerania-Stettin Duchy of Oels Prince-Bishopric of Warmia Bishopric of Pomesania Bishopric of Culm Bishopric of Sambia European MercenariesCommanders and leaders King Władysław II Jagiełło, Supreme Commander[4] Grand Duke battlefield commander Duke Sigismund Korybut Duke Janusz Duke Siemowit VI Duke Siemowit V Prince Lengvenis Duke Bogislav VIII Prince Alexander Khan Jalal ad-Din Naiman-Beg Jan Sokol of Lamberk with Zbislávek , mercenary commander Jan of Jičín, commander of Grand Marshal Ulrich von Jungingen † Grand Marshal Friedrich von Wallenrode † Grand Komtur Kuno von Lichtenstein † Grand Thomas von Merheim Nicholas vonRenys Duke Casimir V Duke Konrad VII Christian von Gersdorf Strength 16,000-39,000 people[6] 11,000-11,000-11,000 27,000 men[6] Casualties and losses ~ 2,000 killed Very heavy: 8,000 Teutonic Knights killed, 14,000 prisoners captured, 203-211 of the 270 Dead Monks[7] Battle site on the modern Polish map Battle of Grunwald , the first Battle of Žalgiris or the Battle of Tannenberg took place on 15 July 1410 during the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War. The Union of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Prince of Lithuania, led by King Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila) and Grand Duke Vytautas, defeated the German-Prussian Teutonic Knights, led by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen. Most of teutonic knights' leaders were killed or taken prisoner. Although defeated, the Teutonic Knights endured a siege of their fortress in Marienburg (Malbork) and suffered minimal territorial losses at the Treaty of Thorn (1411) (Toruń), with other territorial disputes continuing until the in 1422. The knights, however, will never restore their previous power, and the financial burden of war recitution causes internal conflict and recession in lands under their control. The battle changed the balance of power in Central and Eastern Europe and marked the rise of the Polish-Lithuanian alliance as the ruling political and military force in the region. [8] The battle was one of the largest in middle-aged Europe and is considered one of the most important victories in Polish and Lithuanian history and is also widely held in Belarus. [9] It has been used as a source of romantic legends and national pride, becoming a greater symbol of the struggle against foreign invaders. [10] In the 20th century, the battle was used in Nazi and Soviet propaganda campaigns. Only in recent decades have historians come to an academic assessment, unhappy about the battle, reconciling previous stories, vary widely by country. [to quote] Name and source The most important source of battle is Cronica conflictus ... [11] The battle took place on the territory of the monastery state of the Teutonic Ministry, on the delta between three villages: Grünfelde (Grunwald) to the west, Tannenberg (Stębark) to the northeast and Ludwigsdorf (Łodwigowo, Ludwikowice) to the south. Władysław II Jagiełło referred to the site in Latin as in loco conflictus nostri, quem cum Cruciferis de Prusia habuimus, dicto Grunenvelt. [8] Later, Polish chronicles explained the Word Grunenvelt as Grünwald, which means green forest in German. The Lithuanians followed suit and translated the name Žalgiris. [12] The Germans named the battle after Tannenberg (fir hill or pine hill in German). [13] As a result, there are three commonly used names for battle: German: German: bei Tannenberg, Polish: bitwa pod Grunwaldem, Lithuanian: Žalgirio mūšis. Its name in the languages of other relevant peoples includes Belarusian: Бьтва пад Грунвальдам, Ukrainian: Грнвальдська битва, Russian: Грнвальдская битва, Czech: Bitva u Grunvaldu, Romanian: Bătălia de la Grünwald. The source has very few modern, reliable sources of battle, and most are produced by Polish sources. [14] Its copyright is uncertain, but several candidates have been proposed: Polish Deputy Prime Minister Mikołaj Trąba and secretary of Władysław II Jagiełło Zbigniew Oleśnicki. [15] While the early Cronica conflicts did not exist, a short summary from the 16th century was preserved. Another important source is Historiae Polonicae of the Polish historian Jan Długosz (1415-1480). [15] It is a comprehensive and detailed document written several decades after the battle. The reliability of this source is not only long distances between events and chronicles, but also Długosz's alleged prejudices against the Lithuanians. [16] Banderia Prutenorum is a mid-15th-century manuscript with Latin images and descriptions of teutonic battle flags captured in battle and displayed at Wawel Cathedral and Vilnius Cathedral. Other Polish sources include two letters written by Władysław II Jagiełło to Cilli's wife Anne and Bishop Poznań Wojciech Jastrzębiec and letters sent by Jastrzębiec to Poland at the Holy See. [16] German sources include a brief document in the chronicles of Johann von Posilge. A recently discovered anonymous letter, written between 1411 and 1413, provided important details about Lithuanian exercises. [18] Historical foundations of the Lithuanian Crusade and the Polish-Lithuanian union the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Prince of Lithuania among their vassals between 1386 and 1434 Detail: Northern Crusades in 1230, the Teutonic Knights, a crusader military order, moved to the Chełmno Lands and launched the Prussian Crusades against the christian Prussian clans. With the support of the and holy Roman Emperor, the Teutons conquered and converted the Prussians in the 1280s and turned their attention to the Grand Duvam of Foreign Lithuania. For about 100 years, the Knights raided the lands of Lithuania, especially , as it separated the Knights of Prussia from their branch in . While the border areas became an unspoilt wilderness, the Knights gained very little territory. The Lithuanians first abandoned Samogitia during the Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384) in the Treaty of Dubysa. This territory is used as a bargaining chip to ensure Teutonic for one of the in the internal power struggle. In 1385, Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania agreed to marry Queen Jadwiga of Poland in the Kreva Union. Jogaila converted to Christianity and was crowned King of Poland (Władysław II Jagiełło), thus creating a personal alliance between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Prince of Lithuania. Lithuania's official transition to Christianity eliminated religious reasons for the activities of the order in the region. [19] Its grand master, Conrad Zöllner von Rothenstein, supported by the Hungarian King Sigismund of Luxemburg, reacted by publicly arguing over the sincerity of jogaila's conversion, bringing the charges to a pope's court. [19] Territorial disputes continued over Samogitia, which had been in Teutonic's hands since the Treaty of Raciąż in 1404. Poland also made territorial claims against the Knights in Dobrzyń Land and Gdańsk (Danzig), but the two countries have been at peace for the most part since the (1343). [20] The conflict was also fueled by trade considerations: Knights controlled the downstream of the three largest rivers (, and Daugava) in Poland and Lithuania. [21] War, arm armies, and preparations for the Teutonic State's Territory from 1260 to 1410; the locations and dates of major battles, including the Battle of Grunwald, are indicated by the red cross sword. Lithuanians fight the Teutonic Knights (14th-century sculpture from Marienburg Castle) In May 1409, an uprising in Teutonic-held Samogitia began. Lithuania supported it and the knights threatened aggression. When the Prussian army withdrew from Samogitia, Teutonic Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen declared war on the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Prince of Lithuania on 6 August 1409. [22] The Knights hoped to defeat Poland and Lithuania separately, and began by invading Great Poland and , much to the surprise of the Polish. [23] The Knights burned down the castle at Dobrin (Dobrzyń nad Wisłą), captured Bobrowniki after a 14-day siege, conquered (Bromberg) and sacked several towns. [24] The Polish organized a counterattack and recaptured Bydgoszcz. [25] The Samogitians attacked Memel (Klaipda). [23] However, none of the parties were ready for an all-out war. Wenceslaus, King of the Romans, agreed to median the dispute. A ceasefire was signed on 8 October 1409 and expired on 24 June 1410. [26] Both sides used this time to prepare for war, gather troops, and participate in diplomatic exercises. Both sides sent letters and messengers accusing each other of various misconduct and threats against Christianity. Wenceslaus, who received a gift of 60,000 florins from the knights, claimed that Samogitia rightly belonged to the knights and only dobrzyń land should be paid to Poland. [27] The knights also paid ducats to the Sigismund of Hungary, who has ambitions regarding the Kingdom of Moldavia, to support each other's military. [27] Sigismund attempted to break the Polish-Lithuanian alliance by giving Vytautas the king's crown; Vytautas' acceptance would violate the terms of the Ostrów Agreement and create Polish-Lithuanian indird. [28] At the same time, Vytautas sought to reach a ceasefire from the Livonian Society. [29] By December 1409, Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas had agreed on a common strategy: their armies would unite into a single large force and march together to Marienburg (Malbork), the capital of the Teutonic Knights. [30] The Knights, who occupy a defensive position, did not expect a joint offensive and were preparing for a double invasion– by the Poles along the Vistula River towards Danzig (Gdańsk) and the Lithuanians along the Neman River towards Ragnit (Neman). [1] To counter this cognitive threat, Ulrich von Jungingen concentrated his forces in Schwetz (Świecie), a central position from which the military could respond to an invasion from any direction quite quickly. [31] Suspentland garrisons were abandoned in the eastern castles of Ragnit, Rhein (Ryn) near Lötzen (Giżycko) and Memel (Klaipda). [1] To keep their plans a secret and deceive the knights, Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas organized several attacks on border territories, thus forcing the knights to keep their troops in place. [30] Opposition Forces Further information: List of banners during the Battle of Grunwald Various estimates of opposition forces[6] Teutonic Lithuanian historian Karl Heveker and Hans Delbrück[32] 10,500 6,000 11,0000 Eugene Razin [33] 16,000-17 000 11,000 Max Oehler 23,000 15,000 Jerzy Ochmański 22,000-27,000 12.0 Sven Ekdahl[32] 20,000-25,000 12,000-15,000 Andrzej Nadolski 20,000 10,000 15,000 Jan Dąbrowski 1 5,000-18,000 8,000-11,000 19,000 Zigmantas Kiaupa[34] 18,000 11,000 15,000– 21,000 Marian Biskup 19,000–20,000 10,000–11,000 21,000 Daniel Stone[19] 27,000 11,000 21,000 Stefan Kuczyński 39 27,000 James Westfall Thompson and Edgar Nathaniel Johnson[35] 100,000 35,000 Alfred Nicolas Rambaud[36] 163,000 86,000 The number of soldiers involved has proven difficult to establish. [37] None of the modern sources provided a reliable number of troops. Jan Długosz provided the number of banners, the main unit of each cavalry: 51 for knights, 50 for the Polish and 40 for the Lithuanians. [38] However, it is unclear how many people are under each banner. The structure and number of infantry units (pikemen, gunners, crossbows) and artillery units is unknown. Estimates, often biased by political and ethnic considerations, are produced by various historians. [37] German historians tend to present lower numbers, while Polish historians have the direction of use of higher estimates. [6] Senior estimates by Polish historians Kuczyński's 39,000 Polish-Lithuanians and 27,000 Teutonic men[38] have been cited in Western literature as generally accepted. [37] While less, the Teutonic army has an advantage in discipline, military training, and equipment. [33] They are particularly popular with heavy cavalry. The Teutonic army was also equipped with bombardments that could fire lead and rock bullets. [33] Both forces consisted of troops from several states and lands, including many mercenaries; for example, Bohemian mercenaries fought on each side. [39] The knights also invited crusader guests. Twenty-two different people, mostly Germans, joined them. [40] Teutonic recruits included soldiers from Westphalia, Frisia, Austria, Swabia[39] and Stettin (Szczecin). [41] Two Hungarian nobles, Nicholas II Garay and Stibor of Stiboricz, gave 200 men to the Knights,[42] but the support from Sigismund of Hungary was disappointing. [29] Poland brought mercenaries from Moravia and . The Czechs created two full banners, under the command of Jan Sokol z Lamberka (cz). [4] Serving among the Czechs may be Jan Žižka, the future commander of hussite forces. [43] Alexander The Good, ruler of Moldavia, commanded an expeditionary legion. [2] Vytautas gathered troops from the lands of Lithuania, Rutheia (present-day Belarus and Ukraine). Three Ruthee banners from Smolensk under the command of Władysław II's brother Jagiełło were Lengvenis, while Kim Horde's Tatar army was under the command of khan Jalal ad-Din in the future. [3] The joint commander of the Polish-Lithuanian joint force was King Władysław II Jagiełło; however, he was not directly involved in the battle. Lithuanian units were directly commanded by Grand Duke Vytautas, who was second in command, and helped design the campaign's grand strategy. [44] Vytautas was actively involved in the battle, managing both Lithuanian and Polish units.[44] Jan Długosz stated that the crown's low-level sword bearer, Zyndram of Maszkowice, commanded the Polish army, but that was highly doubtful. [45] Most likely, Royal Marshal Zbigniew of Brzezie commanded the Polish army on the battlefield. Combat Process Map of military movements during operation Grunwald marching into Prussia The first stage of Operation Grunwald was to gather all Polish-Lithuanian troops at Czerwinsk, a specified meeting point about 80 km (50 mi) from the Prussian border, where the joint army crossed Vistula over a pontoon bridge. [46] This manom, which required precise and robust coordination between multi-ethnic forces, was carried out for about a week, from 24 to 30 June. [1] Polish soldiers from Great Poland gathered in Poznań, and people from Little Poland, in Wolbórz. On 24 June, Władysław II Jagiełło and Czech mercenaries arrived in Wolbórz. [1] Three days later, the army was present at the meeting place. The Lithuanian army marched from Vilnius on 3 June and joined the Rutheian regiments in Hrodna. [1] They arrived in Czerwinsk the same day the Polish crossed the river. After crossing the border, the Masovian army under Siemowit IV and Janusz I joined the Polish-Lithuanian army. [1] Huge forces began marching north to Marienburg (Malbork), the capital of Prussia, on 3 July. The Prussian border was crossed on July 9. [46] The crossing remained secret until Hungarian envoys, who were trying to negotiate a peace, notified the Grand Master. [47] Shortly after Ulrich von Jungingen grasped the Polish-Lithuanian intentions, he left 3,000 men at Schwetz (Świecie) under Heinrich von Plauen[48] and marched to the main force to organize a defensive line on the Drewenz River (Drwęca) near Kauernik (Kurzętnik). [49] River crossings were forspined by fences. [50] On 11 July, after meeting with his eight-member war council,[45] Władysław II Jagiełło decided not to cross the river in such a strong, defensive position. Instead, the army would cross the river by turning east, towards its sources, where no other major river separated his army from Marienburg. [49] The parade continued east towards Soldau (Działdowo), although no attempt was made to capture the town. [51] Teutonic troops followed the Drewenz River to the north, crossing it near Löbau (Lubawa) and then moving east in tandem with the Polish-Lithuanian army. According to the propaganda order later devastated the village of Gilgenburg (Dąbrówno). [52] Later, in the self-serving testimony of survivors before the pope, the Order claimed that Von Jungingen was so angered by the alleged crimes that he had vowed to defeat the invaders in battle. [53] Combat preparations See also: Grunwald Swords Teutonic Knights introduces Grunwald Swords to King Władysław II Jagiełło (wojciech Kossak painting) In the early morning of July 15, both armies met in an area of about 4 km2 (1.5 sq mi) between the villages of Grunwald, Tannenberg (Stębark) and Ludwigsdorf (Łodwigowo). [54] The army formed opposite lines along a northeast-southwest axis. The Polish-Lithuanian army is located in front and east of Ludwigsdorf and Tannenberg. [55] Polish heavy cavalry formed the left flank, lithuanian light cavalry on the right flank and various mercenaries formed the center. Their people are organized into three cydge-shaped lines about 20 people deep. [55] Teutonic forces concentrated their elite heavy cavalry, under the command of Field Marshal Frederic von Wallenrode, against the Lithuanians. [54] The Knights, who first organized their troops for battle, hoped to provoke the Polish or Lithuanian attacks first. Army they, wearing heavy armor, had to stand in the scorching sun for several hours for an attack. [56] A chronicle claims that they dug holes that an attacking army would fall into. [57] They also tried to use artillery, but a light rain reduced the powder and only two shells were fired. [56] When Władysław II Jagiełło was delayed, the Grand Master sent messengers with two swords to support Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas in battle. The sword is meant as an insult and provocation. [58] Known as the Grunwald Swords, they became one of Poland's national symbols. , beginning an attack on the left flank of the Teutonic force. [56] After more than an hour of fierce fighting, the Lithuanian light cavalry began to retreat altogether. Jan Długosz described this development as a complete destruction of the entire Lithuanian army. According to Długosz, the Knights considered the victory to be theirs, breaking their formation for a disillusioned pursuit of the retreating Lithuanians, and collecting many battlefields before returning to the battlefield to face the Polish army. As a result, Długosz described the battle as a one-handed victory for Poland. Starting with an article by Vaclaw Lastowski in 1909, they proposed that the withdrawal was a planned manom borrowed from the Golden Horde. [60] A pretend retreat was used in the Battle of the Vorskla River (1399), when the Lithuanian army faced a heavy defeat and Vytautas himself barely escaped alive. [61] This theory was more widely accepted after its discovery and publishing, in 1963 by swedish historian Sven Ekdahl, of a German letter. [62] Written a few years after the battle, she warned the new Grand Master to pay attention to the pretend retreats of the type used in the Great Battle. [18] Stephen Turnbull asserted that Lithuania's tactical retreat was not entirely in line with the formula of a pretend retreat; such a retreat was usually organized by one or two units (as opposed to almost the entire army) and was quickly followed by a counterattack (while the Lithuanians were back at the end of the battle). [64] The battle continued: The Polish-Teutonic War Banner of the Kingdom of Poland and Lwów Land in the Battle of the Islamic Tatars fought a Teutonic Knight (detailed from a painting by Wojciech Kossak) While the Lithuanians were retreating, fierce fighting broke out between Polish and Teutonic forces. Under the command of Dai Komtur Kuno von Lichtenstein, Teutonic forces gathered on the right flank Poland. Six of von Walenrode's banners did not pursue the Retreating Lithuanians, retreating, Join the attack on the right flank. [34] A particularly valuable target was Kraków's royal banner. It seems that the Knights gained the upper hand, and at one point the bearer of royal standards, Marcin of Wrocimowice, lost the Kraków banner. [65] However, it was quickly recaptured and fighting continued. Władysław II Jagiełło deployed his reserve troops - the second line of his army. [34] Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen then personally led 16 banners, nearly a third of the original teutonic power, to the right flank of Poland,[66] and Władysław II Jagiełło deployed his last reserve, the third line of his army. [34] The mesmity reached the orders of Poland and a Knight, identified as Lupold or Diepold of Kökeritz, was charged directly against King Władysław II Jagiełło. [67] Secretary of Władysław, Zbigniew Oleśnicki, who saved the king's life, won royal support and became one of the most influential people in Poland. , the Lithuanians were re-organized back into battle, attacking von Jungingen from behind. [68] Teutonic forces were then overwhelmed by the mass of Polish knights and Lithuanian cavalry. When von Jungingen tried to break Lithuanian lines, he was killed. [68] According to Cronica conflictus, Oleśnica's Dobiesław pushed a tree through the Grand Master's neck,[68] while Długosz introduced Skrzynno's Mszczuj as the killer. Besieged and without a leader, the Teutonic Knights began to retreat. Part of the units are routed to withdraw towards their camp. The move backfired when campers turned their backs on their owners and joined the hunt. [69] The knights tried to build a wagon fortress: The camp was surrounded by wagons that served as an impromptu fort. [69] However, the defenses were quickly broken and the camp was ravaged. According to Cronica, more Knights died there than on the battlefield. [69] The battle lasted about ten hours. [34] Teutonic Knights claimed that the defeat was due to a counter-attack by Nikolaus von Renys (Ryńsk's Mikołaj), the commander of the Culm banner (Chełmno), and he was beheaded without trial. [70] He was the founder and leader of the Lizard Alliance, a group of Knights sympathetic to Poland. [71] The legend that the Knights were stabbed in the back was echoed in the post-World War I stabbing myth and germany's preoccupation with the battle until 1945. [70] Consequent casualties and captivity Battle as described in Berner Chronik by Diebold Schilling A letter sent in August by the messengers of Sigismund of Hungary, Nicholas II Garai and and of Stiboricz, bringing the total number of casualties at 8,000 deaths on both sides. [72] However, the wording is vague and it is unclear whether it meant a total of 8,000 or 16,000 deaths. [73] A male pope since 1412 mentioned 18,000 Christians who died. [72] In two letters written shortly after the battle, Władysław II Jagiełło mentioned that Polish casualties were minor (paucis valde and modico) and Jan Długosz listed only 12 Polish knights who had been killed. [72] A letter from a Teutonic official from Tapiau (Gvardeysk) mentions that only half of the Lithuanians returned, but it is unclear how many of those casualties were due to the battle and how many in the siege of Marienburg later. [72] The failure of the Teutonic Knights resonated. According to teutonic payroll records, only 1,427 men reported back to Marienburg to claim their wages. [74] Of the 1,200 sent from Danzig, only 300 returned. [41] Between 203 and 211 the Order's brothers were killed, out of 270 who fought,[7] including the majority of Teutonic leaders— Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen, Grand Marshal Friedrich von Wallenrode, Grand Komtur Kuno von Lichtenstein, Grand Treasurer Thomas von Merheim, Marshal albrecht von Schwartzburg , and ten komturs[75] Markward von Salzbach, Komtur of Brandenburg (Ushakovo) and Heinrich Schaumburg, voigt of Sambia, were executed on Vytautas' orders after the battle. The bodies of von Jungingen and other senior officials were transferred to Marienburg Castle for burial on 19 July. [76] The bodies of lower-level Teutonic officials and 12 Polish knights were buried at the church in Tannenberg. [76] The remains of the dead were buried in several mass graves. Teutonic's most senior official to escape the battle is Werner von Tettinger, Komtur of Elbing (Elbląg). [74] Polish and Lithuanian forces detained thousands of people. Among these were Duke Konrad VII of Oels (Oleśnica) and Casimir V of Pomerania. [77] Most civilians and mercenaries were released shortly after the battle on the condition that they report to Kraków on 11 November 1410. [78] Only those who are expected to pay the ransom will be retained. Significant ransoms have been recorded; for example, mercenary Holbracht von Loym had to pay 150 kopas of Prague , up to more than 30 kg (66 lb) of . [79] Continued campaign and peace Main articles: Siege of Marienburg (1410) and Peace Of Thorns (1411) After the Battle of Marienburg Castle, the capital of the Teutonic Knights, which had been unsuccessfully besieged for two months by Polish-Lithuanian forces After the battle, Polish and Lithuanian forces delayed their assault on the Teutonic capital in Marienburg (Malbork) , stayed on the battlefield for three days and then marched an average of only about 15 km (9.3 mi) On. [80] The main forces did not achieve much Marienburg until 26 July. This delay gave Heinrich von Plauen enough time to organize the defense. Władysław II Jagiełło also sent his troops to other Teutonic fortresses, often surrendering without resistance,[81] including the major cities of Danzig (Gdańsk), Thorn (Toruń) and Elbing (Elbląg). [82] Only eight castles remain in Teutonic's hands. [83] The siege of Marienburg expected a swift surrender and un preparations for a long siege, lacking ammunition, low morale, and an epidemic of dysentery. [84] The Knights appealed to their allies for help, and Sigismund of Hungary, Wenceslaus, King of the Romans, and the promised financial support and reinforcements. [85] The siege of Marienburg was lifted on 19 September. Polish-Lithuanian forces left garrisons in the fortresses they had captured and returned home. However, the Knights quickly recaptured most of the castle. By the end of October, only four Teutonic castles along the border remained in Polish hands. [86] Władysław II Jagiełło nurtured a new army and dealt another defeat to the Knights at the Battle of Koronowo on 10 October 1410. After other brief clashes, both sides agreed to negotiations. The Treaty of Thorn was signed in February 1411. On its terms, the Knights heeded Dobrin Land (Dobrzyń Land) to Poland and agreed to resign their declaration to Samogitia throughout the life of Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas,[87] ] although two other wars - the of 1414 and the Gollub War of 1422 - will be conducted before the Treaty of Melno permanently resolved[88] the Polish and the Lithuanians cannot be translated military victory into territorial or diplomatic interests. However, Peace Thorn inflicted a heavy financial burden on the Knights from which they never recovered. They had to pay a silver compensation in four installments annually. [87] To meet these payments, the Knights borrowed heavily, confiscated gold and silver from churches and raised taxes. Two major Prussian cities, Danzig (Gdańsk) and Thorn (Toruń), revolted against tax increases. [89] The defeat to Grunwald left the Teutonic Knights with very few forces to defend their remaining territories. Since Samogitia was officially named, since both Poland and Lithuania for a long time, the Knights have had difficulty recruiting new volunteer crusaders. [90] The Grand Masters then needed to rely on mercenaries, which proved a costly depletion of their depleted budgets. Internal conflicts, economic decline, and tax increases led to unrest and the foundations of the Prussian Federation, or the Coalition Against Lordship, in 1441. This in turn led to a series of conflicts that culminated in the Thirteen Years' War (1454). Polish and Lithuanian Heritage King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland. 2003. The Battle of Grunwald is considered one of the most important battles in the and Lithuania. [10] Historically Ukraine, the battle was better associated with the Great Vytautas, the head of Eastern Orthodox Christianity at the time. [92] In Lithuania, this victory was meant to be the political and military pinnacle of the Grand National. It was a source of national pride in the era of romantic nationalism and inspired the resistance against the German and Russification policies of the German empire and Russia. The Knights are described as bloodthirsty invaders and Grunwald is a single victory achieved by a small, oppressed nation. [10] In 1910, to mark the 500th anniversary of the battle, a monument by Antoni Wiwulski was unveiled in Kraków in a three-day celebration attended by about 150,000 people. [93] About 60 other towns and villages in Galicia also erected Grunwald monuments for the celebration. The Battle of Grunwald is commemorated on the tomb of an anonymous soldier in Warsaw, with the inscription GRUNWALD 15 VII 1410. The Grunwald Memorial was erected in Kraków, Poland on the 500th anniversary of the battle. It was destroyed during World War II by the Germans and rebuilt in 1976. At the same time, Nobel Laureate Henryk Sienkiewicz wrote the novel The Knights of the Cross (Polish: Krzyżacy), which featured the battle in one of the chapters. In 1960, Polish filmmaker Aleksander Ford used the book as the basis for his film, Knights of the . A museum, memorial and memorial were built on the battlefield in 1960. [95] The combat site is one of Poland's official national historic sites, was named on 4 October 2010, and is monitored by the Polish National Heritage Council. , FK Žalgiris), and various organizations. A re-election of the annual battle took place on 15 July. In 2010, a contest recreating the event and celebrating the 600th anniversary of the battle was held. It drew 200,000 spectators to watch 2,200 participants play the role of knights in a re-enacted battle. An additional 3,800 people took part in the role of farmers and camp followers. The competition's organisers believe the event has become the biggest re- enactence of Middle-aged combat in Europe. [96] In 2010, the National Bank of Ukraine issued a coin commemorating the 20th anniversary of the battle. At least three cities in Ukraine (Lviv, Drohobych, and Ivano-Frankivsk) have a road named after the battle. [98] A propaganda poster of the German National People's Party from 1920 depicting a Teutonic Knight threatened by a Polish and a socialist German and a German often regarded the Knights as heroic and aristocratic men who brought Christianity and civilization to the east, although many to an area with more physical engines. [10] In August 1914, during World War I, Germany won a battle against Russia near the site. When the Germans realized their propaganda potential, they named the battle the Battle of Tannenberg,[99] although it had actually taken place near Allenstein (Olsztyn), and framed it as revenge for the Polish-Lithuanian victory 504 years earlier. The Nazis then exploited the sentiment by describing their Lebensraum policies as a continuation of the Knights' historic mission. [100] SS Chief Heinrich Himmler told Nazi leader Adolf Hitler on the first day of the Warsaw Uprising in August 1944: After five, six weeks we would leave. But then Warsaw, the capital, the head, the intelligence of this former 16-17 million Polish will be extinguished, this volk has blocked our way east for 700 years and has stood our way since the First Battle of Tannenberg. [102] Due to the involvement of three Smolensk regiments, the Russians considered the battle a victory for a Polish-Lithuanian-Russian alliance against the Invading Germans. Chroniclen Jan Długosz praised the Smolensk banners, who fought valiantly and, according to him, were the only banners from the Grand Public of Lithuania not to retreat. Historically, the Battle of Grunwald was styled as an ethnic struggle between Slavs and Germans. [103] The Teutonic Knights were described as the middle-aged predecessors of the Hitler army, while the battle itself was considered a middle- aged partner of the Battle of Stalingrad. [103] In William Urban's summary, almost all documents on the battle carried out before the 1960s were more influenced by romantic legends and national propaganda than in fact. [70] Historians have since made progress in dissolving scholarship and reconciling various national documents of the battle. [100] In 2014, the Russian Military History Association stated that russian troops and their allies defeated German knights at the Battle of Grunwald,[104] although evidence that the Grand Princess of Moscow was involved in the battle was lacking. In July 2017, billboards appeared on the streets of Russian cities with statements apparently attributeing the victory in the Battle of Grunwald to Russia. [105] Reference note ^ a b c d e f g Jučas 2009, page 75 ^a 5 Urban 2003, p. 138^ a b Turnbull 2003, p. 28 ^ a b c d e Turnbull 2003, p. 26^ a b Davies 2005, p. 98 ^ a b c d Jučas 2009, p. 57–58 ^ a b Frost 2015, p. 106–107 ^ a b Ekdahl 2009 , page 175 ^ Turnbull 2003, p. 92 ^ a b c e e f Johnson 1996, p. 43 ^ Jučas 2009, p. 8 ^ Sužiedlis 2011, p. 123 ^ Evans 1970, p. 3 ^ Jučas 2009, page 8 ^ a b Jučas 2009, page 9 ^ a b Jučas 2009, p. 10 ^ Jučas 2009, page 11 ^ a b Ekdahl 1963 ^ a b c d Stone 2001, 16 ^ Urban 2003 , page 132 ^ Kiaupa, Kiaupien & & 2000, tr. 137 ^ Turnbull 2003, tr. 20 ^ a b Ivinskis 1978, tr. 336 ^ Urban 2003, tr. 130 ^ Kuczynski 1960, trang 614 ^ Jučas 2009, trang 51 ^ a b Turnbull 2003, tr. 21 ^ Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kunevičius 2000, tr. 139 ^ a b Christiansen 1997, tr. 227 ^ a b Turnbull 2003, tr. 30 ^ Jučas 2009, trang 74 ^ a b Frost 2015, trang 106 ^ a b c Разин 1999, tr. 486 ^ a b c e Kiaupa 200 2 ^ Thompson & Johnson 1937, tr. 940 ^ Rambaud 1898 ^ a b c Turnbull 2003, tr. 25 ^ a b Ivinskis 1978, p. 338 ^ a b Turnbull 2003, tr. 29 ^ Разин 1999, trang 485–486 ^ a b Jučas 2009, tr. 56 ^ Urban 2003, tr. 139 ^ Richter 2010 ^ Jučas 2009, trang 64 ^ a , page 63 ^ a b Turnbull 2003, p. 33 ^ Urban 2003, p. 141 ^ Urban 2003, p. 142 ^ a b Turnbull 2003, p. 35 ^ Jučas 2009, page 76 ^ Turnbull 2003, page 36 ^ Turnbull 2003, p. 36–37 ^ Urban 2003, p. 148–149 ^ a b Jučas 2009, p. 77 ^ a b Turnbull 2003, page 44 ^ a b c Turnbull 2003, page 45 ^ p. 149 ^ Turnbull 2003, p. 43 ^ a b Jučas 2009, p. 78 ^ Baranauskas 2011, p. 25 ^ Sužiedlis 1976, p. 337 ^ Urban 2003, p. 152 –153 ^ 20Ekdahl.html ^ Turnbull 2003, p. 48–49 ^ Jučas 2009, p. 83 ^ Turnbull 2003, p. 53 ^ Turnbull 2003, p. 61^ a b c Turnbull 2003 , p. 64 ^ a b c Turnbull 2003 , p. 66^ a b c Urban 2003, p. 168 ^ Turnbull 2003, p. 79 ^ a b c d Bumblauskas 2010, p. 74 ^ Bumblauskas 2010, pp. 74–75 ^ a b c Turnbull 2003, p. 68 ^ Jučas 2009, pp. 85–86 ^ a b Jučas 2009, p. 87 ^ Turnbull 2003, p. 69 ^ Jučas 2009, p. 88 ^ Pelech 1987, pp. 105–107 ^ Urban 2003, p. 162 ^ Urban 2003, p. 164 ^ Stone 2001, p. 17 ^ Ivinskis 1978, p. 342 ^ Turnbull 2003, p. 75 ^ Turnbull 2003, p. 74 ^ Urban 2003, p. 166 ^ a b Christiansen 1997, p. 228 ^ Kiaupa, Kiaupien & Kunevičius 2000, pp. 142–144 ^ Turnbull 2003, p. 78 ^ Christiansen 1997, pp. 228–230 ^ Stone 2001, pp. 17–19 ^ Битва народьвв : 600 Грнвальдсько битви (Battle of Peoples: 600 Anniversary of the Battle of Grunwald). BBC-Ukraine. ^ Dabrowski 2004, p. 164–165 ^ Ekdahl 2008, p. 179 ^ Ekdahl 2008, p. 186 ^ Fowler 2010 ^ The holiday of the street (Свя вулизь (вьдео)). News.IF. July 28, 2010 ^ Ivasiv, Natalia. Holidays of Hriunvaldska vulytsia (Свято Грнвальдсько вулизьь). Zakhidny Kuryer. July 15, 2010. ^ Burleigh 1985, p. 27 ^ a 5 Johnson 1996, p. 44 ^ Wlodzimierz Borodziej: Der Warschauer Aufstand 1944. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2004, p. 121. Richie, Alexandra (2013). Warsaw 1944: Hitler, Himmler, and the Warsaw Uprising. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. page 242. ISBN 1466848472. ^ a 5 Davies 2005, p. 99 ^ Calendar of memorable days of Russian military history. July. ^ Победа России в Грюнвальдской битве — новый «закт» Bibliography Baranauskas, Tomas (2011), Žalgirio mūšis Lietuvos istorik darbuose (PDF), Istorija (in Lithuanian), 1 (81), ISSN 1392-0456, archived from the original (PDF) on June 4, 2019, retrieved June 4, 2019 Bumblauskas, Alfredas (2010), Žalgiris: neatsakyti klausimai, Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos (Lithuanian), 26, ISSN 1392-0448 Burleigh, Michael (June 1985), The German Knight : Making of A Modern Myth, History Today, , ISSN 0018-2753 Christiansen, Eric (1997), The Northern Crusades (2nd edition), Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-14-026653-5 Dabrowski, Patrice M. (2004), Modern Polish Anniversary and Shape, Indiana University Press, ISBN 978-0-253-34429-8 Davies, Norman (2005), God's Playground. History of Poland. The Origins to 1795, I (Revised Minutes), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-925339-5 Ekdahl, Sven (2008), The Battle of Tannenberg-Grunwald-Žalgiris (1410) as reflected in Twentieth-Century monuments, in Victor Mallia-Milanes (eds.), The Military Orders: History and Heritage, 3, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., ISBN 978-0-7546-6290- 7 Ekdahl, Sven (1963), Die Flucht der Litauer in der Schlacht bei Tannenberg, Zeitschrift für Ostforschung , 1 (12), archived from the original on July 18, 2011, Geoffrey Charles (1970), Tannenberg, 1410:1914, Hamilton, OCLC 468431737 Fowler, Jonathan (17 July 2010), Tabards on, visors down: fans relive 1410 Battle of Grunwald, AFP Frost, Robert (2015), The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania: The Creation of the Polish-Lithuanian Alliance 1385-1569, , ISBN 9780198208693 Ivinskis, Zenonas (1978), Lietuvos istorija iki Vytauto Didžiojo mirties (in Lithuanian), Rome: Lietuvi katalik mokslo akademija , OCLC 70309981 Johnson, Lonnie (1996), : Enemies, Neighbors, Friends, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-510071-6 Jučas, Mečislovas (2009), Battle of Grünwald, Vilnius: National Museum Palace of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, ISBN 978-609-95074-5-3 Kiaupa, Zigmantas (2002) , Didysis karas su Kryžiuočiais, Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klass (in Lithuanian), Vilnius: Elektronins leidybos namai, ISBN 978-9986-9216-9-1, archived from the original on March 3, 2008, retrieved May 31, 2010 Kiaupa, Zigmantas; Kiaupien, Jūrat; Kunevičius, Albinas (2000), Lithuanian History Before 1795, Vilnius: Lithuanian Historical Institute, ISBN 978-9986-810-13-1 Kuczynski, Stephen M. (1960), Great War with teutonic knights in the years 1409-1411, Ministry of Defence, OCLC 20499549 Mickūnait, Giedr (2006), Making a Great Ruler: Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania, Central European University Publishing House, ISBN 978-963-7326-58-5 Pelech , Markian (1987), W sprawie okupu za jeńcówzyich z Wielkiej Wojny (1409–1411), Zapiski Historyczne (in Polish), 2 (52), archived words on September 28, 2011, accessed June 1, 2010 Разин, Е. А. (1999), История военного искусства VI – XVI вв. (Russian), 2, Издательство Полигон, ISBN 978-5-89173-041-0 Rambaud, Alfred Nicolas (1898), History of Russia, 1, translated by Leonora B. Lang, New York: Peter Fenelon Collier Richter, Jan (July 16, 2010), Jan Žižka in Grunwald: from mercenary to Czech national hero, Radio Prague, retrieved August 16, 2012 Stone, Daniel (2001), The Polish-Lithuanian state, 1386–1795 University of Washington Press, ISBN 978-0-295-98093-5 Sužiedlis, Saulius (2011), Battle of Grunwald, Historical Dictionary of Lithuania (2nd edition), Scarecrow Press, ISBN 97 8-0810849143 Sužiedlis, Simas editorial (1976), Tatars, Lituanica Encyclopedia, V, Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius, OCLC 95559 Thompson, James Westfall; Johnson, Edgar Nathaniel (1937), Introduction to Middle Ages Europe, 300-1500, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., OCLC 19683883 Turnbull, Stephen (2003), Tannenberg 1410: Disaster for teutonic knights, Campaign Series, 122, London: Osprey, ISBN 978-1-84176-561-7 Urban, William (2003), Tannenberg and After: Lithuania, Poland and the Teutonic Order in Search of Immortality (Revised ed.), Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center, ISBN 978-0-929700-25-0 Links outside Wikimedia Commons have media related to the Battle of Grunwald. Wikiquote has a quote related to: Battle grunwald Cronica conflictus Wladislai regis Poloniae cruciferi sanno Christi 1410 (Chronicle of the Battle, written in 1410-1411, immediately after the battle) Virtual trip - Panoramic Image 360VR from Grunwald Account by Jan Dlugosz, written sixty years after the 600th anniversary of the battle in 2010 The Battle of Grunwald recreated (annually on July 15) (in Latin) Image of Banderia Prutenorum, a catalogue of Captured Teutonic Banners Festival to mark the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Grunwald in pictures on the official Website of Belarus Taken from

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