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The Venetian Galley of Flanders: from Medieval (2 THE VENETIAN GALLEY OF FLANDERS: FROM MEDIEVAL (2- DIMENSIONAL) TREATISES TO 21ST CENTURY (3-DIMENSIONAL) MODEL A Thesis by COURTNEY ROSALI HIGGINS Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2012 Major Subject: Anthropology THE VENETIAN GALLEY OF FLANDERS: FROM MEDIEVAL (2- DIMENSIONAL) TREATISES TO 21ST CENTURY (3-DIMENSIONAL) MODEL A Thesis by COURTNEY ROSALI HIGGINS Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved by: Chair of Committee, Luis Filipe Vieira de Castro Committee Members, Deborah N. Carlson Daniel Schwartz Head of Department, Cynthia Werner May 2012 Major Subject: Anthropology iii ABSTRACT The Venetian Galley of Flanders: From Medieval (2-Dimensional) Treatises to 21st Century (3-Dimensional) Model. (May 2012) Courtney Rosali Higgins, B.A., University of Denver Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Luis Filipe Vieira de Castro Nautical archaeologists and scholars often try to recreate how ships were built and maneuvered. Due to the delicate nature of older wooden vessels, there is often little archaeological evidence remaining to aid in these studies, and researchers must supplement what little they have with other resources, such as texts. By using computer programs to synthesize and enhance the information in the texts, scholars can better understand the vessel and explore questions that even hull remains may not be able to address. During the High to Late Middle Ages, Venice was a key city for trade and commerce. Its location on the Adriatic Sea connected merchants throughout mainland Europe and the Mediterranean Sea. Since its founding in the low Middle Ages, Venice has been connected to the sea, leading to a long history of seafaring and shipbuilding. By the end of the Middle Ages, Venice had established several trade routes throughout the Mediterranean and Black Seas, and one long sea route into the Atlantic, to Lisbon, Flanders, and London. iv Although no archaeological evidence of these galleys have been found, several contemporary texts describe the merchant galleys of the 15th century. Two of these texts, dating to the first half of the 15th century discuss the dimensions the galley: The book of Michael of Rhodes and the book of Giorgio “Trombetta” da Modone. Perhaps complementary copies of the same original, these texts contain enough information to reconstruct a 3-dimensional model of the galley of Flanders’s hull, in this case using off- the-shelf software ((Rhinoceros®). From this computer model the vessel can then be analyzed for volumetric information in order to better understand the hull capacity and how the ship was laden. v DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my mother, Denise, and my late father Patrick, who both supported my love of archaeology and encouraged me to follow my heart when choosing a career. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee chair, Dr. Castro, and my committee members, Dr. Carlson, and Dr. Schwartz for their guidance and support throughout the course of this research. I also extend an additional thanks to Dr. Carlson for inviting me to participate in the excavation of Kızılburun, which indirectly contributed to the research in the thesis. I also would like to thank my friends in Texas A&M’s Anthropology Department for helping me keep my sanity while going through the Nautical Archaeology Program. Peers, professors, and staff taught me about ships, diving, and life, lessons I will use forever. These people know who they are, but a few of these people deserve to see their names in print: Heather Brown (ABFF), Drew Roberts, Kim Rash, Carrie Atkins, LeeAnne Gordon, Chris Crews, Janna Jackson, and Sheila Matthews. It has been a long journey and I would like to thank the friends and family that have been along to hear about the trials and tribulations of writing a thesis while working full time, planning a wedding, and just staying afloat in life. And I couldn’t have done it without my running buddy and technical editor Casey Fulmer. Most importantly I thank my mother, Denise, for her relentless support over these long years; my brother, Trevor, for always giving me a laugh when I most needed one; and my brother, Brendan, for editing this thesis and being the best listener I know. Finally, I could not have completed this journey without the patience and love of my husband, Dr. vii Ryan Byerly, who was supportive from the first day of my graduate career to the last day. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................. iii DEDICATION .......................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION: GALLEY OF FLANDERS, A CASE STUDY ... 1 II VENICE: THE CREATION OF A TRADE EMPIRE ........................ 6 Geography...................................................................................... 6 History: From the Beginning to the Decline of the Trade Empire. 6 Trade Logistics: An Overview ....................................................... 12 Merchant Ships and Their Established Trade Routes .................... 16 Decline in Trade............................................................................. 22 III THE GALLEY OF FLANDERS AND THE EVIDENCE OF TREATISES......................................................................................... 24 Logistics of the Route .................................................................... 25 Utilizing Treatises on Shipbuilding................................................ 30 Treatises on the Galley of Flanders................................................ 32 Manuscript Comparisons................................................................ 57 IV 3-DIMENSIONAL MODELING OF THE GALLEY OF FLANDERS 62 Creating a 3-D Model..................................................................... 62 Analyzing the 3-D Model............................................................... 76 ix CHAPTER Page V CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................... 88 Recommendations .......................................................................... 93 WORKS CITED........................................................................................................ 94 APPENDIX A ........................................................................................................... 102 APPENDIX B ........................................................................................................... 107 VITA ......................................................................................................................... 110 x LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE Page 1 Trade routes in the 13th century with the Venetian cities underlined......... 11 2 Folio 139b with stempost curve at top and sternpost at bottom................. 66 3 Bitmap lines drawing in Rhinoceros with traced lines in red .................... 68 4 Three views of the vessel after being rotated and matched up in Rhinoceros.................................................................................................. 69 5 View of stern using three sections to create the surface............................. 70 6 View of stern using five sections to create the surface .............................. 71 7 View of stern .............................................................................................. 72 8 View of stem .............................................................................................. 73 9 View of frames (gold) and keel (green) facing toward bow ...................... 74 10 View of frames (gold) and keel (green) near midships.............................. 75 11 Galley hull imported in Free!ship .............................................................. 79 12 Galley breadth with arrow at added waterline............................................ 80 13 Lane’s layout of a merchant galley hold .................................................... 85 xi LIST OF TABLES TABLE Page 1 Breadth of hull given at incremental heights ............................................. 36 2 Measurements of ship components used in lines drawing ......................... 64 3 Results of hydrostatics calculated in Rhinoceros....................................... 77 4 Results of hydrostatics calculated in Free!ship with Rhinoceros results ... 81 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION: GALLEY OF FLANDERS, A CASE STUDY During the High to Late Middle Ages (the 13th to the 15th century) the Republic of Venice was one of the principal trading centers in the Mediterranean. Overseas trade was a key component to Venice’s success. The city relied heavily on its talented shipwrights and the quality of the vessels they built. One specific vessel built during this period was the galley, a fast long ship powered by oars and sails, used by the Republic for both commerce and war. Among
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