CEU eTD Collection MARIA LASKARIS ANDELISABETHTHECUMAN:TWO MARIA EXAMPLES OFÁRPÁDIAN QUEENSHIP EXAMPLES MA Thesis in Medieval Studies in Medieval Thesis MA Central European University Central European Zuzana Orságová May 2009 Budapest CEU eTD Collection MARIA LASKARIS AND ELISABETH THE CUMAN: TWOEXAMPLES THECUMAN: ANDELISABETH LASKARIS MARIA Central Central University,European in Budapest, partial fulfillmentof requirementsthe Thesis totheDepartment submitted of MedievalStudies, Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU ______of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies OF ÁRPÁDIAN QUEENSHIP Chair, Examination Committee Examination Chair, Thesis Supervisor Zuzana Orságová (Slovakia) May 2009 Examiner Examiner Budapest by CEU eTD Collection MARIA LASKARIS AND ELISABETH THE CUMAN: TWOEXAMPLES THECUMAN: ANDELISABETH LASKARIS MARIA Central Central University,European in Budapest, partial fulfillmentof requirementsthe Thesis totheDepartment submitted of MedievalStudies, Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU ______of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies OF ÁRPÁDIAN QUEENSHIP External Examiner Zuzana Orságová (Slovakia) Budapest May 2009 by CEU eTD Collection MARIA LASKARIS AND ELISABETH THE CUMAN: TWOEXAMPLES THECUMAN: ANDELISABETH LASKARIS MARIA Central Central University,European in Budapest, partial fulfillmentof requirementsthe Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU Thesis totheDepartment submitted of MedievalStudies, ______of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies OF ÁRPÁDIAN QUEENSHIP ______External Supervisor Zuzana Orságová Supervisor (Slovakia) Budapest May 2009 by CEU eTD Collection Budapest, 25May Budapest, 2009 degree. academic thesis has been in submitted form this any to institutionother higherof education for an institution’sdeclare thatnopartof Ialsothe copyright. infringesthesis person’s or onany of of of made andnopart the work others, the unidentifiedno usewas andillegitimate that and onlysuch informationexternal credited in as properly notes and bibliography. Ideclare my research basedon work, my own isexclusively thesis present the that herewith declare undersigned, I, the Zuzana Orságová , candidate for the MA degree in Medieval Studies ______Signature CEU eTD Collection Martin Homza (Comenius University, Bratislava), for their help and most useful comments. useful most and help their for Bratislava), University, (Comenius Homza Martin reader my GáborKlaniczay József and external Laszlovszky, to my acknowledge gratitude University,my especially to supervisors Balázs Nagy and Gerhard Jaritz. Inaddition,must I My thanks are due to the whole Department of Medieval Studies at the Central European ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i CEU eTD Collection APPENDIX Secondary literature...... 91 Primary sources...... 89 BIBLIOGRAPHY CONCLUSION Visual representations of Maria and ...... 74 Elisabeth on seals Maria and Elisabeth: The Obedient Wife and the Pagan Cuman?...... 57 CHAPTER V The mutual relationship between ...... 49 Maria and Elisabeth. CHAPTER IV The ...... 38 Queen of Hungary. Maria Laskaris and Elisabeth the Cuman: Introducing the Historical Characters...... 22 CHAPTER III The court of the queen and her political powers...... 14 Becoming the Queen of Hungary...... 10 Árpádian Period...... 9 The Concept of Medieval andQueenship its Perception in Kingdom the of Hungary in the CHAPTER II Discussing sources and methodology...... 3 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION OFCONTENTS TABLE Comparison of Maria´s and Elisabeth´s ...... 78 seal representations The Seal of ...... 77 Elisabeth the Cuman The Seal of ...... 75 Maria Laskaris The representation of Maria and Elisabeth in the ...... 57 written sources Taking the new role ...... 30 – Regina iunior. Circumstances of marriage...... 26 Their origin and background...... 22 The Queenship patterns: ideal models ...... 16 and duties The queen as a representative of the foreign alliance...... 12 Secondary literature...... 5 ...... 3 The primary sources ehdlg ...... 7 Methodology The queen and the mother...... 69 The pious queen...... 65 Maria and Elisabeth – ideal queens?...... 60 ...... 57 Perception of origin Elisabeth – queen consort and queen mother...... 44 “Elisabeth, iunior ...... 34 Regina Hungariae” The younger ...... 30 queen Maria Stephen marries Elisabeth...... 27 The bride from the Crusade...... 26 Elisabeth – the daughter of a Cuman chieftain...... 23 Maria and the Laskarids...... 22 ...... 19 The Christian ...... 18 The mother ...... 16 The wife ...... 95 ...... 82 ...... 1 ii CEU eTD Collection Fig. IV. Levéltár Archive). (Hungarian National III. Fig. II. Fig. (Hungarian Archive).National I. Fig. Seal of Maria Laskaris (front side) Attached to DL 686, Magyar Országos Levéltár Seal of Maria Laskaris (reverse side)Ibid. (reverse Seal Maria Laskaris of Seal of Elisabeth the Cuman (reverse side) Ibid. Seal of Elisabeth the Cuman (front side) Attached to DL 844,Magyar Országos to Attached side) (front Cuman the Elisabeth Seal of LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF iii CEU eTD Collection and Elisabeth as queens following each convenientlyother fulfilled. would that introducing be for approach – arequirement which suitable comparative the Maria focus of study.particular being the mostme. compelling for period Notmany queens of have period this far been so the possibilities itopinion broad for of examiningoffers new queenshipaswell aspects the my in since period Árpádian the chosen have I Cuman. the Elisabeth and Laskaris Maria of ofÁrpádian resulted inthe choice queens biographies of comparative possibilities writing the the Examining thesis. MA this for basis the as logically emerged it therefore and interest of fields basic my of one been always has research of area this hand, other the On it. on focused in the Árpádian andperiod; although I have dealtwith topicthis Iwasnotpredominantly turns fortune.of discussion life stories, which theirof were interesting, andfilled turbulent, tragedies and with under“extensive” category or“rich” – hand,on it other the is inspire still to sufficient beplaced scarcely in casescan material source their the Indeed, such examples. extreme not Laskaris and Elisabeth the Cuman, whom I have chosen as the protagonists of this paper, are research. separate of subject be the hardly can therefore and name the by even unknown are queens Árpádian the of some although figuresareeven rarer, queens’ studies of queenship assuch.Biographical particular of institution the on focused mainly have they and yet published been have monographs I soughtindividuals whose biographies havebeen not yetpublished aswell as figures Previously inI wasinterested figures the of queens notonly inand Hungary notonly Maria century, thirteenth in the increased rapidly records of written amount Since the Scholarly inisin Notmany Scholarly interest Árpádian still the queenship period recent. quite INTRODUCTION 1 CEU eTD Collection as well as the novelty of approach. a comparative as well of novelty as the study of thisareacontribution make into a paperwill this Elisabeth aspresented Cuman the and Laskaris Maria of biographies the that believe I interpreted. been has information medieval queen in written the visualand sources (particularly on seals) this andhow whataboutcan befound their out personalities and for model their the suitability of the of line female the royalty.Árpádian of framework the within constructed be can history family a extent what to and on them of two Therefore Iwill attempt to address theirmutual relationship as well – what kind of terms were further examination. perspective for kind this offers another daughter-in-law, connection of mother- and were Elisabeth and Maria far.Since thus less neglected more or have been on queenship the andalso itself:of as crucial point paperfiguresthe introducing royal who questions of approach, willfeatures theirand common be answeredas contrasting well. were they chosen for this role and how they acted as queens of Hungary. Using a comparative the individual cases reflectedof Maria in the andHungarian Elisabeth milieu? Thisqueenship – whatwere rolesthe and duties of queeninthe section periodthis andhow were they – who will they set a widerwere, framework where before theyturning tocame from, why backgrounds influenced andindividualfeatures their as actions queens of Hungary. inmuch toseehow bevery figures will compared order theirqueenship. two These original medieval the of patterns established the with comparison their and Cuman the Elisabeth Last, I will dedicate a chapter to the source representations of Maria and Elisabeth – Elisabeth and of Maria representations source tothe achapter I will dedicate Last, background theoretical general tothe a counterpart as of thesis the part this I consider medieval of patterns general the address I first follows: as be outlined can thesis The and basic Laskaris Maria of present biographies the lines: two to This paperattempts 2 CEU eTD Collection – henceforthSRH II) (Budapest: Academia Litter. Hungarica, 1938)(hereafter: Henry of (ScriptoresMügeln) Rerum Hungaricarum II 5 Maringola) Nakl. Musea Království 4 3 (Budapest:CEU Press, 2006) (hereafter: Thomas of Split). 2 Picta) Chronica 1 interests. hostile in royalthe general found courtwhenhe towards itsharmful communal politics to this thesis, although it has to be considered that Thomas, a contemporary of Queen Maria, was Briefly, these chronicles are Hungarian, Bohemian Hungarian, are chronicles these Briefly, narrative Idonot sources, considerdiscuss itnecessary to the background; chronicles’ overlooking own attitudes. prevents Thomas’s a proper containing well edited, particularly used hereishowever edition recent most The andcareer. for actions his own the justification which alsopresents for in thisby can be This viewpointrejected his office court. work, then royal detected the inMaria about aspresented information the particularly representations Among chronicle accounts. the kindsof these Maria. about these two in the chroniclesLaskaris and Elisabeth the Cuman is coming from diplomatic collections. Not much is written – there are only some (usually verysources primary The brief) accounts about As for instance the Kronika Jana Kronika z Maringoly Chronicle ofof[The in John Maringola], Ibid., xxviii. Thomae Archidiaconi Spalatensis, For instance, For 1 The situation with Elisabeth is even more complicated; her name rarely appears in appears rarely name her complicated; more even is Elisabeth with situation The However, since neither Maria, nor Elisabeth are treated with much attention inother with muchattention are treated Elisabeth nor Maria, neither since However, usedof sources hereforThe prevailingthe amount of lives Maria approaching the 3 Besides, Thomas also expected to become the archbishop of Split, but he was Chronica Picta Discussing sources and methodology Chronicon Henrici deMügeln þ eského, 1873-1884) (reprint:Georg Olms: Hildesheim, 2004)485-604. (hereafter Jan , http://konyv-e.hu/pdf/Chronica_Picta.pdf (accessed (hereafter: 14.2.2009). The History The Historia Salonitanorum Spalatinorumatque Pontificum CHAPTER I of Thomas of Split of Thomas of , in Scriptores, in Rerum HungaricarumSzentpétery II, ed.I. 3 4 and German Fontes Rerum Bohemicarum 2 was useful for the purposes of 5 and are coming from the apparatus criticus , ed. Damir Karbi Damir ed. , III(Prague: , which ü CEU eTD Collection Elisabeth, although in and lifetimes of Maria the covers some naturally issuing of their Theperiod German respectively. cases and theBohemian letters), charters papal of case (in Italian sometimes Hungarian, mentioningprevailingly is origin these two were issued after their diplomatic sources. the dealing canbe charter wheresimplifies found, with provided, however, particular which the one usually contains only Ducum) diplomatica are still very much of use, while there is also the recent edition from Zsoldos Attila from edition is recent very the much of also are still use,while there 7 topic. the basison source tothe contributes also which edition, source in Theiner’s included clergy,are document wasissued. 8 VMH) Akadémiái k ed. Wenzel, G. and CDH) (hereafter: 1829) Ungaricae, 6 the be to proved them of part relevant most the many charters of case the In treaties. peace and letters such as material Their collections her original mainly.background favouring Hungary anyway its– and foraccount relevant Elisabeth is very brief, emphasising Maringola John of buried,do not butcontain any evaluation.kind Elisabeth only appears in the she was where and from was Maria where state plainly usually They century. fourteenth Attila Zsoldos,ed. G. Fejér, ed. Fejér, G. Monumenta Vetera Historica Hungariam Sacram Of course, this material is of different periods and different provenance, though the though provenance, and different periods isof different material this Of course, The letters exchanged between the papal curia and the royal court or the Hungarian the or court royal the and between curia exchanged papal the The letters The essential group of sources consists of diplomatic material – charters andletters. charters material – of diplomatic consists of sources group The essential 7 (Budapest:Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Történettudományi Intézete, 2008)(hereafter: Regesta Most of the source editions are older, published in the nineteenth butthey century, in nineteenth the published older, editions are Mostof source the Ę nyvárusnál, 1870) (hereafter: CDAC) Codex Diplomaticus Hungariae Ecclesiasticus acCivilis 6 contain mainly donation and confirmation charters, but also other kinds of kinds other also but charters, confirmation and donation mainly contain Regesta ducum, ducissarum stirpis Arpadianae necnon reginarum Hungariae critico- , which isBohemian much forthischronicle –therefore not period arenga regesta , the part of the charter which explains why the specific the why explains which charter the of part the , and not the full versions of the charters. A reference is , ed.A. Theiner (Rome: Typ. Vaticanis, 1859)(hereafter: 4 Codexdiplomaticus Arpadianus continuatus (Buda: Typogr.Regiae Universitatis Chronicle of 8 - but - this (Pest: M. (Pest: CEU eTD Collection Omnia I.,ed. Alexander Przezdziecki (Cracow: Czas, 1877) (hereafter: Vita Beatae Kunegundis) Kyngae); Sanctae Vita Kunigunda andBlessed Salome], ed.Jerzy Andrzej Wojtczak (Warsaw: Zak Kyngae ducissae Cracoviensis. In Cracoviensis. ducissae Kyngae of Medieval Slovakia], ed. R. Marsina (Nitra: Rak, 1997) (hereafter Legenda sv. Panny Margaréty); Vita sanctae Panny Margaréty [The Legend of the Saint Virgin Margaret], in Margaret], Virgin Saint the of Legend [The Margaréty Panny 9 in those. and vitaethe –sheKunigunda) (Margaret of two isnaturally included Maria’s daughters particularly Iuse inlessElisabeth. caseof the useful with and Maria dealing more for useful lifetimes. their from distant very periods from come not do charters these instance. for However, confirmed, later are privileges whentheirdeath, from Poland: one by Jan D Jan by one Poland: from vitaeKunigunda´s come their for credibility. attentively must particularly vitae beexamined in accounts the is that disadvantage The information. of kinds different offers it chronicles) different sinceapproaches to to (compared of material thanks the advantageous, viewpoint as types of sources, whichisan both advantage and adisadvantage. Iconsider the special Secondary literature Secondary level. official onthe themselves represent to wished relevant for the purposesElisabeth’s of my research, in consort, when casequeens´ –inshewasthe period queen duringbecausedocuments Maria’s the case the sealswhen show in legal toassert queens.These sealsof wereproduced the the order the instance of authority shehow Maria was and Elisabethqueen mother. legend, beingThe written shortly after Margaret’s death. depictions– so called Napolitan legend coming from the first half of the fourteenth century and Marcel’s of the legends Margaret of Saint used two century.I have also fourteenth half first to the the of dated queens make them Legenda Beatae MargaritaeHungaria de The of third consists sources the group material of hagiographical – whichisagain My data includes the additional category of the non-written primary source –in source this primary non-written category the of includes additional the My data 9 This material offers interesting pieces of information, hardly to be found in other be found to hardly information, of pieces interesting offers material This Vita Beatae Kunegundis á ugosz, the fifteenth century chronicler, and another, anonymous, another, and chronicler, century fifteenth the ugosz, ĝ redniowieczne redniowieczne , in SRH II. (hereafter Legenda Beatae Margaritae); Legenda sv. Legenda Margaritae); Beatae Legenda (hereafter SRH II. in , , inJoannis Dlugossii Senioris Canonici Cracoviensis Opera Ī yciorysy B yciorysy 5 á . Kingi i B i Kingi . Legendy stredovekého Slovenska á . Salomei [Medieval Lives of Blessed of Lives [Medieval Salomei . á ad Graficzny, 1999)(hereafter: [The Legends [The CEU eTD Collection Kiadó, 2002) or Jen Dynastie), Arpadien Die (hereafter 14 Stephen) of Saint Realm The (hereafter 13 Iasians) Pechenegs, Cumans, Cumans, Pechenegs, The Iasians: Steppe people in Medieval Hungary Cambridge University Press, 2001)(hereafter: At the Gates of Christendom) andAndrás PálócziHorváth, gateofthe Christendom: Jews, Muslims,and"pagans" in medievalHungary, c.1000-c.1301 12 Scapegoats) Medieval Europe Functions)Medieval Queenship, and János M. Bak,11 “QueensAkadémia T as ScapegoatsÁrpadians andWives. their Reginal The Institutions in the Age of (Budapest:Árpádians] Magyar Tudományos in in Medieval Hungary” in 10 Elisabeth histories – primarily,course, of Kingdom of the of Hungary, Maria of and for the events of period the framework basic provide the histories, which out be pointed to have Bak János by articles the of their court. and dignitaries familiars holdings,queens ingeneralareaddressedmainlyof from perspective estate their the their the Cuman specifically. If the roles of both women are somehow evaluated in any work, then exclusively. Dynasty Cuman. andElisabeth Laskaris Maria important approaching for of relevantand stories dealing the aspects works, with whatever on the figures of the queens. Therefore the information had beto collected from varietythe of of Hungary actually wielded. which queen the definecompetencies the to here attempts also used literature of the This part influences hadwhich animpact upon this inperception) medievalthe Kingdom of Hungary. features of the queens´ roles and refer also to the perception of theme (as well as the Gyula Kristó, Pál Engel, Berend, be Nora to proved useful most the perception its and ancestry Elisabeth´s of case in instance for As János M.Bak,“Roles Functions and of QueensÁrpádian in Angevin and Hungary (1000 – 1386 A.D.)” in Above all, Attila Zsoldos, Some basic tendencies can be outlined in the secondary literature. First, the Árpádian the First, literature. secondary be inthe can outlined Some tendencies basic There is no literature focusing on the representation of Maria Laskaris andElisabeth Laskaris of Maria ontherepresentation focusing literature is noThere The literaturerelevant notprimarily focused on the queenshipand its institution, nor Ę The Realm of Saint Stephen rténettudományiIntézete, 2005) (hereafterAz Árpádok ésasszonyaik) Die Arpadien Dynastie: dieGeschichte Ungarns von895bis 1301 , ed.Anne Duggan(London: BoydellPress, 1995),223-234 (hereafterBak, Queens as ed. JohnCarmi Parsons (Stroud: SuttonPublishing, 1993), 13-24 (hereafterBak, Roles and 14 Az Árpádok és asszonyaik.A és ÁrpádokAz korábanaz Árpádok intézménykirálynéi . A History of Medieval Hungary,895-1526 Ę Sz 12 10 A separate category of this sort of literature is general Ħ cs, Concerning medieval Hungarian as queenship such, Az utolsó Árpádok 6 11 because they discuss the most essential most the they discuss because Last[The Árpádians] (Budapest: Osiris (Budapest: Corvina, 1989)(hereafter (London: Tauris, I.B. 2001) (Budapest: Corvina, 1993) Queens and Queenship in 13 or the Árpádian (Cambridge: [The At CEU eTD Collection connected with her Cuman origin and its impact upon her son, Ladislaus V. 17 the Árpádiankings] (Budapest: Athenaeum, 1980) 333. (hereafterMagyar Nemzet) 16 century) thirteenth in Hungary (hereafter 15 comparing, while Afterwards, my approach. for is material this sufficient how assess material source to tothe in study.addressed yetturned I Subsequently, not some separate cases. andElisabeth’s of Maria’s individual medieval and the the on aspects havefocused of queenship both theoretical concept specific I subtopics. areorganized according to visual material.small category Mysources of Methodology be as given well. will (if any) tothese points literature secondary the of attitude the and Elisabeth and Maria of story in the appear they whenever problematic will lifetimes points of viewedby their below be authors as different discussed ifand indeedmuch any brief and not evaluation then is figures The really of provided. these ruling kings of Hungary – their husbands and sons. Interpretations of their activities this of their type representation. are rare This is also when isElisabeth’s – nothingseal alsoto referred else is befoundto concerning hernegatively asqueenof Hungary.her reflected actions bound on Cumanorigin, then with image asexclusively Berendfoundin isare-consideration of Elisabeth – this the Nora of literature,the notmuch can befound about variedthe aspects of their queenship. in queensnot really vague mainissueusually discussion the of very two the are the –when it is quite limited. Maria is presented as the faithful wife of King Béla, GyulaPauler, AMagyar története nemzet az Árpádházi királyok [TheHungarian alatt National History under ZoltánKosztolnyik, J. Hungary in thirteenthcentury East (Boulder: EuropeanMonographs, 1996),248. At theGates of Christendom First, I dealt with the secondary literature to figure out the features which have been have which features the out figure to literature secondary the with dealt I First, For the purposes of this thesis I have used mainly textual sources; the seals represent a To sum up, the availableliterature deals with Maria and Elisabeth in the context of the One of the few points with the argumentation about the role of one of them can be , 262-263. 7 16 These views are These 15 Elisabeth is Elisabeth 17 CEU eTD Collection for working with the literature as well as the development of the thesis structure. biography influenced study and needs comparative – this the subsequently doubleorientation conclusions. and the formulate tofigureout literature secondary available the I haveconsulted offer, sources the what compiling and contrasting As I have already stated in the introduction, the thesis contains two basic features: basic two contains thesis the introduction, in the stated already have I As 8 CEU eTD Collection in Hungaryin between1050-1200 and their influence on the Árpádian Realm](Wien: Universität Wien, 1979) Prinzessinnen in Ungarn zwischen 1050-1200 und ihr Einfluss aufdas Arpadenk 12th century 20 19 Carmi Parsons (Stroud: SuttonPublishing, 1993), 1. 18 reflected in these examples? How well didElisabeth werepatterns Cuman.the How from theoreticalthe background of queenship these two meet the ideal of the queen and Maria of Laskaris consort, the lifestories whileapproaching shallbeaddressed institution or of the queens of Hungary who were of Byzantine origin up to the end of the twelfth century. identify tried to instance, queensthemselves withinforcomplex acertain studies problem,the substantial to puteffort together and lives. re-tell Monograph-typestheir studies have rather a requires itstill case,although fortunate morebit a tradition, a written of development properties of these women. and functions roles, the on focused mainly authors the Therefore evidence. of written the eleventh-the and twelfth-century Hungarian queens havebeen hampered by insufficiency the of majority the monographs on write to possibilities the that bemustit emphasized However, such. focusingstart on patterns the and concerning workings institution the of queenshipthe as andonlylateron Westerndid werefirstly figures topic. assingle research approached queens of this development historiographical the alack which hasinfluenced fights sources, of the See Ferenc Makk, Ferenc See See John Carmi Parsons, “Family, sex and power. Rhytms of medieval queenship“ The ConceptofMedieval Queenshipand its Perception in 18 Discussing sources and methodology sources Discussing On hand,insituation Hungarianmilieu other the hasbeen the opposite. quite Here the roles, mechanisms, competencies aspectsother of and queenship the as In contrast to Western European, the research on the Árpádian queens constantly queens Árpádian onthe theresearch Western European, to In contrast the Kingdom of Hungary in the Árpádian Period (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1989) dissertationand work ofRaimund Kerbl, The Árpáds andtheComneni: political relations between HungaryandByzantium inthe 19 The thirteenth-century queens’ stories are, thanks to the to thanks are, stories queens’ thirteenth-century The , 13. CHAPTER II 9 Ę nigreich Medieval Queenship [Byzantine Princesses [Byzantine Byzantinische , ed. John 20 CEU eTD Collection Hungarian Crown andOther Regalia also the crown jewelleryThe HolyCrownKings ofHungary, and Coronations of Hungary.22 For21 the crown jewellery see also Éva Kovács and Zsuzsa Lovag, subsequently future wifeher the moved newhomeland. to coronation.the of previously wastheresult wedding an The – contracted alliance Becoming the Queen of Hungary Kingdom of Hungary. firstbe discussing addressedwithout the concept of queenship attributes in its and the cannot howwas functioning as rather Hungary These questions theirperceived? queen of the Heilige Krone Ungarns Veszprém coronation the queen.Ifithavewould anointed queen’s the it separate were only, of bishop but king, the anointed have would he then queen, and king both crowned have would of Esztergom archbishop case, the first the separately. In or with king the crowned resolved onlyby popehimself.the clergy concerningand with provided rich the donations. thefounded she which Cathedral, withVeszprém associated was wife,Gisela, Stephen’s Saint formal duties Esztergom. to tradition, already According while thekingof bythearchbishop wascrowned on the occasion of Árpádian Hungary, although features can some basic be outlined. the queen’squeen-making –themuch coronation. is Not known about queens’ the coronation in the coronation of the ritual crucial the wedding The preceded throne. the heir to of wife the asthe already or and was bride assumed a new in position the hierarchy kingdom the of – either as queen the consort Concerning the coronation ceremonies of Hungarian kings and queens see Endre Tóth and Károly Szelényi, Károly and Tóth seeEndre queens and kings Hungarian of ceremonies coronation the Concerning Cuman. the Elisabeth instance for as inHungary living was already she when cases, rare ofthe Except In the process of queen making there were two crucial and wedding the ceremonies: making weretwo there In theprocess of queen According his in1216 to decision situation the would ifthe havediffered queen was bishop by crowned Veszprém, of was traditionally the Hungary Queenof Firstly, the (Wien: (Wien: ė sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschafter, 1966), which examines closely examines which 1966), Wissenschafter, der Akademie sterreichischen (Budapest: Corvina Kiadó,1980). 22 Later, a conflict Later, emerged within Hungarian the high (Budapest: KossuthPublishing, 1999)orJózsef Deér, 10 21 After the wedding ceremony the The Die CEU eTD Collection 29 Hungarian Crown andOther Regalia. parts and its making. See József Deér, See József making. its and parts behind the whole set of the crown jewellry of Hungary – many theories deal particularly withof Béla the III.Holy – actually crown,this is the its time of the constitutionof the royal insignia. There is a very interesting story 28 Functions,” 20-21. 27 26 25 state see MVH, 33. confirmamus, praesentis et scripti patricinio communimus 24 century. Graeca of in of Corona as thequeen’sdiademwasalready thethirteenth question the out idea the therefore together; put already was Crown Holy the however, Cuman, the Elisabeth intaking part Crusadethe he in finances. ranoutof 1217 when KingAndrewQueen Giselabelongedwhile about the diadem which IIsold and to which already. Veszprém this– of course wasonly casewhen the kinghimself the had been crowned of Hungary. consort the queen crown 23 crown. ceremonial wieldbeown within bytheir not status to crowned sufficientqueens power their probably did Árpádiansame crown astheking has Zsoldos Attila that suggested himself. Consequently, originally forfor aqueen, be intended is to said Hungary of Crown Holy of later the part lower the Graeca, the Byzantine second wife of Géza I. queen. queen’s head it –then would have beenthe archbishop of Esztergom who toanointed the wouldhave it of been bishop the andconducted Veszprém, the who placed crown upon the That means Corona Graeca was joined with Corona Latina, the upper part, which took place during the reign the during place took which part, upper the Latina, Corona with joined was Graeca Corona means That See Éva Kovács Zsuzsaand Lovag, Ibid, 22. See Endre Tóth and Károly Szelényi, Károly and Tóth Endre See Az Árpádok és asszonyaik Az Árpádok és asszonyaik, Nos igitur, tuis iustis precibus inclinati sententiam ipsam, iustitia exigente prolatam auctoritate apostolica 23 Another problem arose with the question of the queen’s crown. There is the story the is There crown. queen’s the of question the with arose problem Another Thence it has been assumed that the queen of Hungary was crowned with very the with crowned was Hungary queen of the assumedthat been has Thence it 25 28 In 1220 Pope Honorius In 1220 Pope IIIconfirmed the of privileges bishopof the Veszprém to 29 , 23. 22. The Holy Crown ofHungary. Kings and Coronations The Hungarian Crown andOther Regalia, Die Heilige Krone Ungarns 24 The coronation naturally also took a place in 11 . CDH, III.1, 299. For the confirmation. CDH,the 299. For given of III.1, the 27 In the times of Maria Laskaris and Laskaris Maria of Inthe times orÉva Kovács Zsuzsaand Lovag, 26 Moreover, so-called Corona 18-45,or “Roles Bak, and , 11. The CEU eTD Collection 1993) Ferenc Makk, Ferenc 32 throne. from the Áprádiandynasty and his wife‘s kinship to Saint Stephenshould have confirmed his claim to the for instance, King Samuel2003), 55 69. and (hereafterKniha There were someexceptions among the daughtersAba‘s of European the royalty, wife was not a foreigner, but this is a different case, since he himself was not state. queensymbolized momentary orientation political the the of future affairsthe –thechoice of for foreign the important issue, highly political represented king of Themarriage the power. challenge house high theking’s familyto through royal noblethe bondwith the raise so to ruling king, was not chosen by chance or accident. Also in the cases of Maria and Elisabeth it Elisabeth and Maria of cases in the Also accident. or by chance chosen not was king, ruling lineages. foreign distinctive some from coming cases the of in all almost were dynasty, Árpádian from rulers the married she had assumedthevery for rightprimal this title through her wedding. The women, who alliance foreign the of representative asa queen The note. to important above and therefore rulestated from the exception will Hungarian politics, be discussed in still but following her chapter the caseis a very rare influence defined concerning hercompetencies and increasedher contemporary the this much –how coronation her of occasion atthe anoath such swore herself Elisabeth See Vladimír Segeš, ed. Segeš, Vladimír See (1046-1060) or forexample the unknownfirst wife of Ladislaus I, (1077-1096) coming maybe from Galicia. that it was “an unknown woman of the probable German31 origin” – as in case of the first wife30 of King Andrew I allowed them no effective claims todeference save as royal wives and mothers.” but undefined, helpfully power their “left which oath, coronation the swear not did general in inmedieval Parsonsconcerning hisstudy the European queen states queenship, consorts the Elisabeth the Cuman, there is another interesting issue to be addressed. As John Carmi For Árpádian dynastic politics see, for instance, for see, politics dynastic Árpádian For As far as it is known, since John Carmi Parsons,in “Family,the Sexcases and Power. Rhytms of ofMedieval Queenship,”the 8.few Árpádian queens, the datas are restricted to the statement 32 Therefore the future spouse of the king, orin many cases for the firstborn son of the The queen had her title confirmed through the coronation ritual, but on the other hand, other the on but ritual, coronation the through confirmed title her had queen The Concerning the problem of the queen making rituals, particularly in caseof the rituals, makingparticularly Concerningof theproblem queen the Magyar külpolitika Kniha krá [Hungarianforeign policy], 819-1196 (Szeged: Szegedi Középkorász M 31 Đ ov . [The [The Book of Kings] (Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladate Thisin was toprevent measure practical somequite order Die Arpadien Dynastie 12 , Hungary Thirteenth in Century 30 Incontrast, Ħ Đ hely, stvo, or CEU eTD Collection 37 36 Sarobe, and Csaba Tóth 165-177. (Barcelona: Departament de Cultura I Mitjans de Comunicació, 2009) from the distant lands. Catalonia and Hungary in the Middle Ages], ed. Ferenc Makk, Marina Miquel, Ramon Aragon, Queenof Hungary],of in [Constance d´Hongria” reina d´Aragó, “Constança Szabados, Gyöegy see recently ofAragon Constance Andrew II, who was established as regent), KingLadislaus III,who died only yeara after hisfather. For shelater was widowed fled to together and Austria with her infantson(being afraid of brother-in-law, her future wifeAlfonz future IIand of FrederickEmperor II,who marriedEmeric1196, King in however, only years eight 35 political murder and its lengthy retribution)] anyja (egy politikai Erzsébet gyilkosságSzent királyné, és elhúzódó megtorlása)” “Gertrud Székely [Queen seeGyörgy Gertrudis, Gertrudis the motherconcerning of Saintinformation Elisabeth further (a For familiars. 124). The original motif was, however, primarily bound the with power rising queen’sof relativesthe and raped by brother,Gertrudis’ whichinitiated aconspiracy the queen.against (See forinstance threat a as II Andrew to upon theirinfluence her perceived own nobility The interests. family. own ofher members the especially The homeland, chronicle tradition gives the storyextremely unpopular amongabout Hungarian nobility thewhile promotingwife the members of herretinueof broughtBán from her Bank, whoseknown are the futurewife Béla IV, the wasSlavonian Duke Coloman, and Saint Elisabeth of Thuringia. Gertrudis became 34 33 Gertrudispromote, became influential butmade shealso – many enemies. Meran. Andechs- of Gertrudis Queen mother-in-law, of Maria’s example the expressively with below. the Nicean princess and pagan Cuman and disapproved of if,and then by why Whatand whom? wasthe crucial of point decidingfor rejected was itrather one?Or arenowned being considered Wasthis alliance contemporaries? by the accepted choice Was this Hungary. of future queens be the to werechosen particularly is crucial to perceive what kind of milieu these two were coming from and why these two the futurethe Hungary bride to weaken shewhile wasstill achildhomeland. linkstoherthe to for herdestruction. reason the timethat in the happening kingdom. wasat mischief, which andall wrongdoing blamedfor all scapegoat, of one the queen –that states, Queen Gertrudis symbolized another function, or rather the utilization, of the foreign Bak, “Queens as Scapegoats, ” 227-228. Such was also the case of Gisela, see below. Another case of the queen coming to Hungary with such a retinue was Constance of Aragon, daughter of King QueenGertrudis of Andechs-Meran marriedKing Andrew 1200.II around Among childrentheir bestthe marriage. of her occasion on the baptized was and name her received Elisabeth Since 34 The queen’s origin wasundeniably hera strong aspect of shown most position. is This One way to prevent One queen’sthe way to original influence from gaining retinue wasbringing Comingwith the significant retinues, Princeses de terrers llunyanes. Catalunya IHongria al´edatmitjana 37 Turul The original source ofher became subsequently source power The original 33 –these willbepoints back brought tothedebate 80 (2008):1-9. 13 35 whose members she did not hesitate to 36 As János Bak AsJános Chronica Picta [Princesses , CEU eTD Collection [The feudal[The separation inHungary] (Budapest:Akadémiai Kiadó, 1979). asszonyaik. 42 Ibid.V.3, 210. 41 469. even earlier, as can be seen from40 the varied. court charter ofqueens´ The residences court. king´s at of those ofcounterparts Queen Yolanda, the second wife39 of Andrew II. See CDH 38 III.1, on various aspects – time. specific iffor queens specific to given the queen for were being“reginal,”was some wereindeedconsidered aswell. of estates dower the Some a strong future and as support financial her as received she These estates. her own possessed also - she personality, if she could strengthen her officialthe queen’s courtwith its owndignitaries asaparallel of that to king.the Thecourtofthe queen and her politicalpowers traditionally medievalascribed to the queen. the roles accomplish take some and duties basic madeto suchwoman obliged subsequently assumedtheir throughthemarriage act, andconfirmed Queenlystatus, bythecoronation role. nobility. native the of rights wouldhavefor the Hungarian suchadanger not The wife represented atthe raised court (traditionally the bishop of bishopof (traditionally Veszprém the own besidesinstance, herchancellor for had, also Hungary decades) thequeen of afew in only precisely on (more Later beginnings. inits very wasstill time development its queen’sthe was court notas and structured include didnot many so officials, while atthat Attila Zsoldos has writtenextensively on the estate holdings of the Árpádianqueens. See see treasurer queen´s the of appearance the For 287. IV.2, CDH instance, for see, vice-chancellor queen´s For This right was attributed to him by QueenMaria Laskaris, see below.Bishops of Veszprém held this office Bak, “Roles and functions,” 19. Under the queen´s court should be understood her own officials who Bak, were “Roles the and functions,” 17. The political power of the queen was limited, however. Basically, its of The political range queen power the depended however.Basically, was limited, As the king presided over his own court, the queen was mistressthe ofher own curia - of existence the attests material source the century thirteenth of the At beginning the play had to queens the country, queensfrom toward outside Despiteattitudes varying . For reginal estates and powers see also Gyula Kristó, Gyula also see powers and estates reginal For . 38 40 ), vice-chancellors treasurers. or 42 14 A feudális széttagolódás Magyarországon 41 39 Az Árpádok és Of Of course, CEU eTD Collection Klapisch-Zuber (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992), 109. 1992), Press, University Harvard of Press Belknap The MA: (Cambridge, Klapisch-Zuber 45 44 43 fulcrum….with fora twofold responsibility peacemaking.” “A the wife was in Ages: femalesMiddle of ofthe perception the of one aspects the reflected conflict This attitude pacifier. mediator or queen the that possible asthe was perceived influence andpossibilities while acting astheregent of Hungary questionable.are quite herafter husbandleaving died the throne histo ten-year-old son.However, Elisabeth’s real when the woman was period officially appointed with this duty – Queen Elisabeth the Cuman, there is only one such case in the whole three centuryoffered. lasting period of the sherule ofwas Árpáds, then able figurethe wielding the importantinfluence and powers. to be depended onQueens in Árpádian Angevin andin Hungary,” kingdom this queen the was not traditionally the specific circumstancesin the public in affairs.AsalsoJános Bak stated his article, “Roles functionsand of the andinfluence through powerful allies and byhow much her own husband partallowed her totake possibilities she was blinding of Stephen´s cousin Vazul and the fact that Vazul´s sons were forced to fleeVazul´s to sonsforcedthat cousin to Vazul blinding of fact andwere the Stephen´s Óbuda monastery withtogether Saint Stephen – accuses the queen of being involved in the Illuminated Chronicle already andher the instance caseof listed relatives. Queen Gertrudis even triggeredsecure wayround– herself thebut other the not sometimes whodid reconciliation, thequeen or worsened the conflict between the king and the nobles. Such was for Silvana Vecchio, “The GoodWife,” “The Vecchio, Silvana Seebelow Bak, “Roles and functions,” 20. In speaking about the political powers of Hungarian queens, one must bear inmind must bear Hungarian politicalIn powersof one queens, aboutthe speaking factin – regent asthe queen acted Árpádian the very that was alsonot customary It Even respected Queen Gisela did not escape the negative reflections of her power. of negative reflections escape the not did Gisela Queen Even respected – the very –the very Giselachronicle whichshows co-founder as of the the in A History ofWomen. Silences of the Middle Ages 15 43 What kind of strong political player political strong of kind What 45 On the other hand, it was it hand, other the On , ed. Christiane 44 The CEU eTD Collection Regents Regents and Potentates, 49 48 47 kings, Árpádian generation of next of the predecessors werethe actually couldStephen not be spoiled byviolent actsagainst the his members the family, of who her wish to prevent another branch of Árpáds to gain power. While the image of Saint King 46 whose wife, medieval typical the from different no was she attribute, rather or duty, this Concerning Thewife her specificaspectsof the status. to referring Such virtues. a model image queenincluded of some medieval the essential attributes various of the astherepresentatives served also they Besides, andcompetencies. powers duties and models ideal patterns: The Queenship successfully. identity.” into difference transform to familiar, unfamiliar make the to work “had to foreigner as a she out: pointed Carmi John Parsons criticism –as harsh for very was easy an target abroad from comingthe husband. her reputation of toprotect the used asthescapegoat this point wasat Queen Gisela exile. John Carmi Parsons “Piety, Power and Reputations of Two Thirteenth-century English Queens,” in Queens,” English Thirteenth-century ofTwo Reputations and Power “Piety, Parsons Carmi John As János Bak states in his “Queens as Scapegoats in Medieval Hungary,” 225. From Andrew I, Vazul´s son, onwards (1015-1060) See Chronica Picta 46 This event was closely connected with the premature death of Gisela´s son Emeric and husband; ithusband; was almost equally important to manage andmaintain good herensure was, conjugalunanimity,submission through to aboveall,to …task The ideal king’s wasnaturally consort herexpected tobe royalsubmissive to husband. Medieval queens assumedtheircertain position through maintained andrituals certain This brings us back to the thesis that the queen of Hungary as the powerful woman 48 , 42. ed. Theresa M. Vann (Cambridge: Academia Press,1993), 122. 49 However, not all of the Árpádian queens faced this task 16 47 the influential Queens, CEU eTD Collection 53 52 York: Routledge, 1993), 319. 51 50 to thequeenherself. Though such a requirement was general, itimplied to any woman in the medieval world, even as to the Lord. For the husbandmuch favoured –drawing itself: Biblical onthe tradition besubjectyour “Wives, husband, to is the head was which attribute ofanother – wife wifeobedient an being with asbound closely Christ was loyal Being is the head of the Church.” image in the queen consort. of each to notion crucial regards the not rejected by the chroniclers’ traditions and was represented asaloyal wife. represented andwas traditions chroniclers’ bythe rejected not for was isqueen, aHungarian Helena unusual highly Though such anactivity were executed. Arad, the where sixty eight noblessomehow involved in blinding the of Béla and hisfather, a crucial hersupport for blindis Her name husband. connected particularly with synodthe in by the example of Queen Helena, the wife of Béla II. This daughter of Serbian Ban Uroš was in soshedoing hadtoexpress humility.appropriate action.” such him awayfrom “..if husbandyour should act try foolishlyto doesact so,youor must wisely humbly and draw assert some impact upon his actions – as the medieval view on the role of the wife expresses: support andgreater faithfulnessshe herhusband. expressed towards Shecould eventry to the highly more evaluated in return was queen the even And queen. the was she if even This statement points out towards the familial functions of the woman – which were desirable Ephesians 5:22-33. . See Bak, “Queens as Scapegoats in Medieval Hungary,” 226; or Vladimír Segeš, 86-87 “The Householder of Paris, Manual for aWife,“ in GoodWife,”109 “The Vecchio, Silvana and themarriage. outside inside both conflicts suppress contrasts, over smooth spirits, people’s soften to expected was family….woman and parents husband’s her with relations That even“forgiven” queen’sinfluencesis andsome powerscould be to extent shown 51 Therefore queencould the actionsaffect the of king –but the 50 Women´s inMedieval Europe Lives 17 , ed. Emilie Amt. (New 52 Loyalty was 53 CEU eTD Collection Moreover, usually not much is known about the relationship between royal mothers and their and mothers royal between relationship the about is known much not usually Moreover, seek for. to isnoestablished level –there pattern private the children on towards the attitude However, when it comes to a sort of personalalliances. approach of thedaughters of the royal queencouple were found very suitable for the contractingas of variousthe mother the heirMoreover, with was essential. failure the thedynasty insecuring queen’s success or – her kings much continuity indeedcaredvery lineage. the about the theirdirect Therefore of own century, beginningtwelfth the of kings during reign the of Stephen III (1147-1172). as for example and Ladislas II,(1131-1163) who Stephenbecame IV (1133-1165), the anti- country as thesecond king name of that (1108/1110-1141) hisof own son Stephen However, in II (1101-1131). enditthe was Béla,whoruled the Álmos and son Béla topreventfrom andhisinfant them his succession the threatening power radical –argueswith actions this point. succession of the other branches of the dynasty save their own direct one – even by the very 56 55 54 foundingthe became extinct,” dynasty of branch male the when century thirteenth the of end the until significance political develop Although Baklineage. suggested “this János aspect that of functionstheir apparently not did motherThe See below the dynastical politics of Béla IV. Ibid., 14. 14. functions”, and “Roles Bak, János That thequeen’sprovide duty was to the dynasty children the with was obvious. until inthe Árpáds as theHouseof accepted norm a fixed wasnot Male primogeniture The brothers of previousthe king reigning often caused their nephews lotof – troubles blind brotherinstance to hisown For order KingColoman the (1070-1116) gave One of the main tasks of the royal marriage was the securing the continuity of the of continuity the securing the was marriage royal the of tasks main the of One 56 55 on the other hand judgingby Árpádian hand their onthe actions –the other 54 the endeavour of the Hungarian kings to prevent the 18 CEU eTD Collection with the Hungarian contemporary milieu. 59 Kings Gisela,” Queen and Stephen Saint King of Chasuble Székesfehérvár 58 57 basilica of Our Lady in 1031. Székesfehérvár the – wasdonated by liturgical royal to the couple madevestment the as originally – mantle coronation king.The first the of period the with directly associated regalia Hungarian of piece sole bythe reflected isalso church the towards activity Her donation Picta instancein whofor with Gisela, Queen already role wasin established Hungary through donationthe policy and byfoundingnew monasteries churches. or This traditional supportBesides showing church queen’straditional the role the requiredpiety, the wasto The Christian of them.number theconsiderable not the strong females favouring kingdom the really not within was Hungary Árpádian stated, the already been has it as royalThough dynasty – which of course importantdoes figure notnot only asmean the wife of thethat king, but of coursethere also as the motherwas of the king. mother. the as queen specific the of qualities the about be said can nothing cases many in indications, but indirect through traced canbesometimes These interactions. interfamilial children and if some accounts even exist, rarely they do reveal the very personal levels of incorporated into the ideal image of the queen. As John Carmi Parsons states As image John Parsons Carmi theideal into of queen. the incorporated could have been as well the source of her real political power – access to which was otherwise Thoughworking with Englishdata, but still in the thirteenth century, this statement still can be contronted also For further information about the coronation mantle and Gisela´s connection to that see Ern that to connection Gisela´s and mantle coronation the about information further For Chronica Picta , ed. István Bardoly (Budapest:Hungarian National Museum, 2005), 110-139. is depicted togetherwith her husband foundingStephen Saint the churchin Old Buda. At last, but not at least, the queen of Hungary had to behave like a true Christian.behavelikeatleast, hadto atrue last, queen the not butAtHungary of bethe She could implications. its political had also queen of motherhood the The was Gisela by Hungary of Kingdom the in established tradition Therefore, , 42. 58 19 The Coronation Mantleof theHungarian 59 queen’s piety Ę Marosi “The Marosi Chronica 57 CEU eTD Collection Lib. VIII., in fusum melius tangeret etmentem vesanam pacientia refrenaret bibebat etin equomoremilitis iteragens quendam virum iracundiae nimiofervoreoccidit Manus haecpolluta 63 62 became even powerfulmore during the reign of sonher Louis Ithe Great (1326-1382). wife of CharlesKing Robert of Anjou (1288-1342) – though being already influential as queen consort, she period, managed tore-unite the divided realm wasand crowned kingof 1320. inPoland Elisabeth was thefourth greatness and the best to the line contribute should this of line alliance the and renowned and from distinctive the interests of the Kingdom – come thisshould pattern to – according inÁrpádian The queen Hungary.queenship also of Hungary. After her wedding she should ideal medieval queenship. model, puttogethercontributedsupport. All attributes tothe the these should which represent show also supposed to properhumility,the whosought those, charity and sympathytowards ecclesiastical was donations notenough still attain to ideal the model. Medieval queen were She wieldedto support thepower thechurch,beingbut with andgenerous pious the 64 Historica 1980, 1980) indeed. example (mirror) bad the symbolized Sarolt milieu, Hungarian in queen Christian model the soldier – moreover, in a great a like horse a wrath riding and shedrinking in men the once exceeding woman killed a as Merseburg of a manThietmar with a spindle. 61 60 Géza. of Prince wife the Sarolt, hermother-in-law, of representation denied her. theory in theory practice. of this example suitable is very who the Piast, –Elisabeth already period Angevin early János Bak, “Queens as Scapegoats,” 234. János Bak, “Queens as Scapegoats,” 234. Elisabeth the John Carmi Parsons,Piast “Piety, Powerand Reputations was of Two Thirteenth Centurythe English Queens,”daughter 107. of W Uxor autem eius (Géza) Beleknegini(her Slavic name), idest pulchradomina Sclavonice dicta,supra modum 64 A queen’s representation as a true Christian was the essential part of image. of her whole wasthe Christian part essential as atrue representation A queen’s To sum apartin aspects took up, various creation the model of image the of the The pattern introduced introduced by The interestingly pattern Gisela withstands inthestriking contrast the 60 Such was for instance the case of other Hungarian Queen – though the one of the of one the though – Queen Hungarian other of case the instance for was Such Monumenta GermaniaeHistorica 61 á adys , ed. Robert Holtzmann. (Munich: Monumenta Germaniae á aw the Elbow-high, one of the most powerful Piasts of his 20 . Thietmari Merseburgensis Episcopi Chronicon, Episcopi Merseburgensis . Thietmari 62 She is by She presented 63 If Gisela became If Gisela CEU eTD Collection Medieval Hungary entering a lord´s service, anobleman became part of his of terms the in expressed was which man and lord between and tersest definition of this term is provided by Martyn Rady “…it reveal. with examples specific the theoretical patterns ( the of comparison the –as as act was required to wereable always they andnot varied thirteenth century to eleventh queens inthe of the fortunes the However, tooharshly. pattern of fulfil.Hungary was expectedmemory to judged the Sometimes any discrepancy with this an andobedientfaithful wife herto royal husband. stay should she circumstances any Under dominant. too become never should she estates, her of faithful Althoughfavoured. noblesindeed whom she andshe wielded power administrated development. Of course, the queens of Hungary even in these times had their suchasystem otherhand,inin of the was still thestage early Árpádian an period 65 disposed of network loyal her own nobles, resembling system later the of church. Besides,shepresided ather own household,managed her own possessions and (headed by traditionally herself bishop ofVeszprémand of was queen the abenefactor the indisplayedmain clericstwo obtained ways: offices queen’sthe theusually highest at court preferably, the mother of the male heir of the throne. more –even family numerous preferably the of mother the also been have should queen become familiar with Hungarianthe milieu –as soon and asmuch as only Ideal possible. should she that means That Hungary. to her with coming those and relatives her of influence handother sheshouldher getarid atleast retinue, of original or prevent increasingthe discreetly stand her intheshade supporting husband, of though himatoccasion. any On the The The institutionof Such was the established model and such were generally the requirements each queen each requirements the generally were such and model established the was Such She should also show piety and be charitable. Her connection with the church was church the with connection Her be charitable. and piety show also should She (London: Palgrave, 2000), 110. familiaritas was one of the pillars of the society of Hungarianthe nobility. The most precise 21 familia fidelitas .” Martyn Rady, Martyn .” , service, reward and mutualobligation. By familiaritas Nobility, LandNobility, andService in ) denotes the relationship familiaritas fideles –agroup . 65 On CEU eTD Collection Hungary called the Chronicle of Dubnica] (Budmerice: Rak, 2004) 92, or Henry of 208.Mügeln, 72 mainly. control Nicaean under areas coastal in interest on their based was Nicea with conflict 71 70 69 68 Laskarids of Nicaea (1204-1261) 67 66 Maria andtheLaskarids background and origin Their Epirus, Although his waseven challengedposition subsequently often by Latins, the of rulers tradition Byzantium of by assuming the title of“Basileus Autocrator of and Romaioi.”the the with continuity the expressed himself He Minor. Asia in rule his strengthened Theodore Maria wasborn 1206beingaround the youngerdaughter of Nicaean Emperor deserves Emperor comments, some too. Alexios hadgiven his in marriage daughter just few emphasized. is her always when origin in appears, almost she finally narrative sources, barely mentioned heir asthe true Byzantine emperors. the of hewasrecognized in residing Nicea, preserving the tradition Byznatium of and Orthodoxy. in 1204. He settled in regions of Asia Minor outside of Constantinople and founded the realm, Constantinople of Empire Latin of the emergence the after of Nicaea Empire the establishing in succeeded Theodore Alexius IIIAngelos. of daughter Anna,the first wife Laskaris his and Forinstance Július Sopko ed. Their 1209. in Empire Latin with alliance a secret made They Iconium. of Sultanate the ruling were Seljuks inBalkan. traditions ofByzantine centre the was Epirus Ibid., 428. George Ostrogorsky, For Nicea see Michael Angold, see Michael Nicea For See Appendix, Table III. Maria LaskarisandMaria Elisabeththe Cuman: Introducing the 70 The original milieu of these two Hungarian queens could have hardly been Hungarian milieuThe queenscould hardlybeen two have different. of original these Maria’s ancestry was therefore considered very Although she isusually very considered significant. Maria’s was therefore ancestry and the Seljuks, having been crowned by the Orthodox patriarch, at that time 72 While the reputation of her father has been already discussed, Maria’s mother Maria’s discussed, beenalready has father her of While reputation the History of Byzantine State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975). A Byzantine Government in Exile. Government and Society under the Kronika uhorských krá Historical Characters 66 CHAPTER III (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1969), 425. 22 Đ ov zvaná Dubnická 68 Despite struggles with the Latins, the with struggles Despite [The Chronicle of the Kings of 71 67 Theodore I 69 CEU eTD Collection found also in Theodoros Skutariotes.Ibid., 315. Árpád descendentium (Banská Bystrica: Rychlotisk vdovy F. Macholda, 1869), 155. (hereafter Dejiny královstva Uhorského) královstva Dejiny (hereafter 155. 1869), 75 Macholda, F. vdovy Rychlotisk Bystrica: (Banská claimed infertility. František V. Sasinek, Wagner´schender Universitäts-Buchahandlung, 1894),496.Frederick later repudiated wife his due to her Babenberger undIhrerLänder Juritsch, Georg well. as alliance Hungarian the for seek momentary the of because partially and Byzantine was herself who Theodora, mother duke´s of influence the of because partially contracted was marriage This 249. 2003), Institut, Ungarisches Verlag (Munich: Emancipation] and Dependance the between house ruling Árpádian zwischen Anlehnung undEmanzipation 74 Press, 1984), 280. 73 ofAustria. duke shemarriedsuch use IIBabenberg, Frederick when could havestrengthened younger some foreign alliance. Her Eudokia sister proved tobe of younger daughter, was not asa Maria, its height. reached Empire Nicaean underwhom the Vatatzes, John III successor as important for internal future marriedThe oldest Irene,Maria,one Theodore’s (Sophia). Eudokia daughters: and policy as her older sisterfeared asenemy.” and therefore he whom and faith Christian the professed “who man a Theodore, he chose therefore needs; political Of hewasinspired conqueredConstantinople. byrecent yearscourse, crusaders after Usually she is considered to have been a daughter of have of of in period Usually theapproximate Zeyhan, she isconsidereda daughter to been is notknownforfatherunrevealed. mother remains completely herher sure.Theidentity of Cuman chieftain Elisabeth –thedaughterofa ties: daughter of Theodore and Anna and sister of Irene. their exclusivelyher inconnectionview. with Mariais point of referred to therefore family empress HersisterIrene,future herself. isof naturally Nicaea, interesting figurefrom a more sons. asher time rising power herof husband for along time–shedied in1212,approximately at the same enjoy not Anna the herself age.Empress did immature butthey haddied atan brothers, older Georgios Akropolites, excerpted in GáborVarga, Harry J. Magoulias, ed. In contrast, Elisabeth did not belong to a distinctive royal lineage – even the name of for Maria muchfound relevant canbe not sources, in Greek accounts Concerning the Ungarn unddasReichvom10. zum Jahrhundert. 13. bis DasHerrscherhaus derÁrpáden 73 , ed.GyulaMoravcsik (Budapest:Akadémiaikiadó, 1988)299.Similaraccount canbe Anna his became wifearound the beginningof 1200. She bore him three O CityAnnals ofByzantium, ofNiketas Choniates (976-1246) [The Babenbergs andtheirterritories (976-1246)] (Innsbruck: Verlag Fontes [Hungary and the Empire from the Tenth until Thirteenth Century. The Dejiny královstva Uhorského ByzantiniHistoriae Hungaricae aevo ducum etstirpe regum ex 23 75 [The History of Kingdom of Hungary] of Kingdom of History [The (Detroit: Wayne State University 74 Maria also had two CEU eTD Collection Cumans, Iasians, Germans could have been some soldiers, instigated by Babenberg,Frederick Duke of Austria. capitibus amputatis, populos eain perfenestras de palacio proiecerunt. voluerunt...populorum multitudine accedente, ceperunt eosdem (Kuthen and his retinue).Et cunctis ininstanti 81 80 Miloš Marek (Budmerice: Rak, 2008), 65, 67, 69, 71ff. (hereafter Tatársky vpád) Miserabile see of Hungary Kingdom in reception their and of Cumans arrival Roger,canon Italian andlaterbishop of shortly MongolVarád, 1241-1242.after invasionin Concerning first 79 78 Hungarians],ed., György Györffy (Budapest:Néptudományi Intézet, 1948), 1-19. the origin of the used the form K form the used 77 Kingdom of Hungary again at this time. SourcesBulgarian plains, until 1246 when Béla, seekingmilitary calledsupport, forthem again. also do not reveal“armed andGermans.” Hungarians the date of Elisabeth’s andhisfamily Kuthen inPestalready of were massacred bysome Hungary, approaching time were atthat of Mongols who the attention the for attracting beingblamed Moreover, felt in favour much bytheirspecial status. Hungary, native the inhabitants where threatened benefits. by Kinggenerously the granted IVwho Béla Cumans manyprivileges and received subsequently baptized as for the token being allowed tostay in kingdom.the Hewas 76 after being expelled from their homelands by advancing Mongols. Elisabeth’s marriage themain chieftain of Cumansthe Kingdom Kingdom of Hungary. first group The of Cumans underchieftainKuthen Mongol invasion in 1241-1242. Ibid., 67,69,71. The arrival of Cumans to the Kingdom of Hungary is also described in Carmen Miserabile, written down by Kuthen in Latin –this is also used for instance in Pál Engel, The Realm of Saint Stephen, 99. György Györffy For the Cumans see Cumans the For Pechenegs, Cumans, Iasians, ...subito HungariTheutonici et armati intrantes palacium,in quo(Kuthen) erat,uiolenter ad ipsum accedere On the other hand, Cumans – assuming the status of a privileged group – did not gain –didnot of group a privileged Cumans hand,assuming the status On the other – Elisabeth’s family, undoubtedly belonging the Cuman elite, reappeared in the reappeared elite, Cuman the belonging undoubtedly family, Elisabeth’s In fact, that was not the first time when Cumans were offered the residence in the 79 (hereafter Carmen Miserabile), in Miserabile), Carmen (hereafter Ħ 51. ten See György Györffy “A Kun és Komán népnév eredetének kérdéséhez“ [To the question of question the [To kérdéséhez“ eredetének és Komán népnév “AKun Györffy See György ten Kun and At the Gates of Christendom Komán 47. nationality names] 81 The Cumans fled and settled down on Lower Danube in Tatárskyvpád and 24 A Magyarságkeleti elemei Pechenegs, Cumans, Iasians (The Mongol Invasion), ed. Richard Marsina and 76 settled in the Tisza region after the after region Tisza in the settled M. Rogerii CanoniciM. Rogerii Varadiensis Carmen Ibid.,270-271. p. Mentioned armed [The Eastern elements of the . 78 Kuthen himself was himself Kuthen 77 arrived in 1239, Pechenegs, 80 CEU eTD Collection the peoplethe of Cumans the at Csengele] (Archaeolingua: Budapest, 2001) Actually, as will be shown below, Elisabeth was in a way a similar case concerning the background. from an Orthodox she wascoming that actions inherfuture no was trace there Hungary.marriedPerhaps becausesheleavingyoung age, at a themotherland quite early, milieu – one does not come Byzantine legacy itself. she Of course, was aChristian –although comingan from acrossOrthodox to this fact in theMaria sources concerning Laskaris Maria’s actionscame in fromCumans returning toHungary 1246. after a renowned the of elite the to belonged family her that said only be can It father. Elisabeth’s necessarily line, ruling the realm, claiming the right for the 85 see father Elisabeth´s being VIII. Stephani et assensu contulimus perpetuo possidendam… Zeyhani serviverunt fideliter et devote, conferre liberaliter dignaremur. Nos igitur peticionem pertinnenteSalomoni , Chereet Jacobofiliis Alberti, denostris servientibus oriundis, quiunacuam ipso nobis nostri nomine Zeleus, vacuam ethabitatoribus destitutam, cumstagno nomineBarsunus adeandem terram suppllicavit instantisisime nobis Cumanorum, dux noster, cognatus karissimus Zeyhanus 84 Princesses). Blessed Holy Rulers, (hereafter: 243 Princesses. Dynastic Cults inMedieval Central Europe Klaniczay, Gábor See relatives. her of families the among popular subsequently became canonisation process was shortly started after death her in1231, being successfuly Her order. finished in1235. Her name ofe Franciscan ideals the followed and people poor and sick the for caring the to life her devoted Meran.She married Louis,landgrave in ofThuringia 1217 boreand himthree children.As a widow,Elisabeth 83 asszonyaik, 82 cognatus noster as in sources is mentioned the ishe that Elisabeth to hisconnection for argument basic Thuringia, the sister of King Béla IV. selected –it accidentaly Elisabeth. wasnot This name would have SaintElisabeth of recalled Stephen V. At this future kingmarriage her occasion after to timebirth her happenedonly of righton the – this she was also givenbirth, she butpossibly born was 1240. around the name under which she was later known – For the Foruppermostthe layers of Cumansociety Horváth,see Ferenc Elisabeth of Thuringia was the daughter of Andrew II of Hungary and his first wife Gertrudis of Andechs- This date is rather the general assumption. No explicit statement is offered by the sources. the by offered is statement No explicit assumption. general the rather is date This Bela….Dei graciaHungariae…..rex….ad uviversorum noticiam tenore presencium volumus pervenire, quod (HazaiOkmánytár) (Budapest:Societas Frankliniana,62. 1891), (hereafterHO) arguments For forZeyhan iustam attendentes…eis (Salomoni andJacobo) adhocaccedente consensus karissimi nostrifilii Regis It is interesting to observe how different two subsequent queens of queenswere. subsequentHungary of two different how toobserve It isinteresting Zeyhan, who could beenher have father, appearsin of charter the Béla inIV 1255: the 191. and dux Cumanorum At the Gate of Christendom 83 . 84 85 It has to be stressed, however, that he was not 25 82 , 88, note 56. note 88, , (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,202- 2002), As a daughter of baptized of shea daughter pagan, wasnot As I. Nagy,ed. A csengelei kunok ura és népe Codex Diplomaticus Patrius Hungaricus, Holy Rulers and Blessed dicti cognatenostri , ut terram castri terram ut , . [The Chief and Az Árpádok és CEU eTD Collection brought somebrought his renown benefitsand to kingdom. on his way back from justHoly Land, todemonstrate histhat participation in crusading never completed. was,however, of Armenia 87 ei suam filiam matrimonio copularet. ubi abOxanoBulgarorum regenec detentus ante abirepermissus,est, quamplenam securitatemei faceret, quod enim filliam eiussuo fili primogenito Bele inuxorem. Exindeperagratis Gretie finibus, ascenditin Bulgariam, 86 Henry Flanders. When Latin Henry nieceof in – Emperor YolandaCourtenay 1215 the de seen in conceptof broader hisforeign marriedthe – itpolicy was Andrewhimself, who own daughter Maria and son of Bulgarian tsar. his between butalsoBéla, firstborn his and notonly Maria between marriage the contracted Hungary made while from returning Fifth the AsThomasCrusade. AndrewSplitof states, interests. own their landssecure their protect and own alliance to strong need of high hand, any too subjects ina they such aunion.were always through On other the theirof raise intend not to firstly did kings The countries firstly. between two alliance the representing Thethe Crusade bride from Circumstances of marriage tothealmostcontrast ideal of Maria. and background religious political queen Claimingconsort. noroyal born beingancestry, a pagan, stands Elisabeth in astriking For now, itis sufficient toemphasize that she represented quite a differentimage of futurethe below. discussed willbefurther different, quite naturally case, Elisabeth’s contemporaries. of Maria. that adaptation other religion,to in although her casethe change wasmuchmore striking in then Kniha krá ...deinde transivit Gretiam,ubi affinitatecontracta cum LascaroGrecorum rege ultra progenitur.Accepit According to some opinions, King Andrew II contracted all these marriage alliances marriage all these contracted II King Andrew some opinions, to According Chroniclers indeed paid attention to the remarkablethe KingAndrewII of alliance,indeed Chroniclers which paidattention to It was rather an established custom that the Queen of Hungary came from abroad – for problem any represent not did family, her of that rather or religion, Maria’s Thus, Đ ov, 113-114. Thomas of Split, 164. of Split, Thomas 26 86 The marriage alliance with the ruling dynasty 87 On the other hand, this event must be must event this hand, other the On CEU eTD Collection 91 90 Dynas Third Crusade 1189in and subsequently stayedByzantium. in See, forinstance, GyulaKristó, 89 previous emperors, Henry and Baldwin.I. 88 of Courtenay, the was one tobe crownedinstead in 1216. Peter father, Yolanda’s however, for hisownsuccession, findsupport to Andrewhoped died, crowned his firstborn crowned hisfirstborn while infant, subsequently still an himwith sameproviding very the title of duke the of Slavonia.King Béla followed pattern the establishedby his fatherand Stephen marries Elisabeth Slavonia as well theyoungeras of queen Hungary. of duke the of consort the became Maria her wedding after Therefore Stephen). by hisson from his father asrexiunior, youngerthe king –though this title was usedas rather such only issues. hereditary time there. living purposes. hehow for could he figure dynastic naturally usehisparticipation therefore out tried hisback take not vows -- Andrew could already running and anyway enterprise were in charters as “the king and the firstborn of the King of Hungary” of King the of firstborn the and king “the as charters in ruler of Slavonia. While being crowned already soon after his birth, Béla was usually marriedfourteen years got insame old), in very as1220; year,Bélawasappointed referred the the be forgotten. and of such an cannot significance alliance course, the prestige ties with Laskaris, who was hosting Andrew’s discontented cousin at his own court. Of Ibid., 114. This one was the namesake son of Duke Yolanda´s mother andGéza, the wife of Peter was alsowho Yolanda de Courtenaywas and she was actuallythe the sisterbrother of two of King Béla III. Géza participated in Bela,Dei gratia, Rex, primogenitus Regis Hungariae… tie, 178. Few decades later, the son Bélaof and Maria, Stephen,born in 1239, also received the It is also said that in Nicaea Andrew had a conflict with his cousin, who was at that Maria and Béla, who were both at that time approximately the same age (probably 90 89 The internal family struggle may have inspired Andrew to strengthen the strengthen to Andrew inspired have may struggle family internal The The reason for the conflict could have been bound with some older some with bound been have could conflict the for reason The 27 for instance CDH III.1, 196. 88 The preparations for the whole the for preparations The 91 (commonly distinguished (commonly Die Arpadien CEU eTD Collection emperor did more than offering the words of comfort. words the offering than more did emperor was unlawful. VHM, 240,see chapter 92 helpfor any unsuccessfully. – available though events, Mongol namely invasion in1241-1242. At disastrous the this Béla time, was seeking Coloman in I 1246. internalin somehowgotinvolved Bulgaria,struggles they after inthe death of Tsar retinue. Cumans actually used the opportunity returnto back Hungary to quite eagerly; settled fleeing away when their chieftain Kuthen murderedwas with members his of family and his These, again asitin mentioned,has been reappeared Kingdom already of after the Hungary, Cumans. the to interest his turned he Therefore one. military strong very preferably alliance, invasionKinganother plannedin kingdom.found Mongol tothe urgentneedof himself Béla place in1246or1247forasmuch as in rumours period spreadaroundthis Hungary about marital union.” purpose of the defence of Christianlineage faith wenor joined a Christian. out firstborn ratherEurope big scandal, son Béla with certainhad to Cumanjustify in his decision even totime inlate 1240s Béla decided moreover togive his son inmarriage. the pope himself: “Forrealm to practise exercising of royal power. As well as Kingthe Andrew II years before, some 95 52. situation after hisdeath, the Cumans could also have felt threatened by this aspect. by a conspiracy among the nobility.During his reign he paid an annual tribute to Mongols; in thechaotic 94 Fejér, CDH, IV.2, 221. 93 Hungary. addition, been asit has already outpointed Cumans above, werethe not really in theKingdompopular of As the Pope Alexander expressed in his letter to King Béla: such an union between the pagan and Christian For Béla´s appeal to the pope see The tsar – who was actually the cousin of King Béla, being the son of Maria, sister of Andrew II – was killed Propter defensionem fidei Christiane filio nostro primogenito Cumanam quandam thoro coniunximus maritali Béla´s choice of a Cuman bride must be viewed in the broader context of previous of context the broader inthe bridemust be viewed Cuman of choice a Béla´s isDating itmarriage it of a some questions.Ingeneral raises the that accepted took Béla´s choice was more than unusual and most probably caused in contemporary 93 94 92 since Stephen’s wife was neither a member of a European member wasneitherroyal wife sinceStephen’s of aEuropean Suplicatio ad Suplicatio papam Maria and Elisabeth: Obedient Wifeand Pagan Cuman?, 28 95 , in , Therefore he was forced searchto for any Tatársky vpád , 50-55., Neither thepope northe Pechenegs, Cumans, Iasians 59. In , CEU eTD Collection would happen waterand anddrank afterwards. Subsequently, Cumans the dogchopped the pieces into the what –toemphasize to theirblood the into the goblet –subsequently Cuman representativesone, did the same. Thenthey mixed itwith the wine (Baldwin EmperorII) entered thealliance with theCumans. Firstly both Emperorwho andhis nobles pouredsomeof would 100 breakCarpini and Rubruk] the oath.Julianus, Plano Carpini Rubruk és útijelentései See 101 (accessed May 20, 2009), 262. new2?id=WedLord.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=all Wedgwood (New York: E.P.Dutton and Co.,1906), online critical edition: http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer- 99 98 97 96 threat. renewedMongol the few yearsearlier under in happened – could aswell at latest1254Elisabeth marriedalready with which Stephen was it from can be only Alexanderiseven 1259, from of that and theconcluded letter pope 1254 mentioned of King charter of purposes marriage,is explaining Béla, the Stephen’s coming werebaptized eveninwhen year Buda. the date Elisabeth’s 1254, parents to people” andbarbarian Tartars the against ownsupporters king´s the aswould Magyars of the “with their swords on a dog that had been sundered into tow, that they would defend the lands name baptism her Elisabeth. to strengthen his Cuman connections. Therefore Stephen married Cuman girl,who received at itself inspired Béla in king all probability tobecome threat reality, neverturned the enterprise organize thenew heading invasion westwards toward the Kingdom of Although Hungary. this Elisabeth. escape the criticism of Bruno, bishop of Olomouc, who orthodox princes, the to pointeddaughters out also the Cuman origin of ofhis marriages In the this connotation, also threat. renewed possible alliance the under John of Plano Carpini. Itinerarium et Historia Mongolorum, in György Györffy, ed. Györffy, György in Mongolorum, Historia et Itinerarium Carpini. Plano of John name. original her about information any contain not do sources The Seechapter Rostislav of Chernigov and Leo of Galicia, see below. Sucha confirmation of Cuman-Christian alliance canbe found also Joinville,in who reports that the Latin At theGate ofChristendom Another theory concerning the dating of Stephen’s and Elisabeth’s marriage shifts the shifts marriage and Elisabeth’s dating of Stephen’s the theory concerning Another whenSo Khan new Mongol G 99 –takingvow Christianto the by king pagan their own custom. 97 Maria and Elisabeth: Obedient Wife and Pagan Cuman? Wife Obedient andElisabeth: Maria (Budapest:Gondolat, 1965), 117. , 88. 98 The Cuman representatives madeduring anoath the wedding 96 must be perceived. Also these marital unions did notlater Ħ\Ħ [Exploring the East. The travel of accounts Julianus, Plano k acceded to hishek accededto title, hisplan announced to 29 The Memoirs of the LordThe Memoirsofthe ofJoinville , 65-66. 100 101 Napkelet felfedezése. Also the above , ed. Ethel ed. , CEU eTD Collection establish themselves inGalicia fora longer time, being always expelled by the principality. Galicia, whichbrought some military victories. Incontrast, Hungariantroops officialsand nevermanaged to Obviously, event influenced this quitedeeplyhim – asaking, Andrew undertook(campaigns) fourteen against fatherestablished him as a prince of Galicia, but Andrew was subsequently expelledby Galician nobility. 103 Isabella, accidently and confusingly called in Hungary also “Elisabeth.” variation intitulatio is regina maior, regina minor, used inthetimesof Elisabeth her and daughter-in-law,queen Bélakingdom, Mariaand during the lifetime of II.generally Andrew as referred rex/regina iunior. Another Béla Maria. and to However not for but avoiding confusionconcerning Elisabeth, paralleland existence of Stephen to two royal couples withinone referring charters the in used explicitly are iunior” regina “rex/ titles The 102 his murderersof punishsufficiently position even unable own he wasquite weak,the to was II´s Andrew included. Since were reasons personal some Second, kings. Hungarian the foreign policy donation policy Andrewof – lacking who most of timethe finances, thanks tohis expansive Maria The youngerqueen supportive totheir policy against fathers-in-law. their own royal court. official tothe becameof centre power factions. parallel the Their supportive courts strong As far as theMoreover, both young kings soon opposed sourcesthe policy of their fathers and created their own are concerned, their iunior. –Regina newrole the Taking wives Maria and Elisabeth rulerappointed of Slavonia. were of consort the and queen younger of title the assumed both Subsequently young. very Hungarian while of its to kingdom andMaria came king.still royal court Both Elisabeth needs momentary by inspired alliance, political of result the also marriage was her contrary, Onthe earlier. decades three mother-in-law her then circumstances in very 1250 different Forinstance, this is the case Andrew´sin policy towards principality of Galicia. When hewas eleven, his As has already been mentioned, Béla used the title of “the king and the firstborn of the King of Hungary.” Béla had various reasons for opposing his father. First, he criticized too generous too hehis father. First, criticized for reasons opposing Béla had various both Interestingly Béla beganinand Stephan Slavonia.practising duties their ruling To sum up, Elisabeth became youngerthe queen most probably some time before 103 -managed distribute significant to part of traditional patrimonial domain of 30 102 CEU eTD Collection crowned and andcrowned marriage anointed wasconsummated. the marriage inlived foryears two Maria inlegitimate with 1222,when Maria already was hadBéla later, that confirms year one clergy byHungarian composed for pope, the record charter Maria is mentionedwrongly as Béla’s fiancée only, which not was true in 1222. The hesitate include Maria in include Maria conflict. the hesitate Hungary Kingdom of 104 Hungarian kingdom. serve of the needs anotherbetter union, contract whichwould subsequently to wished Laskaris, chosenfor him by his father.After seemingly obtaining the pope’s permission, Béla absolutely is in clear. as itnot is sources presented diplomatic Although they express quite well the mutual struggle between father and son, Maria’s position areabitpuzzled. from events 1222onwards The herself. Maria much with concerned subsequently. d´Este Beatrice and Courtenay Yolandade to marriage third and second Andrew’s wife (Béla´s mother), a Nobilibus regni,qui tunc in transductione puellaeabesntes solempniter erant, Sacramento,filio suomemorato laborarent, eandemeitam Nobilem,ut Nutum decet regiam, secuminsuam terram adducens,recepto prius praesentes erant,publice iuramento,ut adconsummationem matrimoniiinter personas memoratas fideliter postmodum se,Deopropitio, successuro desponsauit uxorem; praestitio abipso Rege,Nobilibus et suis, quitunc faceret,filiam eiusdem suoprimogenito filio illustri, Belae iaminRegem coronato,in Regni et gubernacula Dominus noster Rex Hungariae,partibus ulatramarinus de rediens, terram per nobilis viri Laschari transitum 109 108 de quamaior possit utilitas regno Hungariae prouenire. humiliter postulando: utsibi tribuamus licentiam abhuiusmodi sponsalibus recedendi, etcontrahendi cum alia, tenellaaetate cumpuella eademsponsalia contraxisset,cum adpubertatem venerit, matrimonio contradicit, fidem dedit, quodcum illius filia infra annos nubiles existente,matrimonio copularet;nunc vero dictus B. licet in 107 106 Arpadien Dynastie 105 the Kingdom of Hungary in Árpádian period ForQueenGertrudis of Andechs-Meransee chapter Dejiny královstva Uhorského, According to Latin original of relevant charter, CDH III.1, p. 384. For the general overview concerning the reign of Andrew II see II of Andrew reign the concerning overview general the For ...quod idem...quod Rex (A.) rediretde ...dum partibus transmarinis, Lascaro, dumadhucipse impubes existeret, EpiscopiHungariaeob repudiatam a Bela,coniugem iuniore, Rege Pontificem ad referunt... quod cum First, BélaFirst, Honorius askedPope IIItonullify his betrothal in very Bélaarose between andAndrew was 1222, which In newconflict addition, 105 , 174-200. 107 104 , Béla was probably that angry with his father that he even did not did even he that father his with angry that probably was Béla , As historianSlovak František Sasinek has argued in his who were the members of highest nobility. Besides, Béla opposed 147. 108 , note 34. note , The whole issue is quite complicated, since in the 31 Concept of Medieval Queenship and its perception in perception and its Queenship Concept ofMedieval CDH III.1, 384. The Realm ofSaintStephen 109 106 to the daughterof tothe Historythe of , 89-99or Die CEU eTD Collection 111 431. 110 cohabutauit per totum biennium et amplius, ut maritu inungi; cui supradictus Bela illustris cum omni dilectione et tranquillitate, inaetatelegitima iam existens, intradidit uxorem; ipsam nihilominus omni solempnitate adhibita inReginam Hungariae coronari faciens et evidence. written the inyearsleast in mannermaybe todissolve situation appears – two agoonly the this wanted at gainprotect marriagehe left kingdom, hethe where power, wastryingto the the had to union younger king was no longer using his wifereception as a revenge tool against his father;of mainrepeats the Austria Béla fled reason conflict: of becauseAndrew1223-1224 to opposed now Maria.he even ThereforebeAndrew generous tohis to son. Inhisotherletters seniorto the one of he king again the situation was this political blow, Andrew still had toface conflictthe within family.the now quite opposite only. invasion foreign the of case the king´s save side warat the go to to thatprivileges of nobility, which was moreover exempted from the taxationof and was not obliged to 1222: thenobility. revoltof The 1222 caused the issuingof The Golden Bull, which established the the of members some by loathed were foreigners, to especially donations, king´s The taxes. conditionincreasing from whichthe poor of causedthe Andrew´s return Crusade, the after this wasinperiod general very fornot fortunate King Andrewhimself – the country was in fled Frederick,under protection andfollowed ofAustria herof husband. Maria Duke Besides, youragainst will….” “…yourfirstborninstructions [Andrew’s] obeyed our concerning thereception of his wife Béla´s marriage in attitudetowards 1224: as pastevents Andrew’scontradictory the well as KingAndrew reflects to The pope´s letter he hadoncecontracted. union marriage the dissolve of between relationship Maria and AtthisitBéla. time, was KingAndrewtried to who For The Golden Bull and its issuing see …primogenitus tuus circa receptionem uxoris suaemandatis nostris contravoluntatem tuam paruerit In the meanwhile, Pope Honorius tried to reconcileIn Honorius meanwhile,the to tried Pope arguingencouraging sides, inleastfrom changedview However, 1224thesituation of dramatically point the – at 110 The conflicts within royal family escalated to such a point that Béla that such apoint to escalated family royal within Theconflicts The Realm of Saint Stephen s..CDH 1,III. 413-415. 32 , 93-95. 111 While experiencing Ibid, CEU eTD Collection Engel, from Wertner. Moritz Wertner, Moritz Wertner. from 116 115 in Hungary,” Medieval 114 (Kún) püsp (howevernot dealing muchwith period the while washe stillthe younger king)see László Makkai. (Budapest:Akadémiai Kiadó, 1994)192-194. For the Cuman bishopric inMilkó during the reign of BélaIV. duke Transylvanian ofBélaasthe court the that assumed influence uponboth Cuman and Wallachian population of Transylvania. inperiod; fromletter his Gregory Béla1234 Pope IX appeals avoidto to the Greek Church 113 kingdom in 1226. In the thevery from same year,Béla them took overgovernment in banished Transylvania. II Andrew Therefore Pope. ofthe control the under directly territory the subdue Kingdom ofHungary Chrisitanizationfor of Cumans the in region, however werethey trying to gain powerand 112 Kunigunda,daughters: minor. still was policy husband her on influence her or – Latin pro completely in already this either period wereviews her Orthodoxy, andpreserver of Byzantine tradition of heir be the to claimed which land, the from came Maria although seems, it As Church. Greek any sympathies towards important Latin inwithout obviously Christianity region, the Milkó. in seat bishopricareaswas the with established Cuman for separate Transylvania the placeconversion Dominican supervision under took over Béla´sgovernance and during southern ofpresentChristianizationday Moldavia. inthearea ofthe The Cumans, settled ruler of Transylvania. himasthe depriveappointed him Slavoniaof Andrew king, togovernmentof and decided mutual indeath ofKing younger 1235.Dueto Andrew and growing influencetensions of lasted until forthe Hungary,power struggle the backto herhusband with and returned Maria Hername appears invarious historiographical traditions undervarious names: this versionis takenprimarily The title has also the equivalent Fejér, CDH III. 2,399-401.further For references seeMoravcsik Gyula Role “The of Church Byzantine in For further referrences to Béla´s governance in Transylvania see Béla K Béla see inTransylvania governance Béla´s to referrences further For In this period the Order of Teutonic knights was expelled from Transylvania. Knights were called to the Realm of Saint Stephen 113 It is noteworthy was there that a strong Orthodox community in Transylvania in this Before Béla succeeded the throne of Hungary in 1235, Maria gave birth to several Maria birth to 1235, in gave of Hungary throne Béla succeededthe Before indeed Andrew andBéla werereconciled pope’scontribution Although tothe thanks ö kség és népei Studia Byzantina [(Cuman) bishopric and folks)]its Debrecen: Pannonia, 1936) 116 112 , 95. Margaret, Az Árpádok családi története Béla´s in actions Transylvania are mainly bound with voivode (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó,1967), 340. (Latin variant (Latin 117 Anna,Helen(Yolanda), andmaybesome of the 33 dux ) – its translation as “duke” is used, forinstance, by [The [The family of history Árpádians] (Zrenjanin:the 115 functioned as the guarantee of guarantee the functioned as Ę peczi, ed. History ofTransylvania. History ed. peczi, 114 Therefore it can be A Milkói CEU eTD Collection Kressenbrunn in 1260 he was forced to abandon these ambitions. these abandon to forced was he 1260 in Kressenbrunn governance on1259. Stephentried to spread hisinfluenceto Carinthia, even however, after battlethe of his claim.After first phase of war, Hungary up obtained in give 1254Styria, to where Stephenwant was entrusted not with did Béla However, succession. the assure to Babenberg Margaret older decades three mary Austrian and Styrian estates elected Bohemian prince, future P future prince, Bohemian elected estates Styrian and Austrian supported even by Pope IV, the Innocent therefore hoping fortaking over the dukedom. On the otherhand Babenberg died in 1246, leaving no male heir, his rights passed to his sisterMargaret. However, Béla was 121 120 119 Moritz Wertner, princess) are unknown. See unknown. are princess) 118 117 while. ashort only for position this maintain to he wasable however, Styria, of of duke title the heassumed in meanwhile the factthat the Transylvania to himself Béla sent II Andrew once which with intention same very the – actually father his against there contracted have could he alliances possible and west in the aspirations his avoid 1257-1258 and then in 1260-1270, when he was originally inestablished Transylvania to period oncein infact: separated in two Transylvania of governed Maria.Stephen Béla and astheduke appointed youngerof royal followed the Transylvania: somehow career couple the wonder,duration. No since in he wasstill1246-47 a boy. Subsequently, Stephen was role side. atStephen’s important her Ploitz Pál k his marriage. through own of Hungary was heavily under theinfluence of with Cumans, whom he waslinked primarily younger king as the of husbandher court The mother-in-law. her case than be adifferent quite “Elisabeth, iuniorReginaHungariae” heirs of throne. younger daughters of the couple were born while their parents were still in the position of King Béla King got involved the struggles in forthe Babenberg heritage Austria.in AfterDuke Frederick See above, 33. The dates of birth for Catherine, Elisabeth (the wife of Bavarian Prince Henry) and Constance (Galician Constance and Henry) Prince Bavarian of wife (the Elisabeth Catherine, for of birth dates The see below. Margaret, Saint sister, younger her from bedistinguished must Margaret older This Kniha krá Vita Beatae Kunegundis, In contrast to Béla, Stephen’s activities as duke of Slavonia were of the quite short Concerning the impact on the household and policy of her husband, Elisabeth seems to Ę nyvnyomdája, 1892and it is very similarto the Latinversion of the name as recorded forinstance in Đ ov 120 , 122. Az Árpádok családi története 118 . The reason for Stephen´s removal to Transylvania for the second time was 183-336. Kunigunda can be also found as Kinga, Kynga or Cunegond. Az Árpádok ésasszonyaik 119 Therefore it is probable that younger queen herselfyounger it queen is played Therefore that probable , 463-493. 121 34 , 191. For the datas of Béla and Maria´s daughters see Ĝ emysl Otakar II, who even did not hesitate to hesitate did not who even II, Otakar emysl CEU eTD Collection Criticism of sympathiesStephen’s for Cumans especially from Holy See was invain, since power as an independent and sole ruler. Cumans functioned as one of the pillars his of power. case. a justrare was Elisabeth iuniorregina Hungariae,ducissa Transsilvana, DominaCumanorum, ininstance, 1264 when she confirmedin the thedonations Cumanorum later on also with theiryounger son Béla. and the Duchess of Macsó of Duchess the and Rostislav Chernigov closely cooperating Anna, especially of widowof with their daughter the the younger royal couple on one side and the senior royal couple on the other side, which was withBohemia. of policy the reconciliation and opposed 128 127 CDH IV.2, 407. 126 king, he had used the title already Forearlier. example see CDH IV.3, 22. two more or less independent unit. In addition, although Stephen was now 125 officially designed as the younger 124 123 Dimnik, Béla´s of other husband of the daughter, father the interestingly of Volyn, Romanovich Daniel Constance. against aspiration his Later on, However,Rostislav thecampaigns to Galicia did not win the rulership forBéla´s candidate and Rostislav had to wasrenounce establisheddynasty. as ban of Macsó122 Béla and governor IV. of marriedBosnia. See Martin Anna to Rostislav around 1242 in order to place him as his vasal over Galicia. P victorious Bohemian King P 1220s and Bélarenounced 1230s. his onStyria claims andconfirmed the peace treaty with the inwhich pattern betraced could KingBéla andhisfather between in Andrew relationship the HO VIII,98. Present-day northeastern Hungary. into kingdom the divided fact in and domain own him granted which Béla, with treaty the concluding he After See CDAC III, 128-131. Also Ma Kunigunda of Galicia was the daughterof Béla´s daughterAnna andRostislav of Chernigov from Rurik Stephanus Dei gracia iunior Rex Hungarorum, Dux Transiluanus, Dominus Cumanorum… The Dynasty of Chernigov 1146-1246 When Stephen took control over the eastern part of the kingdom, he exercised the exercised he kingdom, the of part eastern the over control took Stephen When In 1262 Stephen officially assumed the titleofyounger king Two separate power centres were formed in 1260sin Kingdom of Hungary: the one of The development of the events after the battle of The battlefollowed inKressenbrunn events of the of development the after 1260 the þ va, lat. Machva. Ĝ to his intitulatio. his to emysl. StephenIn contrast, could neverforget hisfather that gaveup Ĝ emysl Otakar IIwhenemysl Otakar marrying his Kunigundagranddaughter 123 , their son-in-law Boleslaus the Shy (husband ofKunigunda) and 126 An identical title style was also applied to Elisabeth, for Elisabeth, to applied also was style title identical An (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) 124 35 comitatus (county) of Borsod 125 and added See for instance Seefor 128 his 122 butthis dominus to the to Styria 127 as CEU eTD Collection 7-8. and estates their own they possessed stage, atthis Already of Hungary. Queen (senior) the Stephen’s wars with his father and notjust as a result of Elisabeth’s favouring Cumans. king; but factin beviewedmilitary this for hasto oftheir connection also relevancy younger under tutelagethe certain,power of significantFor gainedthe Cumans carefully. much more obvious. However, herpersonal involvementhas bequestioned to andjudged be seemsto influence Elisabeth’s Incontrast, wifeas the leastBéla. of at position strong hand, asitis from obvious incidentfrom the 1223 –1224,she undoubtedly maintained the other it Onthe hidden was ratherthe one. influence, or some power wielded varied. Maria If Catherine. 135 Wertner, see Moritz 134 Serbia. her brother Ladislaus IV forced her to leave the nunnery.133 Later on she married Stephen Uroš132 II Milutin, king of 131 130 129 least Maria,fouratbirth daughters: to gave addition, Elisabeth Besides Ladislaus, the children before in the of Stephen throne couplehadbeenborn succeeded to the 1270. there future in continuation Ladislaus the of when IV wasborn dynasty the 1262. was another son Andrew,nobility. named after between Stephen and only was not membersthe Cumans of Hungarian contracted one his and Elisabeth greatbetween union the and Hungary of elite very the into integrated were grandfather.Cumans both younger king Inand queen were protecting them. Thanks to younger royal couple, some of See Attila Zsoldos, “V službách krá “V službách Zsoldos, SeeAttila The wife of Stephen Dragutin, King of Serbia, the Originally, brother she entered the Rabbit Monastery convent, but inorder to be married with Záviš of ofFalkenštejn, Stephen Anna married Andronikos II Palaiologos. II Milutin. The futureFor wife of CharlesElisabeth´s II of Naples. CDAC VII, 33-34. daughters At theGate ofChristendom The influence and actions of Maria and Elisabeth as younger queens seems to have Being “regina iunior” was a preparation for taking more renown and important role of Elisabeth´s advantage in comparison to Maria consists also in shefact also secured Mariathe that in to consists comparison advantage Elisabeth´s 129 134 The existence of isuncertain. fifth of Theexistence a calledone Margaret Az Árpádok családi története , 88, note 58. Đ ovských detí“ [In the Service of the Royal Children] Royal of the Service the [In detí“ ovských , 505-531. 36 131 Anna, 135 132 Elisabeth, 130 História In fact all of 4(2008): 133 and CEU eTD Collection Angevin Kings 1075-1225 issued by her husband inStephen 1262. Kingdom of England internalthe struggles within the NormanAngevin and dynasty seein England Frank Barlow, constantly leading wars with his sons, who were subsequentlymainmover of reconciliation the between two Otherexample men. isHenry (1154-1189),II. Plantagenet conspiring against him and against eachdeprive other. For him of 1070slate onwards Robert of Normandy was fighting his ownfatherexecutingWilliam the Conqueror, who was saidto the power137 in charge Normandy.mainly with economical administrative of royal court as well in charge with the royalInterestingly, chamber. 136 William´s wife Mathilda of Flanders was the quite after born were sons their before daughters, few had them of both Interestingly queen. otherthe hand in the birth heirthrone Elisabeth shebecamegave to 1262, before of ruling to in children,periodthe although of life herthat inMaria’s notto case still malethe heir.On –giving birth byfulfillingQueenconsort maintasksof the strengthened of position one this position husbands´ side,at their which be shall in especially below. shown Maria’s case Both for various reasons). general similarthe Married in path. a very age, youngmarriage their (though wasdiscredited However subsequently, while growing up, conflictthe between wasby generations the of very nature youngerthe the inevitable. kingthey maintained the hehad his fight decades later while againstAndrew,strongson own – to paradox that Bélarevolted where he could exercisecrowningduring lifetime the successor theof previousthe king him grantingand territory,the power, turned against securing This of husbands continuity conception by andfathers-in-law. the of dynasty the those, who actually is of both that obvious them involvedas younger queensgot in between struggles the their designed this plan.it hand, material. other the lack On source of the hasfaceone constant to Maria Elisabeth and It is instancefor Elisabeth´s – officials further distributed donations. They attheir andappointedalso presided own court own Such a development can be traced not only in Hungary. For instance in the Early Norman England from the CDAC VII,33. Magistertauernicorum was dignitary of the high rank in theKingdom of Hungary,being in During this 1042-1216 preparation . (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000) (London: Longmans, 1955) orRobert Bartlett, period therefore Maria and Elisabeth somehow followed in magister tauernicorum 136 Approaching period this lifeof in of cases both 37 Aladarismentioned in the charter England underNorman the and The Feudal 137 CEU eTD Collection 139 date of her wedding, see 36. 138 long of period beingalready married. development, various with rewarding ofprivileges. addition,in1239 when towns scale In further division of patrimonial the urbandomain. Béla alsosupported and economic strengthen the royal authority and revise Maria, the queen consort ofBéla IV. of the donations of his predecessor to preventdiscussion. the further for logical seems power exercising of periods two these of unification the Therefore Árpádian queen she as wasofficially appointed a regentforinfant her son Ladislaus. Elisabeth interesting mostthe and of eventful lifeperiod her had just begun.As only the already inwidowed years1272, two after Stephen had succeeded tothethrone. However, for any furtheris is significance. without contrasting anabsolutely Elisabeth case;shewas widowhood her therefore husband, her after months two than less died Maria since practical, The for (queenmothermainly and suchacouplingreason respectively). is widow queen The Queen of Hungary. Hungary. whole theKingof Stephen V became five yearslater, his fatherin 1235–thirty IV succeeded up took rolethe they were intended of for–Queenconsort King rulingthe of Béla Hungary. senior kings. the cases against “Bak, Roles and Functions,” 20. Maria´s In case 19, inElisabeth´s either 8ormore probably 13-14years (depending on theacceptance of the The ruleKing of beganin Béla quite a manner.promising The kingaimed to This subchapter shall refer to two different phases of the queen’s status: queen consort Cuman the Elisabeth and Laskaris Maria thirties, early their in approximately Finally 138 In addition, both of them supported their husbands´ their supported them of both addition, In 38 139 CEU eTD Collection 146 Dalmatia. in settled later and Slavonia to turned he rather counties, three him ceded Béla After debts. old some paying for him asked and difficulties Béla´s from benefit the take to wanted 145 144 143 142 who itself bycertain want beingpeople linger inpersuaded not to thetown of did Split, she Split.leastThomas accordinghis subsequently movedthem However–at wife,who to to to and entrusted itsin cathedral placed relicsthe Stephen of SaintBéla took Székesfehérvár, 141 140 the disastrous condition. of death the of theirKhan reached them, withdrew from they leaving the Hungary, country in news the after but Trogir, to Béla chased They advanced. they wherever plundering Danube, twice. east the Julian to brother Dominican journey the of homeland –hesupported Magyars Old the of ininterested for the he search the got period, In this various aspects. concerning successfully Queen Maria gave birth to a son – the future King Stephen V – the reign of King Béla started wounded encircled themand wona victory decisive – the king’sbrother Coloman was seriously be Mongols proved disastrous. to byowncarts, positionbank,surrounded on riverthe meetRiver atMuhi. nearthe Sajóand himself them encamped overcome garrisons. thisby Mountains, Carpathian 1241 caseinspring thepassesin crossed guarded they easily radically. Mongols. the For Mongol invasion see Mongol invasion For Bélaonce again looked shelterthe for atthe court of Austrian Duke Frederick. However, duke obviously Zagreb. in wounds ofthese consequence the as died later Who Present day northeastern Hungary. See In 1236and 1237-38. Kniha krá Tatársky vpád While Béla tried to escape to approaching army, the While Béla tried wings In two Poland Mongol short, of Kingdom army and attacked of Hungary – in 144 140 Đ and managed Bélahimself escape to only difficulty.with great ov From From his firstjourney, Julian informationbrought about plannedthe invasion of 141 , 118. Their ininvasion 1241-1242however changedthesituation in country the , 9-10. 142 In the middle of March they proceeded as far as for Vác. Béla asfar for Vác. to middle as rode proceeded Inthe they March of Tatárjárás, 146 Certainly, Maria fled too. When Mongols were drawing nearer to were drawing WhenMongols fled Certainly, Maria too. ed. Balázs Nagy (Budapest:Osiris Kiadó, 2003) 39 145 the Mongols crossed the frozen 143 The tactics of taking a taking of Thetactics CEU eTD Collection treated as the member of royal court and therefore tried to avoid, for instance, meetinginstance,for her avoid, tried and to as court therefore memberof the treated royal berefused to isit Margaret Asthere, stated her daughter. and between Maria relationship Rabbit Island on subsequently and in Veszprém cloister in Dominican first at life her of rest the spent life, According Legendof twentieth the Margaret: century. to Saint asasaint outtobe latercouple venerated andfinally canonizedinthe a girl, turned Margaret, the childof This penultimate again. was pregnant time Maria that at already died. However, Margaret, Catherine and her of Klis, daughters, of two While inthe castle aspect. dwelling him. laterand on just while being assured of safety such journey,of Maria childrenfollowed and Mongols first thenmovedhimself at scouts, hesentnews about departure, while receiving acute situation, Bélabore inmind muchvery his safety the of family. Andown afterwards, in this that out point to interesting is It Trogir. for family his with headed king the Therefore refused provide to him inwith galley casehe neededtoescape tosome ofnearby islands. some time in Zagreb.states thatshe moved castle tothe Klis. of joined Béla subsequently hisfamily lingering after However, there was some conflict between king and Spalatins, who 151 150 149 148 147 were “ill-disposed Seechapter Island. Margaret day present Leporum, Insula Lat. Ibid., 286-302. Thomas of Split., 286. Legenda Beatae Margaritae 148 The hagiographical material on Saint Margaret allows a small glimpse into the into glimpse a small allows Margaret Saint on material hagiographical The Actually this is what really happened afterwards and Margaret, renouncing secular and the really happenedMargaret, is afterwards Actually what this enemy withdrew and Queengave the birththe theto daughter. blessed God…the daughter,the they with consecratethis daughterto will hisMongol willbe from rage the andand kingdom they people tribe, of The king…with the Queen promised to the Lord, thatif Almighty God relieves the For queen thetragedy invasion Mongol the anotherof brought–personal – Maria and Elisabeth: The Obedient Wife and the Pagan Cuman? the Pagan and Wife TheObedient andElisabeth: Maria 150 in the monastery built for her by the order of her parents. her of order by the her for built monastery inthe towards people of Split.” , 685. 40 147 Without any further explanation, Thomas explanation, further any Without 149 , 69. 151 CEU eTD Collection purposes see 155 estates. See Oswald Balzer, See Oswald estates. her political activities. As a nun she lived in the Poor Clares Convent154 in Gnie Kláštorisko, 2003), 381-408. (Cracow: 2005)491-496and Martin Avalon, Homza “Sv. KunigundaaSpiš” the foundation of the Poor Clares Conventthe Hungarian-Polish-Bohemian in Stary S relations, on the other hand her name is 153 bound with the profound religiosity and 152 Béla´s policy - became influential figures for political development in Central European area. of supporter strong asthe presented already was Anna–who inwith Helen cooperation IV. ofBéla court atthe religiosity the extentof the also influenced ladies, cultof included abig quite saintly which number princesses, of European Central particularly can new be this assumedthat after herdeathalready. It case soon in Margaret’s particularly made forpromoting attempts this were the century, though canonised until twentieth the Elisabeth, Saint of example the followed princesses these charity, the to devoted being and sisterreligiosity of Andrew thirteenththe century.Following expressingmendicant theideals profound the of orders, II. In contrastin females,whichemerged renowned royal of widergroup belongto the saintly the reputation to her, Poland. of Greater none duke Pious, the Boleslaus prince, Piast of another of wife the the (Yolanda), Helen Blessed also was sister daughtersMargaret’s addition, In life. exemplary her of Bélaalthough officially canonized only in 1999,but being heldin highvery esteem even during IV was same was theThe Church. Catholic in the case saint a as venerated is who ofcouple the of her daughter only the not older sister Kunigunda,Her household must have been strongly religious, since itis no coincidencethe that Margaret was wife of Cracovian duke Boleslaus,cloister. And only with her she in hasspoken a very manner.” kind the to came [Maria] she “when only and that – mother her with even spoke rarely She father. For the cult of saintly princesses, their brief biographical entries and the use of such a cult for the dynastical Helenmarried Boleslaus in1256.After hisdeath in1279she convent, the retired in which did contradictnot Kunigunda Boleslaus married 1239. in Duringwidowhood her was important she the political still playerin This is taken from the so-called Napolitan legend of Saint Margaret. See Margaret. of Saint legend Napolitan so-called the from taken is This Actually the married daughters of Maria, especially above mentioned Kunigunda and Kunigunda mentioned above especially Maria, of daughters married the Actually Maria. lifeQueen of family concerning which clues some isoffers account, This a rare Holy Rulers and Blessed Princesses Genalogia Piastów , 406-411. , 195-279. ą cz. For Kunigunda see Oswald Balzer, 41 Legenda sv. Panny Margaréty Ĩ no which she founded on her own 152 Terra Scepusiensis 154 These princesses of Theseprincesses 155 Genalogia Piastów (Levo , 237. 153 þ a: CEU eTD Collection whom mostwhom Particularly prominent during wasthechancellor.the queenship, this Maria’s 159 158 Church as well. correspondence and with popes the of of performed the duties the pious Queen,protector castles), (lands, possessions own relevanceof tothose children.herhusband or Asqueen of consort she Hungary,wielded her receive the fealty on behalf ofher duke sonBéla, appointed of Slavonia. but besidesit is Maria, who came toSplit, travelling down “through Pannonia and Croatia” to parents. One finds Maria confirming his charters, which donation ordinarywas quite praxis, men when the happiness reconciled. inBuda hermourn andDominican subsequent Maria from 1262, where chapter expresses letter to the from her instance clear it is as for with son, their conflicts hisconstant suffered Although ongoing firstly events. faithful she was she still wife of kinghimself,the the influence the to have possibility the shecould extent least to the pacifier–at or mediator men managed to divide the country into twoparts. Maria’s role in the conflictis the one of the the other side, was tense, which was no surprise in regards to the fact that the two fighting 157 Béla who renounced his claim was Styria in 1260 already. Duchess of Styria,although this had beenthe title Elisabeth held forsome time. Moreover,it was precisely King 156 Anna married theBohemian king, P of daughter the natural, since quite which was Bohemia, with reconciliation theconcerning Later on, after the death of King Béla, they were trying to support his political legacy For instance CDH IV.2, 122. Thomas of Split, 368. Seechapter CDH, IV.3,.68-69. Interestingly, Maria is in these charter titled not only as the Queen of Hungary, but as the Besides, she presided over her own Besides, shepresided and overcourt appointed her herown own officials, among The relationship between Maria and Béla on one side and their firstborn, Stephen, on Stephen, firstborn, their and side one on Béla and Maria between relationship The On the other hand, Queen Maria cannot be perceived only through the actions in actions the through only be perceived cannot Maria Queen hand, other the On ofhis thefavourite dukeBéla,was Slavonian Maria’s child,the youngest In contrast, Maria and Elisabeth: The Obedient Wife and the Pagan Cuman?, 159 Ĝ 156 emysl Otakar. further distributed them to her familiars, led the 42 70-71. 158 157 CEU eTD Collection 163 162 161 period Árpádian in in the Kingdom of perception Hungary its chapter instance See for Yolande. Queen or of Andechs-Meran, Gertrudis 160 years, she also proved to be a faithful wife. the Béla´s sidethroughout While standingat of renowned queen. status gradually the reached ispersonality. how this toobserve undeniablecompelling wiferepudiated at It almost once, royal strong image of reveals the work Split’s of inThomas Maria of representation office bishop entrusted tothe was in1269. Veszprém of also officially wife back. she herselfdecidedtotravel return whento the royal court she wasfirst called byherhusband royal so onlyand did when King thingsinterestingMaria of Béla. Itis numerous inthepresence to refused that also strict inhabitants theconflict. of Sheeven punishmentand escalated accused thecity insisted on be queen best forgiven, the to their tried Spalatins the Although some werekilled. whom among membersmilitary retinue, her of andthe Spalatins the between was aconflict DukeBéla,there younger Slavonian son, her of Dalmatia therepresentative as to queen came When the herpower. royal while exercising assumed Maria which self-confidence the about mentioned in her from charter 1265. in 1248. issuedbyMaria in charter, the church of Székesfehérvár treasurer and as Queen´schancellor ismentioned aswell, herof son Stephen future chancellor Ákos, instance Master curia –for beenhad of chancellors queen’s necessarily Paul bishopof city not that Veszprém, the of Ibid., IV.2, 287. CDH IV.2, 35-36. even Though before bishops the of Veszprém thisofficeheld forinstance during– the period of Queen rex autem nimis credulous verbis sue uxoris respondit sueuxoris verbis nimis credulous autem rex 163 – moreover, he believed the credibility of the woman, holding the title of The of title the queen. woman, holding the of he credibility believed the –moreover, When Maria returned, Béla, according to Thomas of Split´s account, believed his believed account, Thomas of Split´s to Béla, according returned, Maria When The incidentwith Spalatinsthe recordedby Thomas of speaks mostSplit eloquently 161 Queen Maria already had also the vice-chancellor, certain Stephen, Master certain vice-chancellor, hadthe also already Queen Maria 162 43 Ibid., 374. , 14, note 40 . Concept of Medieval Queenship and Queenship of Medieval Concept 160 However, before CEU eTD Collection regina senior, there is not much of source material left. Basically, Elisabeth initiated or initiated Elisabeth left. Basically, material source much is not of there senior, regina Joachim, illustrateshow which king’sthe diminishedpower even hiswithin ownkingdom. Ban Slavonian the them, of by one captive held still was Ladislaus son his died, Stephen fact,when escalated.In nobles kingdom the gradually of powerful most himandthe between 167 166 Chronicon Posoniense, in SRH 43. II, (Budapest:Academia Litter. Hungarica, 1937), 469. (hereafterSRH same I) The account can be fund also in carissimo feliciter requiescit. 165 164 family. royal the kingfor less months, than dyingtwo amidst aperiodof uncertainty and disruption the within inher afterwards, Béla. 1270.Maria onlyyear survivedthe younger Herhusband son died within her own family. Moreover, Maria lived to see se veral of her children die, among them made the peace with with madeP peace the her. with treasury royal part of Hungarian taking the by her son-in-law, ruled Bohemia, for left Anna sister Stephen’s died, Béla King After family. Árpádian within by withmarked influenced eventhevery ongoing the Bohemia, which conflicts relationships yearsHis reign diedbut later. in two only was throne brief 1270, acceded the Stephen while. mother Elisabeth –queenconsortand Emperor and his dearest son, duke Béla.” (Béla) rests peacefully,the church with theof ladyMinor queen, brothers his inwife Esztergom, named Maria, as itthe is daughteralso recorded of Greek by chronicler: “There he See CDH, V.1, 122. Seechapter Ubi cumdominaregina consorteMaria sua, nomine,filia imperatoris Grecorum etduce Belafiliosuo The Realmof SaintStephen Concerning the length of period while Elisabeth was the queen of rather wasthequeen Hungary, of or Elisabeth while Concerningperiod thelength of The last years of Maria’s adventurous life were filled with grief above the struggle In contrast to Maria, Elisabeth was the wife of the ruling king of Hungary just for a just Hungary of king ruling the of wife the was Maria, Elisabeth to In contrast It is quite significant that Maria, Béla and Bélajunior were buried at the same place in The mutual relationship of Mariaand Elisabeth 164 Ĝ emysl Otakar in 1271, emysl Otakar Chronici Hungarici Compositio SaeculiSRHinXIV., I,ed.I.Szentpétery , 107. 165 44 167 but on other butthe on handinner –the tensions , 52. 166 Stephen actually CEU eTD Collection 233 – 234. (hereafter V krá (hereafter – 234. 233 Stephen. The Sources to Historythe of Slovakia and Slovaks] (Bratislava: Literárne Informa 171 under aged. CDH V.3, 245-246. 170 172 169 168 queen time. atthat Elisabeth Vavrinec supported a certain Slovakia to northwestern donations: instance, inJanuary for kinggavebackhis day in 1274, the possessions present by events changing is mannerof wereandreflected thewas situation progressing the these How fractions. political rival to belonging themselves found time to time from who son, her and Elisabeth between relationship the even involved conspiracies Various magnates. the hisKing from not captivity, Ladislauswasreleased hismother could surpassthe influence of real power. the wielding ones and were Csák stated –shenominal wasbasically“theand themighty familiesregent” Hédersof Gutkeleds, As political Pál Engel of power. great orviewedas theachievement be overestimated cannot firstthe (and only) with Árpádian appointed queen such an office. royal couples. between the of relationship palatine’s father by Maria Laskaris,Queen which can totheunderstandingcontribute partially why from These is andhislate) she hadbeen taken actually a bit restores possessions. ask may one (although coronation her of date the at taken had she oath the fulfils Elisabeth particularly in this periodit was Philip, bishop of Vác. Maria´sAs in his wife. of confirmed donations vice versaKing or Stephen confirmed donations, some case, the chancellor of the queen´s court witnessed king´s charters as well, See In 1284, Ladislaus onein of his charters recalls the merits of his mother acting on his behalf while he was Pavel Dvo Seechapter Ibid., 213. The Realmof SaintStephen It was It notvarious Elisabethfactions. whohad realmight,butthe noble Although the After the Stephen’s death,Elisabeth actually was appointed regentof kingdom the – The issuedcharter in 1272 for Palatine Moys information.someprovides interesting Ĝ ák, ed. Themutual relationship between Maria and Elisabeth V krá Đ Đ ovstve sv. Štefana) sv. ovstve ovstvesv.Štefana. Pramene k dejinám Slovenska a Slovákov , 108. comes 169 Vavrinec, which he had him deprived becauseof 171 45 172 168 , 53. 170 However, her status her However, [In the Realm of Saint þ né né centrum, 2003), CEU eTD Collection sent legate Philip of Fermo to Hungary, but though an agreement was reached, the decrees of decrees the wasreached, an agreement Hungary,though but legate Fermoto Philipof sent time in Cuman camps, letting the fall intokingdom of Hungary deepening anarchy. pope The Christian ruler. IVhardly beenproclaimedcould one.Heusuallyspenthis Ladislaus have Cumans, preservingtheirled toastriking with pagan customs, contrast own image the of Isabelle of Anjou, were also much criticized. also Anjou, were Isabelle of wife, true his over mistresses Cuman his for preferences king’s The nobles. conspiring Cumans. Possibly Ladislaus preferred their company surroundedwhile by constantly forfor hisdeepaffinity and Holy the See clergy bytheHungarian was vigorously criticized situation was otherwise. Besides dealing with ambitionsthe of nobles,powerful Ladislaus internal the hand, other the On Habsburg. of Rudolf King German of ally an as Otakar, Magyar nemzet története Pauler, See Gyula women. and men between relationship the upon Cumans of view liberal the also enjoyed customs Cumans ofthe –during evenhis reignCuman clothing became very Itissaid popular. that Ladislaus 176 175 Obedient Wife and the Pagan Cuman? (Spišské Podhradie: Typ. Episcopalis,Typogr. 1889),see15. Further below, chapter entrusted with the governance of Spiš See M. Schmauk, ed. infideleles regnifactas,ad nosfuisset devolutum Baronum RegniHungariae, post diversas destructiones etvarias et terrarum multarum alienationes per 174 Saxon population was Zips. 173 Spiš received Elisabeth First, case. inMaria’s than perspective a different from of queen roles the wasapproaching Hungary,of therefore kingdom the territorial within units govern several to appointed subsequently was Elisabeth activities. her end political the of domain to strengthen king´s authority in the region. the in authority king´s strengthen to domain reached important international success in 1278, when he took partin international of successin1278,whenhe P took defeat the reachedimportant Elisabeth of acted asthe governor only in 1279-1280.DuringSpiš period, this Ladislaus did. population Spiš the of rest the as tithes pay to Wallachians) and Saxons domina Scepusiensis See for instance papal letters in VMH, 358 or 359. Ladislas way of life was inspired Comitatus Scepusiensis,present day north-eastern Slovakia. German version of Spiš with the numerous completely by the V krá quod cumDominium terraeScepus de beneplacito et favore Charissimi filii nostri, RegisLadislai, omnium et Đ Elisabeth’s moreless or formal regency endedin 1277. However, this didnotmean ovstve sv. Štefana sv. ovstve , 333. Elisabeth, for instance, Elisabeth, privileged the ordered of groups (namely,Spiš , 244 - 245 , 65. CDH V.2, 582. For similar reasoning of Elisabeth being 46 176 Supplementum Annalectorum Terrae Scepusiensis II On the other hand, his proximity to the to proximity his hand, other the On 174 Among her important actions as actions important her Among Maria and Elisabeth: The 175 However, 173 asher Ĝ emysl CEU eTD Collection 179 178 177 firstof Macsó, heldinhalf whichElisabeth the of 1280s. applied incase of for Spiš re-establishing royal in control andinSlavonia Bosniaand territory previousthe pattern mother to according king his the used First, be addressed. to few issues promised to follow them. subsequentthe had ignoredsynod byLadislaus, ofBudawereabsolutely initially who pagan influenced herorigin lateron, which actions will be discussedbelow. Elisabeth´s as concerning perception Christian the or Queen the – much how herpolemics is interestingLadislaus andKingfrom This charter view Stephen. also point the of of soul and thosefrom 1290 deals with Elisabeth’s wish that the Dominicans would pray for the salvation of her of the charter the Particularly character. active still as material in source is represented when she members of the royal didhesitate not family,to imprison her when he found itconvenient. namelyfact king the andthe that Naples, of wife, Isabelle Ladislaus´s ismore on focused attention king andBéla, even Maria, reflected thealliances, andchanging fights constant be the found, attesting to arestill charters some her sonon thesecond half of 1280s, contact with the whereabouts of Queen Elisabeth mutualwas weakened, though relationship of Hungarianthe situation and the wars among the noble factions. of Elisabeth of Pozsega). and Ladislaus. county andthe of these intwo (particularly her interritories heretics againstfight to promise However, her andBosniawas Macsó astheruler of actions of important Elisabeth One most the of the had been among Anna. opponent Princess theof estates greatest once hissiblings: Stephen´s VMH, 347-348. Dejiny krá Az Árpádok és asszonyaik, Concerning the relationship between between LadislausinConcerning therelationship area and 1280s,there the Elisabeth At lastAt Elisabeth appears issuing in charters 1290, which is veryalso the last year forms ininSecondly,their variedrelationship the of the anarchy –spreading the Đ ovstva uhorského 178 The extent of her real power was, however,hard to state due to the uncertainty 166. , 244. 47 177 Interestingly, Bosna and Macsó and Bosna Interestingly, 179 CEU eTD Collection the head of Charles Robert of Anjou. Robert ofCharles head the the meant death his survived, extinction of the daughter male one line only of Árpáds.Habsburg Afterof strugglesAgnes and lastingPiast for the Fennena yearsto the crown was marriages two finally firmly placed on III faced constant problems during whole his reign withthe nobles and his authority was limited. Since from his family, Tommasina Morosini, who latersupported claimsthe of Venetian sonher tothe Hungarian throne.influential Kingof an Andrew a member married Stephen, son, Her Italy. in back shelter sought rather therefore before year one only married hisAndrew whom death. d´Este, Beatrice wife, third by his II Queen ofAndrew child posthumous Beatrice was not much in180 the favour of her stepson, who became King Béla IV in 1235 and appeared in. instability of periodthat from history inthe a same sudden, uncertain manner asshe had followingbe destiny any cannot traced longer. Elisabeth Cumanthe dueto disappeared 1290. in July, III Andrew becrowned as to appeared Árpádian dynasty of descendantlast the widespreadAmidst the Ladislaus wasmurderedinoneof1290. anarchy, the camps their King King Andrew (c.1265-1301) inherited claimthe to the throne after father,his Stephen,who was the 180 For King Ladislaus, his Cuman kinsmen turned out to be unreliable allies, since By this year, also any other accounts, concerning Elisabeth are missing, By year,are Elisabeth concerning alsothis her any accounts, other 48 CEU eTD Collection prominent couplesprominent of Hungarianthe royal Stephen’sdynasty. struggles with his fatherbegan most two between tensions havebeenanypersonal hardly period could In thatthere of of this marriage. husband at somehusband at points, son marrying this Cuman pagan feltWhilegirl. she inher comfortable with disagreeing her felt traditions, about Orthodox Byzantineand the Laskarids,daughterof of preservers the not challenge his decisionsfaithful usually wife, in of the shadow herhusband, onecan presume thatthis time, shedid model the presents mainly as Maria Since well.either. mentioned not is union this to opposition On the contrary,her hand, other the On son. their for he contracted marriage the and Cumans the one with made must feel curiousnothing is herknown personal about concerningopinions the alliance which herhusband about how the and theirmutual Asrelationship. is it normalquite for the thirteenth-century Hungarian milieu whole through the of more story. bereconstructed contextthe will lack of the written evidence. Just alittle can be explicitly found in the sources; therefore much Hungarian royalty – especially followingwhile the femaleline the – onealways encounters century thirteenth the of figures the between relationship personal of levels various identify question must that arisein is paperthis kind what of they terms on. Whilewere trying to Elisabeth: The Obedient Wife andthe Pagan Cuman? See chapter Shy. the Boleslaus with ofKunigunda marriage the to regards in instance for discussed 182 181 That Maria probably did not hesitate to express the disagreement with the unions of her children can be can children ofher unions the with disagreement the express to hesitate not did probably Maria That As forinstance during herconflict with Spalatins. The mutualrelationshipbetween Mariaand Elisabeth When Elisabeth the Cuman married Maria’s firstborn, both of them were still children. still were them of both firstborn, Maria’s married Cuman the Elisabeth When There is no account that speaks openly about Maria’s attitude to her daughter-in-law Maria’sto attitude speaksopenly account that isabout no There the andmother- daughter-in-law, were Cuman the Elisabeth and Laskaris Maria Since 182 181 there is no account, which would attest that she disagreed in she case disagreed that attest which would is account, no there CHAPTER IV 49 , 71-72. Maria and CEU eTD Collection V.3, 68-69. 187 186 185 184 attempted to get the territory under their jurisdiction. the troublesbetter his father remembered already have withhad should the Béla Teutonic hand, order established other the on inking, Transylvania, younger which subsequently rebellious the for place safe a as seen son there, Béla probably183 wanted to keep him out of his as the far “as son Western disobedient chase the to managed himself Béla and again his father against policy. The remote territory could have been concern. itseems havebeen hertrue to therefore – reconciliation the of behalf act on to someone appointed Maria is that clear it though Transylvania inonly 1260whenhe was of Although hedeprived Styria. was togovern appointed again help.” from the both sides and troubled by the great anxiety, have asked the mentioned Friar John for – as well as she expressed her position FriarJohn the of intervening role their Maria highlighted Franciscan chapter, in the whole issue: “I as the mother, to the letter her In son. father and between being reconciliation the about she wasannounced distressed mourned the conflict within thefamily and asithas been mentioned already – rejoiced when relationship fighting Though somehow. her husband, Stephen Maria’swas still son.She this period, but, of course, it is natural obvious andomnipresent. to conclude that the was internal his wife’s Cuman´s here of roots asthe soleinfluence governed the king –and already war had to affectriver. Danube east of the kingdom, of the thepart son their of the younger king, title before –the issued hehadusedin even title which the documents the assumed officially Stephen agreementwasreachedand the Béla. In against 1262 and openly of revolted power Bosnian bishop at that time CDH IV.3, 70. Seechapter Stephen hadbeenBéla´s representative in Transylvania already in 1257-1258.By moving his discontented ..ego, utpote mater, utrimque afflicta, et maximo metu perculsa, dicti fratris Iohannis opem imploravi 187 Although the peace was achieved, this situation did not last long. Stephen rebelled Stephen long. last not did situation this achieved, was peace the Although One can only guess and suggest, what was going on between Maria and Elisabeth in between goingwhatMaria Elisabeth and on One onlyguessand suggest, was can Of course, the level of the formal aspect of the whole letter can be questioned, Maria Laskaris and 183 instead of the Austrian dukedom, Stephen was not content with such ashare such with content not was Stephen dukedom, Austrian the of instead rex iunior. Elisabeth the Cuman: Introducing the historical characters 184 According to this treaty,made in Bratislava, Béla ceded his 50 185 In this territory, Stephen basically Stephen Inthis territory, 186 in conflict the , 35. CDH, CEU eTD Collection presumably expressed towards both royal parents – Stephen as well as Elisabeth. securing thestability through producing for thedynasty a maleheir. not estates by only alsobuthis father, byhis as fora symbol grandfather gratitude the of the andguaranteed Ladislaus IVwasborn immediately future instance,for when affirmed, is indeed reconciled family sometimes the was That father son. and between hostility 193 283. possessiones....eidem libere,pacificequiete et concedimus, permittimus adtempus vite suepossidenda. Castrsis scilicet, Villis, tributis omnimodis et collectis reliquimus et permisimus eidem....Item omnes maritimis, tum etiam ratione dotis seu dotaliciorum cum omnibus suis pertinentiis, appendiciis etutilitatibus, cessit eidem ex parte Carissimi patris nostri B. Illustris Regis Ungarie, tam pro impensis factis in partibus proventibus, utilitatibus etaliis provenientibus de eadem.Ceterum terram seu predium de Posega,quequod vel Rugas Ismaelitarum,in tempus vite eiusdem carissime matris nostre duximus concedendam eidem cumomnibus ordinationem disponendi et relinquendi, cuicumque liberorum suorum voluerit, habens de eadem. Iterum Villam 192 191 190 them. besubsequently protected by strengthened wereto Clement and Pope the IV, whoconfirmed county of Pozsega for hismother” “most beloved charter donation terms good least him instancewith by sometimes), whichisfor(at attested Stephen’s on been have to seems she – well as Stephen with in contact was still she Béla, son younger warm andAlthough friendly. also Maria isin sourcesthe prevailinglyassociated with her which confirmed the 1262´ division. neardefeats Bra time. some for father-in-law her by captive held 189 188 eastern Zsoldos, “V službách krá službách “V Zsoldos, Which as it is obvious from this charter was already givento Maria by King Béla. Though nicely said, it was still no more than the usual part of the formal aspect of the charter. Kniha krá Realm of Saint Stephen ….quod mater nostra Carissima Cameram de Syrmia, quenostrafuit, habeat possideat, et liberam 192 The whole decade of The bewhole decadeof shallnot struggles the perceived of astheperiod open the Naturally, the relationship between the father and the son were anyway far from farfrom sonwereanyway being the father between and the relationship Naturally, the corner of of Transylvania.” corner Đ ov , 122. ú ov and at Isaszeg followed. Finally, in 1266 another treaty was treaty inanother Finally,concluded, andatIsaszegfollowed. 1266 ov 191 , 106. and the Muslim village, called Rugas. The charter grants were Đ ovských detí,” 6. detí,” ovských 188 During these struggles, even younger queen Elisabeth was Elisabeth queen younger even struggles, these During 51 190 189 concerning the vault of Sirmium, the Unfortunatelyfor senior the his king, 193 This gratitude was Thisgratitude VMH, CEU eTD Collection 199 Regen, et contra nos insurgere, etnos expugnare nitebantur. 198 197 habuerint...post nostrum decessum.. dilectissimam, ac omnes nostros Barones, qui fuerunt perseverantes in fidelitate, cumad vos refugium 196 195 194 mentioned. above the for threat the as meant his wife,his Anna,daughter Even King himself, Béla designing hislast will, asked P family. within the even influenced the relations period complicated much turbulent, how the just hisfatherbutalso hismother, whoordered armymovethe him. againstto itnot issued in was in Theclaims younger king his charters that 1267. can be of one detected Kunigunda, queen of Bohemia. herin with hercorrespondence granddaughter, in asis her 1270aswell) reflected own death before soon quite (therefore husband her of death the after shortly son her about complained especially while Maria was still alive) as it can be seen for instance in the charter of instanceQueen charter inthe beseenfor asit can Maria alive) was still while especially was a common Elisabeth’s of confirmation whichhad privileges, older byher been given Such predecessor. practise (though hand,other is very not issue this mutual basically often and these concerns references in this case we mostly on. coupleswere two which ideathe the terms acertain about quite gives do not have pursuit, the greatest “time of last our aboutas reign the decadeof Béla´s many confirming KingLord Stephen us andandfight againstwith to desired us.” charters“Lord King Béla Lady mother-in-lawand Maria, our of blessed memory againstrevolted our states: explicitly queen the issuedin by charter, 1272, where Elisabeth´s be demonstrated can side) opposite the on Stephen and Elisabeth and side one on Maria and (Béla protagonists Ibid. CDAC III, 239-241. That means P Dominus Bela Rex, et Domina Maria socrus nostra bone memorie, contra dominum nostrum Stephanum contra nos insurrexerant,mouentes exercitum...... nostram consortem...nostram carissimam, Reginam Ungariae, et nostram filiam dulcissimam, matrem vestram On contrary, Stephen’s relationship towards his mother got tenser at some point, asit gottenser hismother atsome point, On contrary, relationship Stephen’s towards Already lifetime, Maria’s both queens during in occurred On documents. same the the Ĝ emysl´s mother-in-law. 195 CDAC III, 204. and allhis faithful nobles – it is hard not toguess whom Béla 197 In addition, that the conflict deeply influenced all the main the all influenced deeply conflict the that addition, In CDH IV.2, 407-409. 52 196 CDAC III, 275. On the other hand, Maria herself also Ĝ emysl of Otakar Bohemia to protect 198 Moreover, Elisabeth spoke 194 That reveals That 199 ” which CEU eTD Collection In addition the charter hermother-in-law’s evenas carried queen privileges on senior confirming Hungary.the of from 1290, where Elisabethbeenhave dosoand to required wasprobablyinspired bypolitical reasons exclusively,she pleads for the redemption of her souls,been “taken any without andright unjustly by occupied predecessors.” our have said to are estates Moys´ point second at the but once, just not is stated this Moreover, so.” do to right any “without taken been have to said were which lands the occupied had who Maria, of decision the discredited Elisabeth emphasize that to important is also it Secondly, hercoronation. after later years two only charter restoration the issued Elisabeth that haddone. a reason, asherpredecessor fromnobles without lands the take notoccupy or she that would before being crowned: oath property restoration the of faceremus et restitui... promisimus iuramento,quod iuranobilium per antecessores nostros indebite alienata etiniuste occupata reddi nostra gratia sibireddere etrestituere dignaremur pleno iure....unde die cum appositionis corone capitinostro palatine fuerant etperdominam Mariam socrum nostrum bone memorie indebite occupate fore dicebantur,de postulavit, utvillas in Tolnensiet Symigiensi comitatibus costitutas, quepatrissuimagni quondam Moys 202 201 200 of palatine. office the held also himself who Great, the Moys father his from taken herself had Maria which consort of Hungary,the policies she had sworn of thather she mother-in-law. wouldthe privileges given particularly by both Maria Laskaris and Elisabethreturn the Cuman. Palatine“ For Moys instance, the IsabelleAnjou, of Elisabeth’s daughter-in-law, confirming thein county privileges of the possessions, when Elisabeth was crowned the queen 205 204 203 Comarum” CDH V.2, 398-400. The territory of countythis included areas of nowadays southwesternSlovakia and northwestern Hungary. As the example see for instance HO VIII, 98-99, or 217. See as well Regesta ducum Az Árpádok és asszonyaik, ..quod Moys palatinus, comes Supruniensis et iudex CumanorumSupruniensisiudexa palatinus,nosterMoysfidelisetcomes ..quod instantia nobis cum Although Elisabeth openly opposed the policy Mariaof atthis point, though she could However, Elisabeth did not restrict herself to the plain confirmation, when it came to came it when confirmation, plain the to herself restrict not did Elisabeth However, 200 where queens possessed some traditional estates. In this case Isabelle confirms , 68. 202 Regesta ducum Attila Zsoldos suggests that Elisabeth was explicitly asked to make an 24. , 68. 53 Regesta Ducum 203 It is interesting, however, interesting, is It 63,64. 204 201 205 CEU eTD Collection he claimedhe the onright Hungarian throne. later. Maria´s marriagewas significant forCharles Robert ofAnjouwas (Maria paternal his grandmother) when weddings contracted by younger The kingStephen andhisNeapolitanIsabella. counterpart,Charles I, sister, took one place year Charles´ to betrothed was brother her whereas Charles, throne, Neapolitan the to heir 207 recordacionum pro remedio animarum. nostre karissime, Bele ducis filii sui, et domini Stephani illustris Regis, viri nostri karissimi, felicium 206 Elisabeth was namedMaria, accidentally or withoutmother-in-law. a as role positive played any purpose Elisabeth’s charter expressingbehind the respectfor the memory of Maria, shall suggest that she also them,son Béla – sherelationship with clue, good maintained her children.besides Another the younger her of fact, behalf on duties exercised Maria that fact the or legend Margaret’s Saint thatfrom one of theElisabeth’s daughters childhood can much such a styling of influenced deadthe relatives by was memoriesthe from even ofbe only estimated, but is How beingparticularly (though beloved mother.” not “thequeen”) “themost also titled not stated as a fact. Still as it can be seen Maria: among the others, she offers the alms also for the praying for the soul of the deceased Queen reconstructed due to the lack of source material. The available accounts do not attest any attest not do material. The available lackaccounts due source to the of reconstructed hostile terms. with whom precariously grandfather was KingBélahimself on –havingthesamehis Andrew nameas youngergreat- the was,interestingly, ancestor, one saint renowned thename bore the of Ladislaus future king one The older hisgrandfather. after mother-in-law. On the other hand, none of Elisabeth’s and Stephen’s sons was given the name This Maria became later on very important for Árpádian dynastical policy. In 1269 she was betrothed to the pro salutedomini Regiskarissimifillinostriinostra, etquam Regis,domine Bele Marieconsortis matriseius, Since the names of the new-born princes and princesses were usually not selected not usually were princesses and princes new-born the of names the Since Maria “only” king, the as to is referred Béla although that observe is to interesting It of blessed memory for the salvation of the souls. son duke Béla andmaster of Stephen,illustrious King andourdearesthusband their mother, beloved most our Maria, Mistress his wife KingBéla, of that for for the salvation of lord King, ourmost beloved son and that of ours, as well as To conclude To mutual the Maria between relationship ishard Elisabeth be and to 207 can offer some clue to the mutual relationship of daughter and CDAC IX., 525. 54 206 CEU eTD Collection and evenmoreby influential another female in the family – was – Margaret concluded. herself Maria of mediation to the also thanks when treaty peace or the wasborn, Ladislaus running on andyounger Queen withwas captured her children. circumstances seriously – aswhilethefighting happened was reunion under unfortunate their Sometimes places. in different residing mostly time period in this spent Elisabeth by Elisabeth. openly her Stephen towards relationship in suffered as fightwell this – which was also reflected quite Maria, even as an obedient wife, this wasno reason neglectto own son completely. However, for as itbutseems that each other, fighting were husbands them as well.Their separated There were very much thanksquestionable tothegeneral insituation thirteenththe thingscentury Hungary. toin contrast, are, terms friendly warm, The asafact. be accepted cannot of them two joinbetween both womenmust in beborn mind thoughof not too, course being Therefore, the enmity overestimated. together andbrother father-in-law husband on side andson, oneand side other Queen Maria on the as well formalinbe slight aspectmustdifferences addressingthe remembered,the of courtesy as the issues, women.Although the two between relationship the these connected significance any further which maybutfragilitynot have does being her earthly life also – which awareof the probably of strikingly needs. recent political pledge only years and two later hardly had been inspiredmore by than personal antipathies taken by Queen Maria hisrestore Palatine properties on by to Moys to promise the wasinterrupted her predecessor the occasion of Elisabeth’stensions or conflict going between them. However, the practice of confirming the donations of coronation. Elisabeth carried out this On the other hand, there were moments of the reconciliation of the family, as when as family, the of reconciliation the of moments were there hand, other the On While two different centres of power were created in 1260s Hungary, Maria and hermother-in-lawElisabeth last rememberedalso inthevery document sheissued – 55 CEU eTD Collection moving. been have could relationship they which in directions basic some outline to try to least at is itthem, with while neccessary dealing However, Cuman. the Elisabeth and Maria Laskaris between therelationship concerning prove materialanything with certainty to nosufficient their relationship, still there are some clues, which can reveal some of its aspects. lack the personal, level knowledge about the more of conceals precise unofficial of evidence Although office. same very the of holders subsequent the and dynasty same the of members contemporaries, were them of two the husbands; their between wars constant only not by promoted his mother Elisabeth. cult – most probably after his father’s death while being still a child, this activity was 210 209 illness. serious from youngthe was cured king healing her thatthrough power is reported Ladislaus –it Laskaris. of Maria lands on reginal the monastery established Island, on Rabbit near Margaret’s often couple resided resulted in the banishing of the Dominicans from the royal court. Actually, the senior royal 208 from marriagereject proposal the P process. her canonisation initiated who also of Stephen, sister favourite was the manner,in she since younger some senior queens and was connected who figure the Margaret Ibid See Legenda Beatae Margaritae . Holy rulers and Blessed Princesses Blessed rulersand Holy , 706. These canmerely clues canbe hints but forwhicharguments offer is there suggested, Therefore to sum up, there were many issues, which connected Maria and Elisabeth Moreover, Margaret was very much honoured even at the court of of her nephew court the at even muchhonoured was very Margaret Moreover, Margaret had also astrongrelationship with her father –although her decision to 210 Afterwards, Ladislaus was much devoted promotion the devoted Afterwards,to Margaret’s Ladislaus of wasmuch , 691-692. , 222. Ĝ emysl Otakar of madethekingemysl Bohemia angry Otakar 56 208 209 and CEU eTD Collection 213 212 211 similar entry can be found in the is styled Maria behind; left not is origin her mentioned, Esztergom together with her husband andyounger son,Béla.when But is she finally in buried queenwas the that reports source the her when death, moment of the at only queen much otherwise. For instance, For much queen otherwise. ancestry much was on commented focusemphasized and by chroniclers, whodid not on this requirements of the medieval queen. period.the of model attributes queenship with the and compared discussed willbesubsequently images Elisabeth as the queen consorts, Christian queens andmothers of the royal family. These Maria and representations of bereviewed, then discussion will queens of the upon origin First sources’ the readability text. the of andthe reasons for structural conveniently applied in sources. written the own representation concerning their didfitideal they the pattern well how arises, now question The introduced. been have Cuman the Elisabeth and Laskaris See Seechapter Chronicon Posoniense The representation of Maria and Elisabeth in the written sources written inthe Elisabeth and ofMaria The representation Maria andElisabeth:Maria The Obedient Wife andthePagan Chronica Picta As it has been already stated, distinctive origin has been acknowledged as one of of the as one acknowledged been distinctive origin has has beenalready stated, As it Perception oforigin of Such representation Mariaboth can be andElisabeth several dividedinto categories, The requirements for the ideal medieval queen were discussed above and both Maria both and above discussed were queen medieval ideal for the The requirements Conception of medieval queeenship of medieval Conception , 127. , 43.Henry of Mügeln, 208. Chronicle ofBratislava CHAPTER V The IlluminatedChronicle 211 Cuman? Indeed, the behind Byzantinetradition Maria’s ..., 12-14. 57 orin that of Henry of Mügeln. filia imperatoris filia Graecorum. pays some attention to Maria 213 212 A CEU eTD Collection PĊ wywodzil odcesarza Nerona. Cesarzowa natmoiastby Cuman becoming girl the queenbe found.Hungary of cannot Kinghimself of hadHungary to her origin was also an important issue in the sources, although any positive evaluation of a Empress (!) was also related by blood toSaintCatherine…the famous martyr.” the hand, other the On Nero. Emperor the from origin his derived who Emperor, Greek the of daughter the she was Maria, named was wife “Béla…whose lineage: Maria’s to Emperors years.” mentioned as “the daughter of Greek Emperor Alexius, who ruled at Constantinople many but background Maria’s isnot left – out though many inaccuracies,with sincesheis ancestry, herpaternal isconcerning written more there much Of course, Kunigunda. Princess Vita BeataeKunegundis his of daughters Sandomierz. theprince In Cracow and –Kunigunda,Shy,Boleslaus of wife 218 217 Kunegundis in the glorified later also was from Crusade backthe way emphasis by chroniclers. Theprestigious match made Andrew that forII firstborn his his on 216 Kingdom of questioned,Hungary was 215 214 “born from the dynasty of the Emperors of the Greeks.” one, her the calling Maria’s ancestry, upon heomita comment did also not that noted be only itshall below –atthispoint bediscussed will herof actions evaluation His chronicler. other Seechapter czenniczk Vita sanctae Kyngae ducissae Cracoviensis Grecorum inperatorum stripe progenita (M.), filliam GraecorumAlexii Caesaris, qui apud Constantinopolim annis pluribus imperavit Bela, którego ma 216 Elisabeth´s case is different, but one thing connects her with Maria at this point – point this at Maria with her connects thing but one different, is case Elisabeth´s Another version of Kunigunda’s vita Although only a short time after her wedding, the advantage of such an union for the for union an such of advantage the wedding, her after time short a only Although Only in of his SplitThomas . 191. ą . Ibid., 126. Maria Laskaris and Elisabeth the Cuman: Introducing the historical characters áĪ onka mia , the Cracowian canon John Longinus pays attention to the origin of á a na imi Ċ Maria, by . Thomas of Split, 366. of Split, . Thomas History . 215 later her origin was found worthy of mention and dedicates more attention to Queen Maria then any Queen Maria then to more attention dedicates á a za 217 58 even attributes a connection to the Roman the to connection a attributes even Ğ córk á a spokrewniona ze ą 214 cesarza greckiego, samza Vita of one of Maria´s saintly ĝ wi ĊWą Katarzyna…s 218 Ğ cesarz ród swój . , 31 Vita Beatae . á awn ą CEU eTD Collection concerning Queen Elisabeth missing herare mentioned Queen completely.concerning almost origin is in If Elisabeth then her daughter-in-law is quite different. If Maria scarcely appears in the chronicles, the accounts herself. forissue Elisabeth such a great was never herwas very son,who to thisseems, of devoted background ithowever,his ancestry. It that 224 223 222 Hungary.” instance, Bruno, the bishop of Olomouc, who agitatedgovern theagainst territories of Spiš, Macsó, and theBosnia. “Cuman queen of 221 220 solam creatoris tuam contumeliam continebit. ergo….filium vel filiam tuam contingat gentilis conubii contagio maculari…(this deed) noniuri effectum, sed binding marriage.: 219 Cumanorum as also but queen, younger the as only not Elisabeth represents charters did not issueCumanorum many chartershe wasstill youngerthe king –usually of Hungary includedonly thetitlealso before 1270. However, at least one of thesebetween Elisabeth and Stephen was – indeed such a union was even against the law. few preserved preservation his country Christian the usesuchmeansfor marriage wouldnever of the king as truly emphasized the Alexander Pope that IV kingdom´s of defence. foronly purposes the hesuch claimingin an sought forto the pope, apologizealliance aletter that suchachoice only VMH, 308. See below. HO VIII,98. See for instance CDAC VII, 33-34. Since these titles were subsequently also included in included also subsequently were titles these Since Fejér, CDH IV.2, 391. pointthis VMH, pope at concludes 240– also themarriage that between Christianand proper,infidel a isnot regina Hungariae While the chronicle tradition reflects the renown of Maria Laskaris’ origin, the case of Even later, Elisabeth’s origin was a convenient weapon forherEven later, Elisabeth’s for opponents, weapon wasaconvenient origin Queen Elisabeth herrarely styled herself by origin. Herintitulatio included usually 224 . ; The queen’s Cuman background becameissue an more even during reignof the 223 222 in the case of his wife it is more complicated to detect this feature, since she feature, this detect to complicated is more his wife it in caseof the Matrimoniiquoque nexusnecchristiano paganum,necchristianum pagano coniungit..Si , respectively iuniorreginaHungariae 59 intitulatio 221 While KingStephen – especially when . , 220 before she was appointed before shewas to appointed 219 Dominus Domina CEU eTD Collection 225 some of from arguedthat crime harvestthe the Although happened citizens. theSpalatins the incident by someprovoked by in young Spalatins an took which queen’s the retinue, unjustly son. second-born law natural himaccordingthe belonged of duke of sincethey to to the territories, these queen went down to DalmatiaThe here. again examined be can above noted to receive Spalatins the with incident Her confidently. the fealty on behalf of her son Béla, appointed as a queenregent as herdid. neveras daughter-in-law queenmothertherefore the or acted she and afterKingBéla husband’s because also herweeks diedonly dependingdeeds, on fighting son.actions wife maybeperceived of theirMaria’s that own as devoted the thecountry was fleeing, during when devastated decade whenhewas Mongols the or the later Mariaon husband’s atherremained sideduringhis the uneasyyearsof reign– he while began, hermarriage indeed. unfortunately However ideal consort –an obedientqueen wife forcounterpart the king –though supporting him, standing also inhis shadow. be hercuriaover and humble – acharitable, preside benefit church, the occasion, protect anidealbeen herhusband already shouldsupport on stated, wife any king’s possible and Elisabeth Cumanincludesthe the presentation As figures these of as hasconsorts. queen political as opponents something which notdid really harmonize with her royal status. the written sources, itis mainly used as an argument –as forinstance in Bruno´s case – by her Thomas of Split, 366. However, when quite something, queen the wanted acted independently self- she and faithful and noble, be that to seems particularly Laskaris Maria glance, first the At Maria of Laskaris representations source written category the of The secondimportant –idealqueens? Maria andElisabeth While Maria was staying in Split, two Hungarian soldiers were accidentaly killed accidentaly were soldiers Hungarian two Split, in staying was Maria While 225 60 CEU eTD Collection promised totreatthem not keepthem well long.and too them and andkingreceived kindly These Spalatins;thedisguished were the children queen of for. had they asked hostages received the andBéla At Maria time that Dalmatia. couple to buthewasrefused.released, 230 229 228 possent, absque remedio devasarent. ad civitatem descendere,predas animalium facere,domos incidere, vineas et agros invadere etcuncta,que 227 words. wholeincident,the queen butthe of thingsaccusednumerous andBélabelieved Spalatins her himself) and Marinus, Procurator of Split, the to royal court topresent their cause and explain oftheaccount Thomas author (the sentArchdeacon afterwards Spalatins asked herto.The husband her when not so, do to decided she when only travelled she – initiative own her on itthis she acted musttime – but north be that stressed finally returned in Maria them custody, 226 herHungary. backto Surprisingly, faithful in persisted the wife harshness. her news, sent two religious men from the order of Friars Minor to calm the queen down and call Mariabutmore angry got and even suspected hethat wasbehind wrongdoing. the soften her. by chance, not by the decision of community, the queen’s heart was set and nothing could burn burn houses, invadevineyardsand fields. livestock, off carry and city the to down go to soldiers her commanded even she that angry Ibid., 376. Ibid., 374. Sed ipsa suo in rigore perdurans Sed ipsa nihil ad rationabilem nostrorum excusationem flectens suianimi rigorem venit. Erat autem cum ipsa exercitus magnus Hungarorum,Sclavorum, Cumanorum, quibus percepir arma capere, 229 The conflictwith Spalatins the was onlyduringresolved journey the next of royal the kept While they Split. citizenscapture some of managedto men even queen’s The At this Maria’simagepoint becomesinteresting. mostKing grieving Béla, upon the The queen refused the excuse of town citizens, moved to the castle of Klis and was so Klis was and of castle tothe moved citizens, of town excuse the refused The queen Thomas asked subsequently for the hostages held by the best men of the city to be to city the of men best the by held hostages the for subsequently asked Thomas 226 Ibid., 372. Thomas of Split., 370. Split., of Thomas 227 Archbishop Robert did his best to obtain peace, best toobtain his Robertdid Archbishop 61 230 Ibid, 368. 228 CEU eTD Collection properabat 234 papal letters in430-439. CDHIII.1, 233 his son Frederick later marriedMaria´s ownyounger sister, Eudokia (Sophia). 232 231 Mongols. advancing the before in flight was family her while city in the reside with citizens,the alsoby recorded of Thomas Split– and queenherself had alsorefused to very because during flightfrom the positive KingMongols, Bélahadalready had one conflict be memory Spalatines´ inmind.Besides, the borne royal the wasin of couple 1260s not unjust, cruel person. On the other hand, author’s personal involvementin the whole case must manner Maria –asan anunflattering however,presents inquite Thomas Split’s account, of necessary. them found she when measures radical more even applied and independently Stephen Stephen when she fled southwards. Canon Roger in his Saint of relics the with husband her by entrusted even was Maria Mongols, by the devastated Andrew rather –whichKing desired.than his marriage dissolve Austria, of Leopold, dukeof court the toflee to in Béla chose 1224 aconflict instance, rolefaithful as wasneitherthe discarded. queen consort resting by the side herof husband and second-born son. On the other hand, Maria’s traditional tradition only perceived limitedheras renowned to Nicean ancestry and asthe faithful wife, chronicle the whom woman the of image the to closer is this Maybe Elisabeth. Queen by tohisson laterinstance, restored for Great,only the landsofMoys the woman, took who, there. lingering was because thequeen border, Austrian the to hurried Muhi, Béla battle the of after Seechapter successor, future Leopold´s And Byzantium. from coming was Theodora wife own Leopold´s Interestingly, Seechapter …inde directo tramite, ut reginam posset attingere, que in confinio Austrie morabatur, quantum poterat, 234 This incidentindeed shows if that Maria made a decision she acted quite The strong bond between the royal couple may be attested by a few examples: for examples: few a by attested be may couple royal the between bond strong The Maria as she is represented in the work of Thomas of Split is much closer to the The king did not manage to meet the queen at that time, atthat meet queen the manage to not Thekingdid . Carmen Miserabile Carmen Maria Laskaris and Elisabeth the Cuman: introducing the historical characters Maria Laskaris and Elisabeth the Cuman: introducing the historical characters , 101. 62 Carmen Miserabile 235 but the point is that when 233 When country When was country also states that states also 231 , 32 and also , 39-40. 232 CEU eTD Collection 236 leave only when he payed himself off by the significant ransom. onthe Austrianside of the border. However, Béla instead of receiving hospitality, fell into captivity and could 235 limited. She negotiate hadeven tohave to –the rightful herson –releasedking from captivity diminishing. was family royal the of power the ones), very trustfworthy –not experienced later himself (andasLadislaus allies results. disastrous with Ladislaus, byhisson, adopted forhimself some sought among support the Cuman ofhiskin wife waslater– this attitude king the that wonder No powerful. increasingly were getting who magnates, bythe challenged Elisabeth, the reality was quite opposite for influence Unfortunately tosecureher meanshow and had power. posses significant the to function, a such with entrusted was who woman, the that asserts it Firstly, regent. the of title the astheonlyÁrpádian queen officially however,she assumed years. only Afterwards, two bound actions withthese werescarcely not politicsthe of Kinghimself. Béla and influence. wieldher own As above, stated though – save theincidentwith Spalatins the – policies asqueen herown able conduct to apowerful woman, reveal quite herlayers of story other boring, bit a seems may she glance first the at Although marriage. their of decades strong relationship with herhusband mutual and their duringsupport almost all fiveof the fictional. becompletely to found Split of Thomas which accusations raised she when even trusted, naturally Béla whom woman in a the end athisside–shewas during theStephen warwith woman also the who stood was meet. Maria to he desired person first was the his wife defeat disastrous the he suffered Seechapter encountered Instead of he her, ex-brother-in-law, his duke Frederick of who Austria, offered shelter the him Elisabeth was indeed the regent of butherElisabeth indeed regentof opportunities kingdom,the the werequitewas Even during the reign herof husband,King Stephen royalV, the was power for consort queen the was she case– more specific even an is Cuman the Elisabeth her through be primarily perceived hasto therefore consort royal the imageas Maria’s Maria Laskaris and Elisabeth the Cuman: introducing the historical characters 63 236 However, even with the Cumans as Cumans the with even However, , 46, 48. CEU eTD Collection alienates restaurare et….reducere possemus pleno iure. quibus terrasinipsa provincial Scypuspossident, experiremur investigatione diligenti, utperinde terras indebite baronum suorum consensus adnos fuissetdevolutum etad petitionem eiusdem domni regis iura uniuscuiusque, 239 238 century formeeting Gutkeled, whichwas approval perceivedfor asher Ladislaus´s captivity. 237 captive. Ladislaus hesitate notdidjoin herforces to with –the very man,Joachim Gutkeled whoheldnew king influential herself – Jenand could do as much as the nobility allowed her to. On the other hand, she also tried to be charters, where Elisabeth speaks about receiving the government of of Spiš: thegovernment speaksabout receiving where Elisabeth charters, King Ladislas appointWhy did and Slavonia. of Macsó, became Bosnia, duchess long, shelater office hold this his mother to all these not did she although of and Spiš, governor asthe she wasappointed by factthat the attested offices? The clue can be found in one of not leftthe out. sources, any evaluation is almost completely left out from the chronicle tradition. In contrast, estates. of significant laterand astheadministrator regent consort was of shortmore since ismuchcomplicated, herrolequeenly Elisabeth’s as case representation. queen duration, she tobe queen appointed which aprovincialregent or is governor, strong politicalof a attribute found herself in the specific asregion, to act there as the official deputy a herof son. She was the onlywidow Árpádian in the non-traditional role of SeeJen Same incident is commented also by Kozstolnyik, ina similarmanner – that the queenwas strongly criticized …cum dominium provincie Scypusde gratiaetfavour dominiregis Ladyzlainostri filii omniumkarissimi et , 255. That she cannot be perceived only as a puppet in the hands of the magnates isalso in magnates of hands apuppet bethe the only perceived as she That cannot Her activities as a woman in power are at this point only dimly reflected in the written It seems that Elisabeth was entrusted with her special offices secureto the royal power alienated lands with the full right. full the with lands alienated the manner same the back…in bring and restore to power the have we as carefully the rights of those, who posses the lands in the province of Spiš itself, of hisbarons Lords, the requestof the andat thisexamine kingwetry to favourGod’s mostgrace, of beloved Lordthe King, our son and the agreement …since the our handsdomain of wasdelivered of bythe Spiš to province the Ę Sz 238 Ħ cs, Az utolsó Árpádok 237 And at this point again – while evaluating Elisabeth, her Cuman origin is Ę Sz Ħ cs even presents Elisabeth as the very ambitious woman, who , 390-392. 239 64 Regesta ducum , 81. Hungary thirteenth in CEU eTD Collection Stephen’s marriage, it isit marriage,Stephen’s important also to behind offer some reasoning,whichstood his parents –hadbeen baptized in already 1254. 243 sunt Scismatici, desponsate fuerunt) daughters of the King Béla“married the Russians, who are schismatics.” ( Bruno demonstrated the decline of the true Christianity in the Kingdom of Hungary by his statement that the two pagans.” Pope Gregory X that the “…Queen of Hungary is a Cuman...her closest relatives are and were as thepart of his he in pro-Bohemian propaganda.political In1272 pointed hisout to report background of Hungarian this queen. Particularly Bruno, bishop of Olomouc, usedthisissue raise not miss theunusual didto mentioned,theopportunity heropponents been already reallymeettheapproval. faction not did political situation was quite unique.isimpact hardlybe judgedto since queenshippattern the requirements, according her However, her attemptsthe evaluation to beof heran roleinfuential got lostprevailingly, but more political, rolebecame death,any Elisabeth’s After Stephen’s at point. in the regent,framework ofcreating the unpopular own rule of Ladislaus. Her .Ę when her younger later samesituation occurred the and be released to Ladislaus fromcaptivity for negotiate son, Andrew, firstinfluence she hadto wasquite situation poor; queen’s isquestionable. In 1270sthe was captured by one of the magnates, Henry Héder of 242 241 240 labelled asanincapable regent, she iseven of – Hungary herregent asthe evaluate toactivities attempted historiography the See Ipsa Regina UngarieIpsa Regina Cumana, est proximi parentes eius gentilesfuerunt. suntet The Realm of Saint Stephen Hungary in the thirteenth century szeg in 1274. At the Gates of Christendom Elisabeth’s religiosity was also a topic discussed in contemporary sources. As it has itAs sources. in contemporary discussed a topic also was religiosity Elisabeth’s The queen pious As the sources reveal, Elisabeth was a faithful spouse of Stephen, their actions agreed their actions of Stephen, spouse was afaithful reveal, Elisabeth sources As the 242 However, Bruno failed to mention that the very closest relatives of the queen – her 241 , 108. , 261. , 255. Ibid. 240 although how muchshe her assserted could have own 243 65 While Bruno recalled the scandalous aspect of aspect scandalous the WhileBrunorecalled Due filieRegisRuthenis, Ungarie qui VMH, 308. Besides, Bishop CEU eTD Collection 248 247 246 1884) (reprint: Georg Olms: Hildesheim, 2004), 568. before. months only cooperating been had she whom with son, her from side opposite the on herself found sometimes mother queen the even and changed often factions fighting the when Hungary, in situation contemporary anti-ecclesiastical attitude anti-ecclesiastical church,his be aweak forElisabeth’s itcan about only evidence evidence affection towards and hestill insisted uponthe return of clergyman’sthe Asproperties. well as is this no in – inthis whenhis the charter with period Church 1284 –the good relations werefarfrom which she had occupied illegally. Ladislaus issued in 1284, wherehe returnurges hismother to landsthe of Zagrebbishopthe her Cuman origin. influencedElisabeth ecclesiasticalwere often byevidencethatshe as took well properties as King wasbaptizedwife shewas of Stephen the fourteenthin chronicle his wrote Maringola of John century, chronicler the When propaganda. their for material relying on older Bohemian sources, he friendly. also stated Bohemian- as labelled be that hardly can administrative althoughStephen’s of policy the and complicated the still were countries the between in relations 1272,the apeacetreaty contracted Stephen may have helda hostile Hungarianthe Althoughtowards position and royal court. Otakar of Maringola], in Maringola], of 245 244 account. Bruno himself was closely linked to P Seechapter …ac occupation indebita, contra Deum et iustitiam attentata. At theGates of Christendom Realm of Saint Stephen …uxor Regis Stephani Cumana nacione, licetbaptizata… Berend´s point is that this charter also must be perceived in the context of the of context in the perceived be must also charter this is that point Berend´s As Nora Berend states in states Berend As Nora Elisabeth’sBohemian sourcestreated originwith the suspicion it– was convenient 244 Maria Laskaris and Elisabeth the Cuman: Introducing the historical characters, Fontes Rerum Bohemicarum 246 , 107. One such piece evidenceof canbe foundin the charter Kingof , 262. 247 At the Gates ofChristendom At theGates , ed. Josef Emler. (Prague: Nakl. Musea Království 248 Besides, it has to be stressed that Ladislaus issued Ladislaus that be stressed has to it Besides, still 66 of Cuman origin. Ĝ emysl Otakar II of Bohemia and therefore Kronika Jana zMaringoly Chronicle[The of John CDH V.3, 245-246. , modern scholars’ views on 245 þ eského, 1873- 45. CEU eTD Collection only in the charter from inonly from inMay God thecharter for thebeginning1290 where her saving thanksto she stageof She herselfnoted early her life infantthat baptised married Stephen. asan when she but pagan, born was she Truly, predecessors. her of those from much vary not did Cuman the attests. Ladislaus healing miraculous of the story, as asthe royal court at the high esteem in the heldwas still of Margaret cult the death, – he even her monastery his Margaret hischose sister Aftersaintly Stephen´s place. as burial well).” (as Drug called similarly Chapter, Esztergom of the possession of herone land, is acertain properties, “Drug…which connectedtotheland called properties for totheconvent, instancein when monastery Elisabeth 1272, gave tothe RabbitIslandfollowing the example Subsequently of SaintMargaret. Elisabeth donated 249 in movements areaof her the competencies. heretic with the also beforgotten cannot Elisabeth that deal and thegovernorof Macsó as Bosnia to promised provostLuke, Esztergom of the instance, for were, her chancellors among wastraditional, as dignitaries, high ecclesiastical bythe held showed piety, made donations to monasteries and churches,ideal is Christian Elisabeth noindeed amongqueen. exception queens;she Hungarian the and the offices at her court were of the pattern the followed completely actions her other situation, political momentary the – argumentthe land–which ecclesiastical takingthe in be of can to easily regard discredited 252 251 250 253 395-396. He is mentioned as the one, who produced Elisabeth´s chapters in 1280. And therefore anotherÁrpádian bearing the name of Saint Elisabeth of Thuringia. Ibid., 78. Seechapter quondam terram Drug vocata, que terre Capituli Strigoniensis similiter Drug vocate est annexa. Simply, there is more evidence which confirms that the religious views of Elisabeth of views religious the that confirms which evidence more is there Simply, One of Elisabeth’s daughter, also Elisabeth, also daughter, Elisabeth’s of One While thequeen’s hostility churchthe towards basically included only main this Themutual relationship between Maria and Elisabeth 249 253 and, in the late 1270s, Philip, bishop of Vác. 67 251 was,for instance, sent to the convent on 252 , 56. Regesta ducum King Stephen was devoted to Kingwas devoted Stephen , 85-91. CDAC VIII, 250 It CEU eTD Collection 259 258 257 256 saintly daughter) did she turn to the Friars Minor. Dominicans – favoured only (though herelater shewasby inspired preferences herof the that Maria first stated itis herself explicitly where theduchessof Kunigunda, Cracow, 255 254 herfrom error.” “pagan order from believed Dominicanthe that influence crossedhis dynastic plans and banned therefore the the royal Béla Dominicans. morethe than much Franciscans the favoured later he although mendicants, court. between Béla and Stephen. an achieve agreement court. royal the to back queen angry the bring to mission delicate the with appointed Minor Friars landbelonging queen’s tothe properties. on was constructed was convent placed–the Margaret Princess where Dominican the Order, with in herassociation instance, for aredisplayed, connections These close orders. mendicant Maria Church, Laskaris,donor to the undeniablyapious woman of and supporter the the met by were named for Elisabeth been which already have attributes same The questioned. much confirming more theare opposite thearguments contrary, numerous. the queen. Christian On asatraditional representation her couldchallenge evidence which bondsthe her with Cumanbackground.There is, however, very only subtle and questionable her husband, son, and parents-in-law. This does notmean that Queen Elisabeth completely cut salvation of her soul and for that of her closest relatives, among whom she names particularly Seechapter See CDH, IV.3, 68-69 and the chapter Thomas of Split, 372. For the foundation of the Rabbit Island monastery see monastery Island Rabbit of the foundation the For Vita Sanctae Kunegundis ... nostri creatoris, quibus nos agentilitates errore revocatam. 256 In the case of Queen Maria, her piety or true Christianity was never doubted nor doubted never was Christianity true or piety her Maria, Queen of case the In Maria’s husband himself is known to have been on very gooda terms with the with terms gooda very on been have to known is himself husband Maria’s Inaddition,Maria gratefully theFranciscan, hehelped FriarJohn thanked when to Themutual relationship between Maria and Elisabeth, , 142. 254 This is also the same charter where Elisabeth pleads for the for pleads Elisabeth where charter same the is also This 258 This was probably reflected in reflected Thiswasprobably the The mutual relationship between Maria and Elisabeth Maria between The mutualrelationship 255 According to Thomas of Split, there were two 68 Legenda Beatae Margarita 257 259 HO VIII 279-280. 56. , 686. Vita of his daughter of , 50. CEU eTD Collection well to this threesome: Constance, the wife of Leo of Galicia. See ofGalicia. Leo of wife the Constance, threesome: this to well 260 by of journey recorded Thomas Dalmatia in instance,forto her herson –as, cooperation with with that of Duke coincided policy donation Maria’s where Béla. sources, diplomatic in the first Second, isreflected proximity Maria is often representedyounger shefamily struggles. In son,Slavonian toher wasclose DukeBéla.This contrast, as acting on behalf by influenced heavily complicated, herwasquite son with older sons. Maria’srelationship of or in two of thealso and daughters four least at of mother the was Elisabeth sons; two and daughters how do they evaluate theirmaternal roles? dynastic politics.Árpád inthe crucial became who asthose as well How convent the entered who of princesses much sources reveal mothers were the Both sonsfor reasons. various firstborn their with relationships complicated about their relationshipmothers with their of children largein the written sources is that of the queen as mother.a Bothand Maria and Elisabeth became the families, both secured the dynasty withChristianity. an heir,Latin the of norms religious the adopted clearly Maria – times Béla´s during andrecorded bothis communities Orthodox the or monastery Greek had the for support increased No Christianity. at least Western of not those were beliefs original Maria´s that guess never he would Laskarids, the of Orthodoxy the about know not did someone If issue. an became never background Orthodox her interesting, is which although, question, beyond is religious very was court Maria’s Margaret, Kunignda and Yolanda, former two are canonised, latter beatified. The fourth sister can be added as be added can sister fourth The beatified. latter canonised, are two former Yolanda, and Kunignda Margaret, Both Maria and Elisabeth were mothers of large families: Maria bore Béla Béla eight bore Maria families: large of mothers were Elisabeth and Maria Both thequeens’representations addresses concerning category The lastthis which chapter Themother queen andthe princesses. saintly three least of at mother the also was Maria Moreover, 69 Holy Rulers, Blessed Princesses , 208, 231. 260 That CEU eTD Collection the story in story the vita isconcerned, the Kunigunda’salso husband future butsister of thesister-in-law – of herself.Maria Franciscans and later on in even more interesting context when she got into conflict again. conflict into got she when context interesting more in even on later and Franciscans the towards sympathies in change her of occasion the on mentioned is queen The vita. purposes of butis hagiographical the genre, notthe this sole Maria inKunigunda’s account of pleasure. her great wouldgivewho a girl, birth the of announcing and her comforting heavens from voice a heard she when calm became who child spiritual youngto tutor Princess Kunigunda afterherarrival in Cracow. of a kind became who Salome, Blessed the sister, Boleslaus’ towards hostility her and Shy Boleslaus Kunigunda´s marriage the to of reveals Maria’s source the disapproval later, told; is her before daughter birth oldest the Maria dream of First,the Kunigunda. SaintQueen of canonised – later who was ofhervita daughters of inanother the included Laskaris arealso Maria concerning passages Longer cordial most with hadone nun whom the the relationship. queen motheris she first mentioned in her biography the of saintly Margaret,as daughter, the Esztergom. in buried all they were since place, burial inbe their seen son can younger and their regards to the period while both womenwere living at the same royal court, being married with two brothers. 267 Slavonia of later Duke on. the Aftermade was he his death, Then followingGalicia. in the battleestablished be at Mohito in 1241,succeeded Salomenever movedColoman though back to Galicia, Poland. on claims Hungarian and Polish Lesser the connect to order in II, Andrew and White the Lešek Prince father by her 1214 266 265 264 263 262 261 Split Because if there were some tensions between Maria and Salome, these are impossible to be revealed in be revealed to impossible are these Salome, and Maria between tensions some were there if Because Salome was married to Béla´s brother, Slavonianof Split. Dukeof Thomas Coloman. Her account sources marriage the to to Colomanrefers washagiographical “again” contracted This in of Kunigunda´s versions both the in included is queen anxious the about story The Henry of Mügeln, 208 or ChroniconKnauzianum, SRH II, 339. For instance CDH IV.2, 236-237 or Ibid., 399-401. Thomas of Split, 366. 261 -and thisis confirmed invarious charters. At this time the author of vita records Maria’s hostility towards Princess Salome, the PrincessSalome, towards hostility Maria’s vita records of author the thisAt time First, Maria is represented as a worried young woman awaiting the birth of her first her of birth the awaiting young woman asaworried is represented Maria First, The relationship between Maria and her daughters also offers interesting stories. As interesting alsooffers stories. andherdaughters between Maria The relationship 263 267 the conflict between the two of them was triggered when 70 262 Third, the closeness of the royal couple 264 This scene prevailingly suited the suited prevailingly scene This 266 Asfar as 265 CEU eTD Collection ed. Jerzy Andrzej Wojtczak (Warsaw: Zak ĝ in Haliciensis, Reginae Salomeae sanctae See Vitae Áspádians. of last reign the during life courtly woman rejecting earthly vanities, did not approve. Anyway shortthis account offera brief glimpse into the Andrew II, Yolanda270 de Courtenay155-156. – it is said that this Queen was fond of tournaments, which Salome as the 269 268 sister-in-law. her all about at nothing says herself Salome of vita the – ladies royal can muchNo tell the relationship accounts two other between husband). (Salome’s about Kinghave between previous the animosities possible simply Bélaandbrother hisreflected could hostility her hand, other the On Árpáds. of that with together joined line, renowned her forfound she descendant of match the maybe had unsuitable the Cracowian duke – the and daughter firstborn her between marriage idea the of the with really reconciled reliability of the secretlybeen taking thethe princess reminiscence toput“old asideher anger.” to waseager Laskaris reconciled and Maria Hungary – it is obvious that Miraculously indeed (whichis of Kunigunda’s pointthe biographer)woman two the were of Maria the wasbe shown. to status notSalome’s story honouring of signs any forbade Maria Esztergom, at court royal bound with Hungary unsurprisingly,Salome meet cameto Later, Princess Kunigunda. again when the to Kunigunda ´s marriage and policies. works of her own successor – regardless frame of positive,the of activities pious Salome, whohad foundBlessed inKunigunda a the legend’sher The Cracow. seesthis to Boleslaus sentsecretly and to deedwithin author the literally in Kunigunda tomarry vita)Salomeyoungthe (according to order abducted girl the whom she indeed had ambiguous attitude, already discussed above. Her interactions her discussed with above. Her already attitude, indeedwhom hadambiguous she seems, she, like Béla, herbuther As varied children with naturally it numerous relationships andwerecomplicated. was closer to their younger son than the firstborn, Stephen, towards redniowieczne Interestingly though itsays something about the relationship between Salome theand second wife of King ...Maria pohamowala swój dawny gniew i poprosi Vita Sanctae Kyngae After suchan incident, the weddingfollowed, unattended by royal the of parents Judging from Judging evidence, from written the source Maria indeed wasprobably alovingmother, Ī yciorysy B , 128. á . Kingi i B á . Salomei á ad Graficzny.,1999), 208. 268 [Medieval Lives of Blessed Kunigunda and Blessed Salome] Blessed and Kunigunda Blessed of Lives [Medieval á a, by przyprowadzi 71 ü do niej jej córk 269 Ċ This should have should This , to jest King 270 Ċ .. Ibid., CEU eTD Collection nobles. Her position as a regent was especially complicated from her aspect of from the complicated was especially aregent Her position as nobles. they were rivals –ashortOncemothertogether and andson while ruleLadislausIV. stood afterwards the of – owing to the momentary development her towards older son. attitude influenced Elisabeth’s and willpresence there was the result of a momentary political situation, which was the factorof that also his thein Poland, appeared who Andrew really mostwas it If unknown. are event whole the towards prominent to fulfilto his hopesof the supporters. in didnotmanage murdered 1290,therefore Hungarian However, this “Andrew”was throne. unclear,butKunigunda andher allies Piast use intendedhim to foras acandidate the 273 272 271 Ladislaus. brother, hisown against vitathe of SaintKunigunda have heis to reported toPoland fled atsome pointto seek shelter 1278.In around he sometime died been that has assumed it traditionally shadows –although is interesting in quite puzzling.of younger lifestory and disappears The prince the the relationship andher duke Andrew, the of Elisabeth younger son, of Slavonia, hisstory though Byzantium. and Serbia, Naples, homelands: between her and her oldest son, Ladislaus, than the others. relationship the about is known more children, her Among well. very female royal the of role traditional the filled also Cuman the Elisabeth her. of demanded role her which expectations piousmanaged children, meetthe very inenvironment, who wereseemingly to a raised personality. image totheof Maria’s add somefeatures characteristic helpfurther to children, however, Martin Homza, “Sv. Kunigunda a Spiš”, 402. chapter Seethe Vita Sanctae Kyngae The sources speak alliance the eloquently about changingduring Elisabeth’s regency The daughters of Queen Elisabeth married while still young and moved to their new their to moved and young still while married Elisabeth Queen of daughters The herten with mother, Maria asa queen for the requirements medieval Concerning the Maria Laskaris and Elisabeth the Cuman: introducing the historical characters , 274-275. 272 273 Whether this man was indeed the son of Elisabeth is Elisabeth’s connections to this person and her attitude her and person this to connections Elisabeth’s 72 271 Not much can be concluded about the muchabout canbeconcluded Not , 36. CEU eTD Collection 274 much favour. however,misinterpreted, and hersubjection considered Gutkeled winto – which her not did visitKosztolnyik, –according was heldcaptive this visited to Gutkeled, boy the who Joachim time afterbecame he the king of Hungary following the death of Stephen isV. It said that she ashort only Ladislaus freedom of for the shepleaded instance, when –as,for motherhood of Elisabeth’s improperbehaviour. See VMH,308. 275 the Papal Legate Philip of Fermo to fight the heretics in the territory which falls under her fallsunder fight in heretics the Fermowhich territory the Papal the Legate Philip of to followand in instance Macsó instructions Bosna of Duchessof asthe 1280 promised to the in Cumans. emphasized the to connection it was only sources, bequeen’s from the concluded as can However, Cumans. himselfand the between linkLadislaus first naturally she wasthe court of his father–his for mother wasalso supporting known herCuman and relatives, his mother. Presumably,he had come into the contact with their customs and way lifeof at the than influenced havefarmore byCumans he been to seems Ladislaus andthose Elisabeth, of Cuman origin of Queen Elisabeth. was one of his closestallies. Whatcan be arguedis Ladislausthat muchwas influenced by the mother imply thathis would That territories. inspecific secure the royal authority suitable to and reliable Elisabeth found him around people the and Ladislaus years, turbulent following completely.berejected also cannot however, power, the gain to wish the by influenced also were actions her That free. son her set to wanted only See As it has been seen above, although for instance bishop Bruno of Olomouc who fails to give specific example specific give to fails who ofOlomouc Bruno bishop instance for although above, seen been has it As Hungary in Thirteenth Century While Ladislaus´ problems with the clergy were gradually growing, Elisabeth, for Elisabeth, growing, gradually were clergy the with problems Ladislaus´ While of representations and actions the over looks when but puzzling, bit be a may It the during Ladislaus and Elisabeth between relationship in the changes the Despite 274 Elisabeth as perhaps acted motherany would–putting politics –she aside , 254-255. 275 73 origin , not that much her much that not , actions , which is which , CEU eTD Collection Courtenayof Yolanda two) these of (except queens Árpádian , the IsabellaAmong royal followed. of the clergymen members highest the and of palatine, council queen, Naples,of the seal the of hierarchy, Fennena of view point the from Piast himself, king the and Agnes Habsburg useditself their was ownattached. seals (all The ofmost them important 278 thirteenth among the seals277 was of courseinviolabiliter observari... in the Kingdom of Hungaryefficaciter faciemus a nostris subditis inducatibus ceterisque comitatibus nostreReginalipotestatithatsubiectis one of aut approbata, seu etiam acceptata, observabimus et admandatum sancte ecclesie Romane, nos etper etiam ea hereticos ethereticam pravitatem, quibuscumque nominibus censeantur,per sanctam sedem apostolicam edita apostolice sedis legati, promictimus assumimuset perpresentes,quod omnia statute, iuraatque decreta contra 276 standingis Béla, behind who thecrown placing on Stephen’s head. Illuminated Chronicle in image isthe the depiction of Maria’s occasions One rare the is of scarcer. even material much. reveal not does still it – though mother queen the as Cuman the Elisabeth on light some throw can which sources few very the Elisabeth pleads in her charter for the Dominican convent. This documentfrom 1290 is one of theirmutual aresubtlerelationship indeed.Ladislausis listed still among thosefor whom govern (or rather hiskingdom)herthe and to influence reluctance son’sgovernment upon her of defining possibilities the actions, Therefore attitudes. and whereabouts, contemporary material her on lacksource inspecify which 1280s,rests the would especially of later competence. hand, both hand,queens both withdisposed theirseals. own beinimage alsoperceived in On her with prevailing connection sources. written other the the supportive– standing queen consort ather husband’s side, but still ina bit behind –which can faithful, as the Maria´s representation impression, supporting leaves an however, and interesting, imageisstill This for Elisabeth. representation bea similar comparedcannot with Seal (lat. sigillum) served as the main device of proving the credibility of the document to which the seal Chronica Picta …ad requisicionemet commonicionem Reverendi patrisdeigracia nostriPhilippi Firmaniepiscope, While the written evidence concerning both women is not very large, the visual the large, very not is women both concerning evidence written the While Visual representations ofMaria and Elisabethonseals 276 The problem for afurther definition of Elisabeth’s inposition Hungary, , 127. See TABLE V. VMH, 348. , where she is presented as witnessing the coronation of Stephen is of – she Stephen thecoronation aswitnessing , wheresheis presented 74 278 The queens’ seal held similar importance similar held seal queens’ The 277 However, this depiction CEU eTD Collection 279 MagyarNemzeti Múzeum, 1993) 55-56. pecséthasználat történetea középkorban century queens, beginning withYolanda, who married Andrew II in 1215) See Bernát L. Kumorovit, the holdinginherthrone, sceptre hand probably the right holdingin and herleft the hand. orb below. depicted below. All accessible relevant data are concerningElisabeth and Maria of seals any available othertwo – sealslifetimes their of during theseseals twodifferent areused given authority. Their design alsofollowed the formal style of king´s seal. to thatof meanthad legal king–they werealsothe they called “authentic,” which that full Ibid. The Seal of Maria Laskaris ofMaria The Seal The seal measures approximately eighty mm in diameter. It depicts Maria sitting on sitting Maria depicts It diameter. mmin eighty approximately measures seal The [History of using seals in medievalHungary] (reprint Budapest: 75 279 The queens sometimes A magyar CEU eTD Collection slovenskej heraldiky king, Andrew III. Herseal inscription also referto herfather. For her seal see Ladislav Vrte 281 280 origin of Maria Laskaris – which would agree with the number of letters and with the placing Judging by queens´seals, other preservedthe thirteenth-century Hungary,inscriptionencircled again –preserved than even with the worse on obverse. the very not well preserved. “MARIA GRACIA inscription: REGINA HVNGARIE.” DEI The queen is wearing a crown. The seal is encircled most probably with the following See below. The similar is the case for example of the seal of Fennena Piast, the first wife of last Árpádian Maria, by the God´s grace, the Queen of Hungary The reverse partof seal the shows thedoublecross as thesymbol Kingdom the of of [Eight centuries of Slovak Heraldry] (Martin: Matica Slovenská, 1999) 52. 76 280 281 The inscription, however, is however, inscription, The the writing may refer to the Đ , Osem Osem storo þ í CEU eTD Collection Siklós. sided seal, 1267, DL 686. double- attached with Laskaris of Maria charter The Archive). National (Hungarian Levéltár Országos Magyar 283 282 “ELISABET DEIGRATIA REGINA VNGARIE ETFILIA IMPERATORIS inscription states: sides. The headsat with wolves’ decorated on athrone she sits breastand seal shows Queen Elisabeth with the crown above her head. Her hands are crossed on her privileges byhergiven son,the Slavonian DukeBéla,to GRAECORVM.” IMPERATORIS FILIA “MARIA itselfmay have said: inscription the which Therefore be ofletters, can of recognized. those “Maria, the daughter of the Greek Emperor” Greek of the daughter the “Maria, Nycolaus comes filius Iule deSuclous 283 The seal of Elisabeth the Cuman Elisabeth of The seal This seal measures approximately eighty-five mm in diameter. The front part of the of part front The mm indiameter. eighty-five approximately measures seal This This particular seal was attached to Maria’s charter issued in 1267 that confirm the confirm issuedin 1267that Maria’s charter to was attached seal This particular This Suclous stands for Siklós, which is in former county of Baranya. 77 282 comes Nicolas, son of Julius of Julius of son Nicolas, CEU eTD Collection double-sided seal, 1273, DL 844. 287 286 285 284 1273 at beginningthe of her regency for LadislasIV. QVINTI QVARTI BELE ILLVSSTRIS REGIS FILII.” inscription, encircling this part of the seal says: “S (sigillum).VXORIS STEFANI REGIS CVMANORVM” charter was re-drawn by András Palóczi Horváth in Elisabeth´s donation charter to inscription. the of identification the help may which re-drawn, was itself seal the Magyar Országos Levéltár (Hungarian National Archive). Thecharterof Elisabeth the Cuman with attached Peter was the judge of Elisabeth´s curia S(eal) of the wife ofthe King Stephen V., the son of illustrious King Béla IV. Elisabeth, by the God´s gracethe Queen of Hungary, the daughter of the Emperor of theCumans Comparison of Maria´s and Elisabeth´s seal representations seal Elisabeth´s and Maria´s of Comparison The case. asinMaria’s cross double the of depiction the bears also The reverse 284 In this case, the letters are a bit better preserved than in Maria’s case inMaria’s and preservedthan areabit letters better the Inthis case, comes …filii petri…judicis curiaenostrae Dominic, son Dominic,of son of Csákfamily, Peter the Cumans, Iasians, Pechenegs 78 287 285 This seal was attached to See DL 844. , 78. TABLE V. TABLE , 78. 286 Elisabeth´s issued in issued CEU eTD Collection 289 333. customswas of course presented as the ofresult his mother´sorigin. Gyula Pauler, actions. Berend´sauthority.” assert to attempt an and thesisindicated Christian it did inreferences not from originate an ‘emperor’ Cuman pride…rather that this part of the inscription represents “Elisabeth´s claim to 288 queen. formedieval themodel her unsuitability and about served as interest an argument triggered about Maria´s “Greek” ancestry,but the “daughter of the Cuman emperor” in Elisabeth´s case significance. issuingtime of of fact seal the only – this thatthefigure confirms of royal itsthe mother had atthe Ladislaus, son, herolder of regent the as is acting Elisabeth Béla; son by heryounger with connected rolethe of mother aconfirmation –Mariaqueen issues of awarded privileges Stephen, who is “the son of King Béla.” It is also interestingis case in case itlatter on obverse, onthe reverse. the the to note that both informer’s differs: statement location this the of although by origins, are distinguishedtheir charters are butMariaElisabethlacking as iswielding Both Elisabeth thisattribute. well, and the sceptre royal authority strengthened by wearing acrown. Besides, in Maria’s case, sheis obviously depicted the Queenhaving sitting throne, the grace the Both arealso on God’s of Hungary.” queen herself identified is depicted, inboth cases with traditionalthe of written text. On the other hand, the model is basically the same: on the obverse side the Ibid. At the ofAt Gates Christendom 288 However, Nora BerendHowever,“the Nora argues stating attitude, this against idea that descent of Both women are also represented through their origins. There is nothing extraordinary nothing is There origins. their through represented also are women Both King of wife is the she that information the carries inscription seal Elisabeth’s in amount the more detailed rather, or more complicated, Elisabeth Queen of The seal , 263.Ladislaus´s deep Cumansthe with and affection living according totheir 289 This statement indeed harmonizes with Elisabeth´s with harmonizes indeed statement This 79 Magyar Nemzet Története, intitulatio : “X, by the CEU eTD Collection transmitted knowledge 294 293 292 291 290 Ladislaus, and clergy the between major conflicts and first synod of Buda After the may. emphasis on – with the self representation aspect of Elisabeth’s authority. the assert first Spiš as her domainheldin whenshe veryactive–thiswasthe period politically 1273, still was 1280 Elisabeth and then Bosnia and1273. Macsó as well. Therefore in her had originby glorifying asshe strengthen her done haveneedednot authority to she still needed to of “khan.” equivalent wasthe “emperor” title the perception in their in Hungary: Cumans the as well turbulent time. As András Pálóczi Horváth has commented in his work on the Cumans as such support Elisabeth’sin Christian a authority hierarchy to adevice explicitrulership as of make in parallel the tothe may havebeen attempt an of Cumans” “emperor the term the useof of Stephen V. The widow – the she wasqueen –and, because of course, motherhood hermade butnotbecause of herbecause regent origin,was of Elisabeth questionable. rulership simultaneously as conferred on her by her birth (descent from an emperor)” Rabbit Island Monastery on the seal of the convent from from RabbitMonastery the theIsland sealof 1280s which represents convent the on the of as theco-founder husband’s side her at is depicted she this case, In depiction Maria. of only on the level of the hypothesis for now. presentfindmotherjustherself to thenotit Cumans? didmust askin to This proper remain Which simply means either the seals I was able to find and see myself or those about which I have only the Seechapter Ibid. At theGates of Christendom Cumans, Pechenegs, Iasians 292 Leaving off the “daughter of the Cuman emperor” formula may offer a clue to another In 1280 the information on Elisabeth’s ancestry In information Elisabeth’s her1280 the missing ancestry on from was seal may – she Among the data available directly or indirectly topic, this on indirectly or available directly data Among the However, while the queen mother’s situation was maybe less threatened than in than less threatened was maybe mother’s while situation queen However, the 291 Maria Laskaris and Elisabeth the Cuman: Introducing the historical characters , 263. , 78. 80 293 is there a possibility that his 294 there is another seal is another there , 46. 290 seems CEU eTD Collection Margaret that her royal parents promised their youngest daughter youngestbirth. promised herVirgin to the royalparents Margaret that at their 296 295 queen’s the of previously category, discussed the into falling really not representation, her of example an additional just is this that mind Mary. Virgin the child to new-born the raising kneeling, be seen can couple royal The monastery. the of foundation its individual its individual andfeatures wasinfluenced byvarying circumstances. includes each case that fact the of result the are Thedifferences patterns. similar followed and harmonized mostly andMaria of Elisabeth visual the representations circumstances, different rather to emphasize herunusual background. of ideaa queen’s behaviour –or itthat Elisabeth’s wasnot tooppose established the patterns information suggests the available herreligiosity. However, is connectedwith closely also sources and Herorigin inthe seal here too. wasanissue definitely –andrepresentations, that is medieval in case abitof more the written queenship. Elisabeth’s complicated; Hungarian As well as the fact that she was very much connected with the monastery, founded on herown estate. Holy Rulers and Blessed Princesses Maria’s piety Maria’s It seemsalthough that, from coming such a backgrounddifferent andexperiencing sum visual notany patternsthe To contradict representation does at point up, Maria’s 296 as displayed on this seal should be stressed, but one must bear in 295 This is undoubtedly a reference to the story in the legend of Saint of legend inthe story the to areference is undoubtedly This , 261. For the image of the seal see Appendix, TABLE V. own 81 seal. CEU eTD Collection 297 common woman – being an loyal,obedient, spouse. supportive and medievaldiffer expected not her of the – she king’s to from the In status any queen. was wife of features basic as were required piety and charity Besides, of dynasty. the continuation the secure to also instance.was for Her duty curia, papal withthe corresponded privileges, and confirmed –gave donations, and herpolicies own conducted estates obtained reginal she wasnotreallyHowever, andbeingapowerful questionable player desirable. political itshave extentwashowever of The acceptance queen to influence. some supposed was assassination of the queen. – the extent ultimate very the – evento disagreement trigger also could influence her course; of Hungarian, not was she that only not was case The nobility. native the to regards in her definition.” Hungary.points which defined the status of medievala queen – therefore also the status of the queen Sheof was firstly establishedof medieval patterns the queenship. the symbol with representations source their and together also comparing characters both juxtaposing of into the established queenship patterns – primarily by introducing the comparative approach, an achievedthe research questions – who they were, how they were represented and howmuch they suited politicalknown Árpádian queens – MariaLaskaris and the Elisabeth Cuman – and seekanswers to alliance – “almost by János Bak, “Queens as scapegoats,” 228. The main purpose of this paper was to present the life stories of the two not-well- On the other hand, it was natural in the medieval understanding of the world that the that world the of understanding medieval inthe natural was it hand, other the On First Ihave outlined the mainfeatures of queens’ androles duties – some crucial 297 As it turned out, the queen being a foreigner may have meant difficulties for difficulties meant have may foreigner a being queen the out, turned Asit CONCLUSION 82 CEU eTD Collection be remembered as well. as be remembered 299 298 as well as Elisabeth theirsupported husbands, Maria areconcerned, sources As farasthe Transylvania. to moveSlavonia madefrom to later consorts of the appointed ruler of Slavonia and young queens of Hungary – both of them were the became both they throne, the to heirs the Marrying age. young a at dynasty Árpádian arguments toreject this view and her support representation as a Christian queen. strong are there However, in of Elisabeth. to case the andobjected was debated this although – queens Christian Latin like acted have to seem queens both case, neither in Christian marriagedeal Latin before and background was differed agreat theirinstance, religious for Though, to some extent. similar path followed a careers their circumstances, kinds of various by times many influenced were lives their and milieus different very from came they interesting emerged.While characters, observations and two Whenjuxtaposing these cons. interpretationspossible providing also their pros alternative the academic discourse, within haveto offer appearedtobecontroversial,attempted data I queens of these Hungary. If were extentwhat influential they as who to they figured data, were and out biographical intoa broader conceptualization of Árpádianthe (and generallymedieval) queenship. andsetting own agency their Maria andElisabeth a for background presenting general create Elisabeth actually had the opportunity Elisabeth more execute hadtheopportunity strongly actually power to Maria.and openly than that suggest would That for her sonLadislaus. regent became the herhusbanddied,she after contrary, the On two. for only Elisabeth years, thirty-five for title this held – Maria differed between conflict ruling the andhis king successor. Though inMaria´s case the incident with her possible repudiationfrom the early stage of her marriage should Seebelow. To sum up the common issues, both memberssum both the Elisabeth issues, andMariabecameof the To up the common individuals,both queens as theiraccessible provided Subsequently have presented I to in in order thesis the wereintroduced these patterns stated, As hasbeenalready However, their careers after their husbands became the (senior) kings of Hungary of kings (senior) the became husbands their after careers their However, 299 83 which inevitably meant being involved in the 298 CEU eTD Collection her soul. her theirgrandfather orthe style ofaddressing Maria inElisabeth´spleading for charter prayerssalvation forthe of 300 not that hostile. their husbands, of course,between war wasthe in relationship main obstacle their The anddaughter-in-law. as mother- but some sources leave certain thestatements. Definitely, the two of themimpression knew each other well and were in close contact that theirmore then clues Ihave issue.offered Therefore this particular material concerning source relationship was lackdue tothe limited the extentonly of beto could in accomplished involved atask,which both were they events; the by influenced was relationship their how of question the answer and Spiš. Macsó, Bosnia, later being appointed also with offices nowhich queenhad heldbefore –the governance of figure,be aninsignificant perceived as cannot this, Elisabeth Despite alternately. each other contemporary situation, when the most powerful magnates took control, fighting the king and policy. standing in the shadow maybeas perceived wife(though faithful beonly not asupportive to However, Maria turned of her husband), but also a woman who indeed conducted her own medieval in particular reflected queenship ofÁrpádiantwo examples these queenship? Cuman in order to answer notmaterial this does stage allowmyat of more examination precisely.this topic last researchmain features question: of Maria’s can these has been which the alreadystated, usually failed.outline are clues However, as attitude How weretowards theseattempts even On thecontrary, herbrother. father with her toreconcile and renown Elisabeththe general and vice versa whousedherinfluence Princess Margaret, of thefigure with have beenconnected seem to patterns – the amount of ofsource As, for instance, one of Elisabeth´s daughters was named Maria, while none of their sons bore the name of I have toaddressalso mutual the attempted of relationship Elisabeth Maria and and On the other hand, Elisabeth’s position as regent was complicated thanks to the Last, I have focused on the sources representation of Maria Laskaris and Elisabeth the Elisabeth and of Laskaris Maria representation sources on the I havefocused Last, 300 Besides, Elisabeth’s husband was still Maria’s son and both royal couples royal both and son Maria’s still was husband Elisabeth’s Besides, 84 CEU eTD Collection hand made her harmonize completely with the model model the wife. with made herharmonize completely hand other the on –which queen potential the her made once had who man the to gratitude show fight with us,” with fight andin already mentioned, againstus Maria of her one to andBéla“revolted desired charters, in herAsfather. his hisshe stated husband warsagainst supported material she indeed reveals were on the behalf of her husband she was not evaluated negatively save in these two cases. 302 301 could – show hermaybein powers but the parallel as with Helen, Queen –Mariaobviously woman standingaside presentation the of offer adifferent These sources andSalome. Maria between hostilities earlier of some possibility well as the as in case this harshly even without a righteous reason. The bias of Thomas of Splitmust not be overlooked justundistinguishedcoulda self-sufficient an housewife,butwoman angry who get and act story of Thomas of Split or the she is usually aroundhersomewhere husband, following him and supportinghim. Butthe hisorder to protect country possibleMongolinvasionanother against by means. any possible actually fulfilled since the requirements, with the in Cumanswasby Kingunion sought Béla needs she than ofthe prism the momentary through though Hungarian of politics Elisabeth, was Cuman. Therefore, in this case Maria queen the much that Hungary of didnot appreciat sources and these inthen some diplomatic proved to be moreand only chronicle suitable one in origin her of perception the for on accounts therelevant the rolefound have I she played which was renowned and noteworthy. Indeed, Elisabeth was notfavoured by the chroniclers – backgroundthisqueens both Maria’s of point– at wasnothing there objectto to ancestry, original the First, discussed. were representation the of afewcategories Subsequently CDAC III, 275. The wife of Béla II. Elisabeth the Cuman didnot perform any worse on this point, however,as the source Queen Maria especially, is presented as a faithful wife; when one views her life story herlife wife; views when one asafaithful is presented especially, Queen Maria 302 which clearly defines her position in the whole conflict. Elisabeth did not Legend of Blessed Salome Legend of 85 actually reveal that Maria was not 301 since her since actions CEU eTD Collection she was found suitable beto appointed as the governor of other territories – and sowas Maria – still, regent real a than nominal a more was Elisabeth stood. have could mother royal the of 303 tradition.” specific any through not background becauseher andforceful probably Venetian of personality, but reign, heryears of son´s first in the influential “was Morosini Thomassina III, Andrew king, Árpádian last of mother the that states Bak János sons. their of of one stead in the interestinga questionable issue isboth they exercisedto common (though power extent) that The relationship. a complicated had they sons firstborn their to in regard especially although – the momentary development of events as well. seems only logical to conclude that the personal level of communication was influenced by during his her reign,otherthe hand on Ladislaus openlyopposed actions atsome It points. andLadislaus was ambiguous; withElisabeth on onehandthe high was entrusted offices between Elisabeth relationship the Also, her rule. son’s towards attitude have apositive not shein that did which showed Bohemia, her with granddaughter she ledthecorrespondence whenMaria Stephen wascomforted and reconciled. Béla King this, Despite when died, Béla Margaret. daughter, youngest her close to Maria wasparticularly that however, seems, It nunnery. Island Rabbit in the daughters their of one placed them of both though The with daughtersrelationship numerous the isconcealed especially inElisabeth’s case, younger son Béla; Elisabeth’s attitude to her other son Andrew is unclear, as is his whole fate. relationships with their oldermore sonsespecially far complicated.were Maria favoured the Bak, “Roles and functions”, 20. functions”, and “Roles Bak, Both Maria and succeededin Elisabeth securing the continuity dynasty the of as such The situation was much different with Stephen – as can be detected in the sources, the husbands, their with relationships strong had Elisabeth and Maria both As 303 However, it seems that there was some basis upon which the authority the which upon basis some was there that seems it However, 86 CEU eTD Collection broader patterns of medieval queenship) can contribute to perspectives of the further research thefurther perspectives of to can contribute medieval queenship) of patterns broader the with within a comparison biographical account the thisthat kindof (connecting approach think I address to aspects interesting many with topic, researched extensively an not still is subjects WhileÁrpádian before, examinednor assuch separate the queenship comparatively. as been treated not have who Cuman, the Elisabeth and Laskaris Maria both of biographies circumstances. various despite patterns established into fitting of possibilities human the of limits the within consort queen ideal the of requirements the fulfilled have to appear Laskaris Maria and Cuman the Elisabeth both in Iwould sources, arguethat negative of discussing representation the their background the after but various circumstances, life story due to had a different them each of Of course, both women, coming from different milieus, adapted themselves to their roles seemingly well. more colourful character though impressionmuch to be too, shealsoproved the a representation, of Laskaris’ Maria then the traditional interpretationoppose the tradition of herof pious role queenTherefore assumed. it is also my conclusionconsort, that Elisabeth´s actions Toas preserved loyalsum in the sources do not up,first Laskaris. Maria ofof asthat pattern same the follows simply herseal on allwas represented to her husband. This is exactlyorigin were considered toprove that she was deeply bound with her Cuman roots, the way she her on reminiscences the Though husband. her of ancestry paternal the and marriage her background the queen of Hungary came from. Elisabeth Besides, was also distinguished by of importance the the origin, their emphasising inregardsto particularly they are represented Dalmatia. This again raises the issue of both queens as the women-in-power. to she travelled whom of instead son Béla, her of behalf fealty on for accepting suitable found I seemy to contribution academicthe in discourse brief fieldasofferingthis To assert their legal authority, both Maria and Elisabeth wielded their seals, where seals, their wielded Elisabeth and Maria both authority, legal their assert To 87 CEU eTD Collection the widerthe framework of Árpádianthe period. – not only in cases the of Elisabeth Cumanthe Mariaand Laskaris as queens, butalso within 88 CEU eTD Collection Kronika Janaz Maringoly Július,Sopko, ed. John of Plano Carpini. “Itinerarium et Historia Mongolorum.” In: In for aWife.” of Manual Paris. “The Householder Fejér, G.,ed., ______. 304 Dvo Chronicon Posoniense Chronicon Knauzianum Chronici Hungarici CompositioSaeculi XIV Chronicon HenricideMügeln Chronica Picta Akropolites. Georgios For further references see references further For Ĝ ák, Pavel, ed. 1873-1884. (reprint:Georg Olms:Hildesheim, 2004) Hungary called the Chronicle of Dubnica]. Budmerice: Rak, 2004. 1965. Budapest: Gondolat, 116-117. 57-108, Györffy,Carpini and Rubruk],ed.György Julianus, PlanoCarpini és Rubruk útijelentései Bohemicarum. Ed. Josef Emler, 485-605. Prague: Nakl. Musea Království Prague: Bohemicarum. Nakl. 485-605. Josef Emler, Musea Ed. Emilie Amt, 317-330.NewYork: Routledge, 1993. 1830. Ungaricae, Regiae Universitatis V.1, V.2. Literárne Informa Realm of Saint Stephen. Sources on the History of Slovakia and Slovaks] Bratislava: Budapest: Academia Litter. Hungarica,Academia 1938. Litter. Budapest: Budapest: Academia Litter. Hungarica, Academia 1938. Litter. Budapest: Budapest: Academia Szentpétery,Litter. Hungarica, 217-505. 1937. Hungarica, Academia 1938. Litter. Budapest: 1988. 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Budapest: Osiris, 2004 Đ ov zvanáDubnická 89 . In Scriptores Rerum I. Rerum Scriptores Ed. . In I. Hungaricarum Women´s inMedievalEurope Lives [The travel accounts of Julianus, Plano [The Chronicle of the Kings of Napkelet felfedezése. Napkelet . Buda:Typogr. þ eského, [In the [In 304 , ed. CEU eTD Collection “Vita sanctae Kyngae ducissae Cracoviensis.” In Cracoviensis.” Kyngae ducissae “Vita sanctae “Vita Beatae Kunegundis.” In Kunegundis.” “Vita Beatae Nagy, I., ed. Nagy, I., Joinville the Lordof The Memoirsof Cuman the of Elisabeth The charter Archive). National Levéltár (Hungarian Országos Magyar with Laskaris of Maria The charter Archive). National Levéltár (Hungarian Országos Magyar Thomas of Split. Skutariotes. Theodoros Thietmari Merseburgensis EpiscopiChronicon M. RogeriiCanoniciVaradiensis Carmen Miserabile Theiner, A., ed. A.,Theiner, ed. Schmauk, M., O Niketas Choniates ofAnnals Byzantium, City of “Legenda sv. Panny Margaréty” [The Legend of the Saint Virgin Margaret]. In MargaritaedeHungaria Legenda Beatae Andrzej Wojtczak, 125-204. Warsaw: Zak Salomei CEU Press,2006. Omnia I. blic&part=all blic&part=all May (accessed 20, 2009). WedLord.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=pu 1906. Online edition:http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id= critical with attached double-sided seal,DL 844. 1273. attached double-sided seal,DL 686. 1267. Invasion],ed. Richard Marsinaand Miloš Marek.Budmerice: Rak,2008. Monumenta Germaniae Historica 1980,1980. IX Series Nova rerum Germanicarum Scriptores 1859. kiadó, 1988. descendentium stirpe Árpád 319. Nitra: Rak, 1997. stredovekého Slovenska Typis Episcopalis, Typogr. 1889. State University 1984. Press, 1891. Szentpétery, 685-709. Budapest: Academia Szentpétery,Litter. Hungarica, 685-709. 1938. Codex Diplomaticus Patrius Hungaricus VIII [Medieval Lives of Blessed Kunigunda andBlessed Salome]Jerzy Ed. SacramII Monumenta VeteraHistorica Hungariam Ed. Alexander Przezdziecki,Cracow: Czas, 183-336. 1877. History of the Bishops of Salona andSplit the Bishops ofSalona History of Supplementum Analectorum Terrae SupplementumAnalectorum II. Scepusiensis Fontes Joannis Dlugossii Senioris Canonici Cracoviensis Opera [The Legends of Medieval Slovakia]. Ed.R. Marsina, 230- Byzantini Historiae Hungaricae aevo ducum et regum ex etregum Hungaricaeaevo ducum Byzantini Historiae , 301-316. Ed. Gyula Moravcsik. Budapest: Akadémiai Budapest: Moravcsik. Gyula Ed. , 301-316. . Ed.Ethel Wedgwood. New York: E. P.Dutton and Co., . In Scriptores Rerum Hungaricarum II. Ed. I. 90 ĝ á ad Graficzny, 1999. redniowieczne . In Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Germaniae Monumenta . In . Ed. Harry . Ed. WayneJ. Magoulias. Detroit: . In . Ed. RobertHoltzmann. Ed. Munich: . Budapest: Societas Frankliniana, Societas . Budapest: . Ed. Damir Karbi. Ed.Damir Tatársky vpád Ī yciorysy B . Rome: Typ. Vaticanis, Spišské Podhradie: á . Kingi i B [The Mongol [The Legendy ü . Budapest: . á . CEU eTD Collection Berend, Nora. Carmi Parsons, John. “Family, Sex and Power. Rhytms of Medieval Queenship.” In ______. Codexdiplomaticus Arpadianus continuatusIX ______. ______. Wenzel, ed., G., Bartlett, Robert. Bartlett, Zsoldos, Attila, ed. Angold, Michael. In Haliciensis.” Reginae Salomeae “Vita sanctae Barlow, Frank. Barlow, in______. “Queens Scapegoats as Medieval Hungary.” In Bak, János M. “Roles and Functions of Queens in Árpádian andAngevin Hungary (1000 – Oswald.Balzer, Clarendon Press, 2000. Hungary, c.1000-c. 1301 könyvárusnál, 1862. Andrzej Wojtczak, 205-232. Warsaw: Zak Salomei könyvárusnál, 1870. könyvárusnál, 1869. Queenship, könyvárusnál, 1871 Medieval Europe Történettudományi Intézete, 2008. Intézete, Történettudományi Hungariae critico-diplomatica 1386 A.D.).” In 1386 A.D.).” Publishing, 1993. Laskarids ofNicaea(1204-1261) Codex diplomaticus Arpadianus continuatus VIII Codex diplomaticus Arpadianus continuatus VII [Medieval Lives of Blessed Kunigunda andBlessed Salome]Jerzy Ed. The FeudalKingdomof England At theGateof Christendom:Jews,“Pagans” inMedieval Muslims, and Genalogia Piastów ed.John Carmi 1-11.Stroud: Publishing,Sutton Parsons, 1993. England under the Norman and AngevinKings1075-1225 England undertheNorman Codex diplomaticus Arpadianus continuatus III. A Byzantine Government in Exile. GovernmentA ByzantineGovernmentinExile. and Society Underthe Regesta ducum, ducissarum stirpis Arpadianae necnonreginarum ducissarum stirpisArpadianae Regesta ducum, Medieval Queenship , ed.AnneLondon: Duggan,223-234. Boydell 1995. Press, SECONDARY LITERATURE . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. . Cracow: Avalon, 2005. . Budapest: Magyar. Budapest: TudományosAkadémia . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975. , ed. John Carmi Parsons, 13-24. Stroud: SuttonJohn Stroud: , ed. Parsons,Carmi 13-24. 91 1042-1216 ĝ á ad Graficzny, 1999. redniowieczne . London: Longmans, 1955. Ī yciorysy B Queens and Queenship in . Pest: M. Akadémiai . Pest: M. Akadémiai M. Pest: . . Pest: M. Akadémiai M. Pest: . Pest:M. Akadémiai á . Kingii B . Oxford: Medieval á . CEU eTD Collection Kumorovitz L.Bernát. Kumorovitz ______. Kristó, Gyula. Kristó, Kovács, Éva and Lovag, Zsuzsa Lovag, Éva and Kovács, Kosztolnyik, Zoltán J. Zoltán Kosztolnyik, Kniha krá Kerbl,Raimund. “Byzantinische Prinzessinnen in Ungarn zwischen 1050-1200 und ihr Klaniczay, Gábor. Horváth, Ferenc. Horváth, Homza, Martin “Sv. Kunigunda a “Sv. In Spiš.” Kunigunda Homza, Martin Györffy, György “A Kun és Komán népnev eredetének kérdéséhez”[On the question of “A the of question György Györffy, the kérdéséhez”[On népnev eredetének Kun Komán és Engel, Pál. Engel, Martin. Dimnik, Deér, József. Deér, Dejiny Spiša ______“Piety, Power and ______“Piety, Reputations Power of Two 13 seals in medieval Hungary]. Magyar Budapest: Nemzeti Múzeum, 1993. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1979. Corvina, 1993. Corvina Kiadó,1980. 1996. pedagogické nakladate pedagogické 1979. Einfluss auf Arpadenkdas Europe Csengele]. Budapest: Archaeolingua, 2001. Csengele]. Budapest: Martin LevoHomza, 381-408. Néptudományi Intézet, 1948. Intézet,Néptudományi the HungariansEastern Elements of origin of the B.I. Tauris, 2001 Press, 2003. Wissenschaften, 1966. 1993. Regents andPotentates, A feudális széttagolódásA feudális Magyarországon Đ The RealmofSaintStephen ov. , ed.Martin Homza andStanis . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Die Arpadien Dynastie: die Geschichte Ungarns Die ArpadienDynastie:dieGeschichte von 895bis1301 Die HeiligeKroneUngarns. [The Book of the Kings] Ed. Vladimír Segeš. Bratislava: Slovenské A csengeleikunokuraésnépe The Dynasty of Chernigov 1146-1246. The Dynastyof Holy Rulers andBlessed Kun Hungary in Thirteenth Century Hungary inThirteenth A magyarpecséthasználattörténete a középkorban and Đ stvo, 2003. stvo, Komán ed. Theresa M. Vann, 107-123. Cambridge:Academia 107-123. M.Vann, Press, ed. Theresa ö nigreich.” Ph.D. dissertation. Vienna: Universität Wien, Universität Vienna: dissertation. Ph.D. nigreich.” The Hungarian CrownThe Hungarian andOtherRegalia. þ a: Kláštorisko n.o.,2003. nationality names]. . A Medieval Hungary,895-1526. History of á aw Sroka.(forthcoming, June,2009) Terra Scepusiensis Princesses. DynasticCults in MedievalCentral 92 . [The Chief and the people of the Cumans at Vienna: ], ed. György György Budapest: Györffy, 1-19. ], ed. th . Boulder: East European Monographs, European East . Boulder: -century English Queens” In Queens” English -century [Feudal separation in separation [Feudal Hungary]. Cambridge: Cambridge University ė A magyarság keleti elemei A keleti magyarság sterreichischen der Akademie sterreichischen , ed. RyszardG , ed. [History of using á adkiewicz and adkiewicz . Budapest: Budapest: London: Queens, [ The CEU eTD Collection Varga, Gábor. Varga, Szelényi. Károly and Endre Tóth, Tatárjárás, Sz Székely,“Gertrud királyné, György. Erzsébetanyja Szent (egy politikai és gyilkosság of Aragon, Queen of [Constance reina d´Hongria” d´Aragó, “Constança Gyöegy. Szabados, Rady, Martyn. Gyula. Pauler, Pálóczi Horváth, András. Ostrogorsky, George. Moravcsik, Gyula.Marosi, Ern “The Role of Byzantine Church in Medieval Hungary.” In Makkai, László. ______Makk, Ferenc. Ħ cs, Jen Institut, 2003. Institut, undEmanzipation der Árpádenzwischen Anlehnung Budapest: Kossuth Publishing, 1999. murder and its lengthy retribution)]. megtorlása)”elhúzódó of [QueenGertrudis, the mother SaintElisabeth (A political Departamentde Cultura IMitjans deComunicació, 2009. Barcelona: 156-177. andCsabaTóth, Sarobe, Ramon Miquel, Makk, Marina Ferenc [Princesses from Lands. Hungary Distant the in Catalonia and the Ages],ed. Middle Hungary]. History History Árpádianunder the Athenaeum, Budapest: kings]. 1980. Hungary 1969. Byzantina Budapest: Hungarian National Museum, 2005. the HungarianKings The Coronation Mantleof Debrecen: 1936. Pannonia, Szegedi M Szegedi Középkorász Byzantium inthe12th century Magyar külpolitika Ę . Az utolsó Árpádok[The Last Árpádians].Budapest: Osiris Kiadó,2002. ed. Balázs Nagy. Budapest: Osiris Kiadó,2003. Ę . “The Székesfehérvár Chasuble of King Saint Stephen and Queen Gisela.” In Nobility, Land andService inMedievalNobility, Hungary. Ungarn unddas Reich vom10. bis zum 13. Jahrhundert. DasHerrscherhaus A magyar nemzet története az Árpádházi királyok alatt A magyarnemzettörténeteazÁrpádházi . Budapest:Corvina, 1989. The ÁrpádsandtheComneni: Political Relationsbetween Hungary and , ed.G. Moravcsik,Budapest: 326-340. Akadémiai1967. Kiadó, A Milkói (Kún)A Milkói püsp Princeses de terrers llunyanes. CatalunyaIHongriaal´edat mitjana HistoryByzantine State of Cumans, Pechenegs, Iasians: TheSteppePeople in Medieval Iasians: Pechenegs, Cumans, 819-1196 Ħ hely, 1993. The HolyCrown ofHungary,Kings and Coronations . Budapest: . Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1989. ö kség és népei kség és [The Hungarian foreign policy Szeged: 819-1196]. Turul 93 . New Brunswick: Rutgers University. NewBrunswick: Rutgers Press, , 80 (2008): 1-9. [The (Cuman) Bishopric and its folk]. its and Bishopric (Cuman) [The , ed. István Bardoly,, ed. 110-139. Munich: UngarischesVerlag London: Palgrave, 2000. [Hungarian National [Hungarian Studia . CEU eTD Collection Zsoldos, Attila. Zsoldos, ______“V______službách krá Vecchio, Silvana. “The Good wife.” “The Good Silvana. Vecchio, Wertner, Moritz. Vrte Đ , Ladislav. (2008): 7-8.(2008): Zrenjanin: Ploitz Pál k Budapest: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Történettudományi Intézete, 2005. Budapest: Magyar AkadémiaTörténettudományi Tudományos Intézete, Árpadians and theirWives.TheReginal in theAge Árpádians].Institutions of the Martin: Matica Slovenská, 1999. University Press, 1992). Harvard of MA: TheBelknapPress Cambridge, Klapisch-Zuber, 103-135. Christiane Az Árpádok és asszonyaik. A és korában az Árpádok Az Árpádok intézmény királynéi Osem storo Osem Az Árpádok családi t Az Árpádokcsaládi Đ ovských detí“ [In the Service of Children]. Royal Service the of the [In ovských detí“ þ ö í slovenskej heraldiky slovenskej í nyvnyomdája, 1892. In A History of Women. SilencesoftheMiddleAges of AHistory ö rténete 94 [The family history [The family history Árpádians]. the of [Eight centuries of Slovak Heraldry]. História [The , ed. 4 CEU eTD Collection Elisabeth the Cuman with the attached seal with attached the Cuman the Elisabeth VI. TABLE offering the baby to Virgin Mary; 3.–4. re-drawing of the seal of Elisabeth the Cuman – foundation representing the royal of Monastery Seal convent couplethe kneeling, (1280s), V. TABLE population in Hungary IV. TABLE III. TABLE II. TABLE I. TABLE APPENDIX Genealogical table of the Árpáds from Béla III to Andrew III (first part) toAndrew(first Béla III III of Árpáds from table the Genealogical Genealogical table of the Árpáds from Béla III to Andrew III (second part) 1. Queen Maria, witnessing the coronation of her son Stephen; 2. Rabbit Island 1. The charter of Maria Laskaris with the attached seal; 2. The charter of The charter seal; 2. theattached with Laskaris of Maria 1.Thecharter Maps: Laskarids – Maria´s family –Maria´s Laskarids 1. Árpádian Hungary and the direction of Mongol Invasion; 2. Non- christian Non- 2. Invasion; of Mongol direction the and Hungary Árpádian 1. 95 Ladislaus III Ladislaus king of Hungary ofHungary king † 1204 1204 7. May 1205 May 7. *1200 — *1200 of Croatia-Dalmatia duke ∞ *1174 — †30. Nov. — †30. 1204 *1174 (1198/1200) Constance, Constance, (1198/1200) — 1205 — king of Hungary of Hungary king king of king Aragon

1196 1196 1194 daughter of daughter Emeric Alfonz II, Alfonz 1. ∞ — 1204 — 1196, — . ∞ (1221) Ivan Asen II, Ivan II, Asen (1221) *1203/4 — †1237/8 *1203/4 tsar ofBulgaria tsar

1218 — 1241 1218 Maria 1. 2.∞(1204) Bonifac of Monferrat Bonifac 2.∞(1204) ∞ 3.∞(1210) Nicolas of Omer of Nicolas 3.∞(1210) 1185 — 1195, 1203 — 1204 — 1203 1195, — 1185 Margaret (Maria) Margaret emperor ofemperorByzantium Isaakios Angelos Isaakios *1175 — †1229 *1175

1204 — 1207 1204 1.∞(1185) 1.∞(1185) 1. ∞

CEU eTD Collection∞ of Theodor I Laskaris, emperor Laskaris, ofTheodor I (1220) (1220) king of Hungary 1235 — 1270 — 1235 ofHungary king duke ofTransylvania duke *1206 — †3. 5. 1270 5. — †3. *1206 Maria Laskaris, daughter daughter Laskaris, Maria duke of Slavonia duke 1226 — 1235, 1226 1220 Béla IV Béla of Nicea — 1226, — 1. ∞ 3.∞(1235) Beatrice d´Este, daughter of Aldobrandino d´Este of daughter Aldobrandino d´Este, Beatrice 3.∞(1235) 1.∞(1200) Gertrudis, daughter of Bertold IV of Andechs, of IV ofBertold Andechs, daughter Gertrudis, 1.∞(1200) 2.∞ (1215) Yolanda ofCourteny, (1215) 2.∞ ofLatin daughter duke of Croatia-Dalmatia 1161 1161 of Croatia-Dalmatia duke daughter of Louis VII, king of France king VII, of Louis daughter duke of Croatia-Dalmatia 1198 — 1204, 1204, — 1198 of Croatia-Dalmatia duke daughter of Raynald of Châtillon, of Raynald daughter Byzantine despot 1163 — 1170, — 1163 despot Byzantine

king of Hungary 1172 — 1196 — 1172 Hungary of king emperor Peter Capet ofCourtenay Peteremperor Capet Istria of margrave of Meran, duke 1∞(1170) Anna of Châtillon, ofChâtillon, Anna 1∞(1170) regent of Hungary 1204 — 1205, — 1204 of Hungary regent 2.∞(1186) Margaret Capet, Capet, Margaret 2.∞(1186) prince of Galicia 1188 1188 ofGalicia prince king of Hungary 1205 — 1235 1205 of Hungary king *1207 — †19. Nov. — †19. 1231 *1207 *1148 — †23. apr.†23. 1196 — *1148 (St.) Elisabeth (St.) prince of prince Antiochia *1177 — †21. Sep. 1235 Sep. †21. — *1177 ∞ ∞ (1221) Louis IV Louis (1221) 1217 — 1227 1217 of Thuringia Andrew II Andrew landgrave landgrave Béla III Béla 1. ∞ 1. ∞

— 1189, — — 1163, — *1208 — †June. 1241 †June. — *1208 daughter of Lešek, daughter ∞ duke of Cracow duke king of Galicia king 1214 1214 (1214) Salome, (1214) Coloman 1219 — 1221 — 1219 — 1219, 1219, — 1. ∞ Solomon daughter of Mstislav,daughter 1. prince of Novgorod prince ∞ ∞ *1210 — †1234 *1210 (1226/27) Maria (1226/27) Andrew

(Helen), 1.

∞ Stephen Stephen 1. ∞ 1. ∞ *1219 — †9. Oct. 1251 Oct. †9. — *1219 king of king Aragon ∞ 1213 — 1276 — 1213 (1235) James I James (1235) THE ÁRPÁDS THE Yolanda ∞ 2. 2.∞(1297) Agnes of Habsburg, daughter ofHabsburg, Agnes 2.∞(1297) (1198) Přemysl Otakar I. Přemysl Otakar (1198) ∞ TABLE I king of Bohemia of Bohemia king duke of Austrian, German king German of duke Austrian, Constance king of Hungary 1290 1290 of Hungary king 1∞. Fenena Piast, daughter of daughter Piast, Fenena 1∞.

† 1198 — 1230 1198 Cujavian prince Ziemomysl prince Cujavian 6. dec. 1240 dec. 6. 1. *?1265 — †14. jan. 1301 jan. — †14. *?1265 *1292 — †5. May 1338 May †5. — *1292 ∞ Andrew III Andrew

Elisabeth of Albrecht I, of I, Albrecht 2. 1.∞ ∞ Traversari Elisabeth 1.∞ 2.∞ Tomassina 2.∞ *1236 — †1272 *1236 Stephen Morosini — 1301 — 3. daughte ∞ 1. ∞ r Michael Kunigunda Kunigunda duke of Cracow duke †

1243 — 1279 — 1243 24. July 1292 July 24. Boleslaus V V Boleslaus *1224 — — *1224 2.∞ Elisabeth, daughter of Przemysl II of Greater Poland of Greater II ofPrzemysl daughter Elisabeth, 2.∞ ∞ king of Bohemia (as Wenceslaus III) and of Poland (as Wenceslaus II) 1305 — 1306 — of Wenceslaus1305 Poland (as II) and Wenceslaus (as III) ofBohemia king (1239)

† Béla 1272 Nov. king of Bohemia 1283 1283 of Bohemia king 1.∞ Judith of Habsburg, of Habsburg, Judith 1.∞ 2.∞(1305) Viola, daughter of Mieszko I of Cieszyn of Cieszyn I ofMieszko daughter Viola, 2.∞(1305) *1271 — †21. jún 1305 jún †21. — *1271 WenceslausII *1225 — †1242 *1225 Margaret daughter of Hungarian king III king Andrew Hungarian of daughter 1.∞(1298) Árpádian princess Elisabeth, princess Árpádian 1.∞(1298) 1.∞ Přemysl Otakar II Otakar Přemysl 1.∞ king of Bohemia ofBohemia king Kunigunda 1. king of Hungary 1301 1301 of Hungary king *6. Nov. 1306 *6. Aug. †4. — 1289 2.∞(1279/80) 2.∞(1279/80) 1253 — 1278 — 1253 † 1.

∞ Falkenstein 9. sep. 1285 9. Záviš of Záviš Wenceslaus (III) ∞ — 1305 —

ban of Macsó, tsar ofMacsó, ban ∞ *1226 — †1270 — *1226 (1243) Rostislav (1243) of Chernigov 1257 — 1262 — 1257 of Bulgaria Anna CEU eTD Collection — 1305, — king of Hungary 1305 1305 ofHungary king *11. Feb. 1261 ― †9. Sep. 1312 Sep. †9. ― 1261 Feb. *11. of Austria and German king German of and Austria 1.∞ Catherine of Habsburg, of Habsburg, Catherine 1.∞

daughter of Henry, daughter of duke daughter of Rudolf, duke duke of Rudolf, daughter

duke of Lower Bavaria Bavaria of Lowerduke 2. (1309) Piast, (1309) Agnes 2.

Glogów (Glogau) (Glogau) Glogów 1290 1290 Otto Catherine — 1312, — † 1242 — 1307 — ∞ duke of Transylvania 1226 — 1235, of — Transylvaniaduke 1226 Maria Laskaris, daughter of daughter Maria Laskaris, duke of Slavonia 1220 1220 ofduke Slavonia king of Hungary 1235 1235 ofHungary king Theodor I, emperorNicaea of I, Theodor duke of Lowerduke ∞ † Elisabeth 1255 — 1290 — 1255 (1245) Henry (1245) *1206 — †3. 5. 1270 5. †3. — *1206 24. okt. 1271 okt. 24. Bavaria Bavaria *1256 — †1314 — *1256 Catherine king of Serbia king 1276 — 1282 — 1282 1276 ∞ ∞ Béla IV Béla Dragutin Stephen Stephen *ANGEVINS — 1226, — 1270 — Constance 1270 — 1301 — 1270 ∞ of Galicia (1251) Leo (1251)

Charles II Charles † *1257 ― ― *1257 Maria ∞ king of king 28. Mar. 28. Naples (1270) (1270) 1323 [ The History of Spiš of History The Daniel Gahér and Zuzana Orságová in in Orságová Zuzana and Gahér Daniel Margaret duke of Greater of Greater duke

According to the genealogical tables prepared by prepared tables genealogical the to According † (Yolanda) 6. mar.6. 1298

Boleslaus Boleslaus Helen ∞ Poland (?) (1256) (1256) ed. Martin Homza and Stanis and Homza Martin ed.

*1260 — †1281 — *1260 Elisabeth

Falkenstein Záviš of Záviš ∞ ∞ (1285) (1285) Elisabeth, daughter Elisabeth, *1239 —†6. 1272 Aug. —†6. *1239 ] ] of Cuman chieftain chieftain of Cuman

duke of Slavonia of Slavonia duke (forthcoming June 2009), 605-606. 2009), June (forthcoming king ofHungary king Stephen V Stephen duke of Styria duke 1245 1270 1270 1259 —1260, 1259 Zeyhan (?) Zeyhan — 1246, — — 1272 — *1260 — †1281 — *1260 ∞ ∞

1282 — 1328 — 1282 II Palailogos II Byzantine Byzantine Andronikos emperor Anna

THE ÁRPÁDS THE ł aw Sroka aw TABLE II Dejiny Spiša, Dejiny (St.) Margaret (St.) † Isabelle (Elisabeth), Isabelle 18. Jan. 1270 Jan. 18. Ladislaus IV Ladislaus Naples and Sicily and Naples *1262 — †10. July — †10. *1262 king of Hungary king *1242 — *1242 1272 1272 of Charles I ofCharles of Anjou, daughter daughter

∞ king of king (1270) (1270) 1290 — 1290 —

of Brandenburg *1243 — †1269 — *1243

daughter of daughter Kunigunda,

margrave margrave ∞ ∞ Andrew Béla Otto, *1268 — *1268 † (1264) 1278 (?) 1278 CEU eTD Collection ( died Nicolas (1) 1212) Árpádian ruling house b zwischenÁrpáden Anlehnung undEmanzipation 1997) Table 16 Gáborand Varga, Treadgold. toWarren according Prepared (died 1212) (1) John 3. 2. 1. Courtenay (married 1219) Maria of Courtenay (c.1204-1228), daughter of emperorLatin Peter of before 1219) Phillipa of Armenia, daughterof Armenian prince Ruben(married 1214,d. (married cca 1200, d.1212) Anna Angelina, daughter of emperorByzantine Alexios III Angelos etween the Dependance and Dependance the etween Theodor ILaskaris, Emperor of Nicaea 1254) Nicaea of emperor Vatatzes Dukas III2.John Komnenos 1. Constantine (d.1239) (1) Irene Ungarn und das Reich vom 10.bis zum 13. Jahrhundert.Das Herrscherhaus der (1221- A History of the ByzantineState and Society (1205-1221) [Hungary and the Empire from the Tenthuntil Thirteenth Century. The Emancipation] (M Emancipation] King of Hungary married BélaIV, (married 1220) (c.1206-1270) (1) Maria ü nich: Verlag Ungarisches Institut MARIA´S FAMILY Cayeux 2.Anseau de repudiated 1229) Eudokia (married 1226, of Austria Babenberg, duke 1.Frederrick (Sophia) (1) Eudokia (Stanford: Stanford Univer Stanford (Stanford: (TABLE III) , 2003), Constantine 249, 252. sity Press, (b.1215) (2) CEU eTD Collection 2 1 Ibid., 58. At theGate ofChristendom 1. ÁRPÁDIAN HUNGARY AND THE DIRECTION OF INVASION MONGOL ÁRPÁDIAN ANDTHEDIRECTION HUNGARY 1. 2. NON-CHRISTIAN POPULATION IN POPULATION IN HUNGARYNON-CHRISTIAN 2. , 18. TABLE IV 2 1 CEU eTD Collection (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2002), 206. 4 3 royal couplekneeling, offering thebaby to Virgin Mary 2. RabbitIsland Monastery Seal (1280s), representing the foundation ofthe convent – 1. Queen Maria, witnessing the coronation of her son Stephen, GáborKlaniczay, Chronica Picta , 127. http://konyv-e.hu/pdf/Chronica_Picta.pdf (accessed 14.2.2009) HolyRrulers and Blessed P rincesses. Dynastic Cults in Medieval Central Europe TABLE V 4 The Illuminated Chronicle Illuminated The 3 CEU eTD Collection 1989), 78.1989), Medieval Hungary Pechenegs, TheSteppepeoplein Iasians: Horváth, Pálóczi András Elisabeth theCuman 3.–4. re-drawing oftheseal of (Budapest: Corvina, (Budapest: , taken from , taken Cumans, CEU eTD Collection 6 5 DL 844. DL 686 2. The charter of Elisabeth the Cuman with the attached seal, 1273 1. Thecharter of Maria Laskariswiththeattached seal, 1267 TABLE VI 5 6 CEU eTD Collection