www.vistulana.pl 2013 www.qman.com.pl 18 vol. vol. vol. 18 2013 KINGS IN CAPTIVITY MACROECONOMY: ECONOMIC GROWTH ISBN 978-83-61033-69-1 KINGS IN CAPTIVITY MACROECONOMY: ECONOMIC GROWTH Fundacja Centrum Badań Historycznych Warszawa 2013 QUAESTIONES MEDII AEVI NOVAE Journal edited by Wojciech Fałkowski (Warsaw) – Editor in Chief Marek Derwich (Wrocław) Tomasz Jasiński (Poznań) Krzysztof Ożóg (Cracow) Andrzej Radzimiński (Toruń) Paweł Derecki (Warsaw) – Assistant Editor Editorial Board Gerd Althoff (Münster) Philippe Buc (Wien) Patrick Geary (Princeton) Andrey Karpov (Moscow) Rosamond McKit erick (Cambridge) Yves Sassier (Paris) Journal accepted in the ERIH and Index Copernicus lists. Articles, Notes and Books for Review shoud be sent to: Quaestiones Medii Aevi Novae, Instytut Historyczny Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego; Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, PL 00-927 Warszawa; Tel./Fax: (0048 22) 826 19 88; [email protected] (Editor in Chief) Published and fi nanced by: • Institute of History of University of Warsaw • Nicolas Copernicus University in Toruń • Faculty of History of University of Poznań • Institute of History of Jagiellonian University of Cracow • Ministry of Science and Higher Education © Copyright by Center of Historical Research Foundation, 2013 ISSN 1427-4418 ISBN 978-83-61033-69-1 Printed in Poland Subscriptions: Published in December. The annual subscriptions rate 2013 is: in Poland 38,00 zł; in Europe 32 EUR; in overseas countries 42 EUR Subscriptions orders shoud be addressed to: Wydawnictwo Towarzystwa Naukowego “Societas Vistulana” ul. Garczyńskiego 10/2, PL 31-524 Kraków; E-mail: [email protected]; www.vistulana.pl Account: Deutsche Bank 24 SA, O/Kraków, pl. Szczepański 5 55 1910 1048 4003 0092 1121 0002 Impression 550 spec. Contents Gerd Althoff Bishops at the Court of Henry II. Formal and Informal Practices of Producing Decisions ........................................................................ 5 I. Kings in Captivity ........................................................................................ 17 Daniel Bagi Und wessen Strafe? Die Inhaftierung von König Salomon in der früheren historischen Tradition und die Thronstreite der Arpaden im 11. Jahrhundert ......................................................... 17 Seymour Phillips Kings in Captivity: The Case of Edward II of England, ‘The Island King’ .................................................................................... 37 John Gillingham Coeur de Lion in Captivity ................................................................... 59 Cecilia Gaposchkin The Captivity of Louis IX ..................................................................... 85 Ivan Hlaváek König Wenzel (IV.) und seine zwei Gefangennahmen (Spiegel seines Kampfes mit dem Hochadel sowie mit Wenzels Verwandten um die Vorherrschaft in Böhmen und Reich) ............. 115 II. Macroeconomy: Economic Growth .......................................................... 151 Marian Dygo The Economic Thought of St. Thomas Aquinas – and the At empt to Model Medieval Economic Growth ..............151 Bruce M.S. Campbell National Incomes and Economic Growth in Pre-industrial Europe: Insights from Recent Research ...............167 Paolo Malanima Energy, Power and Growth in the High Middle Ages ....................197 Richard W. Unger Technology and Energy: Loosening Constraints on Medieval Economic Growth ................................................................................. 217 Piotr Guzowski Money Economy and Economic Growth: The Case of Medieval and Early Modern Poland ................................................................... 235 III. Current Research ........................................................................................257 Anna Wako Crusades in Finland and the Crusade Ideology in Sweden from the 12th to 14th Centuries .............................................................. 257 Sławomir Jówiak Review of Research on the Bat le of Grunwald (15th July 1410) in Historical Studies over the Past Half-Century ............................. 281 Rafał Kubicki Das Mühlwesen als Bestandteil der Wirtschaftspolitik des Deutschen Ordens in Preußen ...................................................... 303 Krzysztof Polek The Role of the Khazar Khaganate in the Economic System of the Early Middle Ages ..................................................................... 335 IV. In Memoriam .............................................................................................. 365 Professor Marian Biskup (1922-2012). Leben und Werk .................. 365 Professor Gerard Labudas Leben und Werk (1916-2010) ................ 373 V. Book Notices ................................................................................................ 389 Authors ............................................................................................................. 409 QUAESTIONES MEDII AEVI NOVAE (2013) GERD ALTHOFF MÜNSTER BISHOPS AT THE COURT OF HENRY II. FORMAL AND INFORMAL PRACTICES OF PRODUCING DECISIONS I have long been interested – and am increasingly more so – in the norms and rules according to which political dynamics actually functioned, the ways in which monarchy, nobility, and Church actually worked together1. Research during the last decade has clearly emphasized that these dynamics had a public sphere, in which the existing power structures and relationships were staged in a predominantly ritual manner, and by means of this staging became accepted reality2. In addition to and distinct from this public sphere, it is also possible to observe a sphere of processes of negotiation and of preparatory negotiations, dominated by confi dentiality and to which only a limited and di cult to defi ne group of decision-makers had access3. The logic and semantics of action in the public rituals seems to have been largely elucidate by now. But there is lit le knowledge of the rules according to which the prior processes of negotiation took place, whether there even were any prevailing rules there at all that would have governed the actions of those making decisions. 1Cf. G. Althoff , Spielregeln der Politik im Mit elalter. Kommunikation in Frieden und Fehde, Darmstadt 1997; idem, Rechtsgewohnheiten und Spielregeln der Politik im Mit elalter, in: Gewohnheit, Gebot, Geset : Normativität in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Eine Einführung, ed. N. Jansen, P. Oestmann, Tübingen 2011, pp. 27-52. 2Cf. G. Althoff , Die Macht der Rituale. Symbolik und Herrschaft im Mit elalter, Darmstadt 20122. 3Cf. G. Althoff , Verwandtschaft, Freundschaft, Klientel. Der schwierige Weg zum Ohr des Herrschers, in: idem, Spielregeln der Politik..., pp. 185-198; idem, Colloquium familiare − colloquium secretum − colloquium publicum. Beratung im politischen Leben des früheren Mit elalters, “Frühmit elalterliche Studien” XXIV (1990), pp. 145-167. 6 GERD ALTHOFF For this reason, I believe, it is especially important to intensify the eff ort to illuminate this important phase of medieval politics. This is di cult, not least, because only rarely do the sources that have come down to us lift the veil of confi dentiality with which the actors themselves covered their activities in these cases. Over and over again, it has been obvious that in the Middle Ages decisive measures that lay down a specifi c direction must have been prepared confi dentially. But the question of who was in a position to infl uence decisions secretly, with which arguments this took place, and which rules applied – if any – for the exertion of infl uence, generally remain hidden from us. In this area the state of our knowledge, in my opinion, is still very unsatisfactory, which, as mentioned above, is due not least to the sources that have come down to us. As a rule, we are su ciently informed about neither the content, nor the forms, nor the rules of the political activities that concerned the informal part of the political dynamic. It often appears as if this sphere was dominated by the king’s capriciousness, or the dictatorship of networks or favorites. The danger of modern misunderstandings seems especially grave here, for the foreignness of the Middle Ages becomes particularly evident in this area. I would like to draw some at ention to this problem and cut the fi rst paths into this dense forest. To this end I shall make use of the fact that in Saxony in 1010 there was an author at work who, for various reasons, was particularly at entive to the informal spheres of specifi c processes of political decision- -making: Thietmar von Merseburg4. He and his bishopric had already been burned, so to speak, for they had been deeply aff ected by informal processes within the political dynamic; this was true of both bishop and bishopric. He himself was a part of the networks of nobles who were not exactly in the favor of Henry II, but had also profi ted no small measure from Henry II5. The bishopric of Merseburg had, namely, been dissolved and had been re- founded by Henry II. In other words, its existence during this time period was by no means uncontested. It is thus no wonder that this observer, more than others, tends to speak of the background of decision-making processes6. 4Cf. H. Lippelt, Thietmar von Merseburg. Reichsbischof und Chronist, Mit eldeutsche Forschungen, LXXII, Köln-Wien 1973. 5Cf. S. Weinfurter, Heinrich II. Herrscher am Ende der Zeiten, Regensburg 20023; G. Althoff , Adels- und Königsfamilien im Spiegel ihrer Memorialüberlieferung. Studien zum Totengedenken der Billunger und Ot onen, Münstersche