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Computer Architecture the Fundamental Computer Architecture The Fundamental Course Number : TTH2D3 CLO : 1 Week : 1 CLO#1 Student have the knowledge to explain microprocessor system [C2] Understand the history of microprocessor and microcontroller [C2] Understand the architecture of computer system [C2] Understand the design of minimum system for microcontroller www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Why do we need to take this course? www.telkomuniversity.ac.id IoT Growth Rate Source: Forbes www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Heat Map of IoT by Industry and Application Source: Forbes www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Why do we need to take this course? Because everything will be connected through The Internet, and it starts with what you will learn in this course, i.e. microcontroller. www.telkomuniversity.ac.id What is Organization and how it differ with Architecture? • Computer Organization describes each unit’s functionality, like input, storage, process, and output. • Computer Architecture describes the interconnection between units and how they work together, including hardware and software. www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Computer System Hardware www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Microprocessor The Fundamental www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Microprocessor: Historical Review (1/3) 2300 transistor 29000 transistor 29000 transistor Intel 4004 (1969) Intel 8008 (1972) Intel 8088 (1981) 134000 transistor 275000 1,2 million transistor transistor Intel 386 (1985) Intel 286 (1982) Intel 486 (1989) www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Microprocessor: Historical Review (2/3) Intel P-II (1997) Intel 586 (1993) Intel P-III (1999) Intel Pentium-D (2005) Intel P4 (2000) Intel Pentium-M (2003) Intel Itanium (2006) www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Microprocessor: Historical Review (3/3) www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Microprocessor Complexity • Intel 4004 with 2300 • Intel Itanium with 330 transistors (1969) million transistors (2005) www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Microprocessor Complexity (in Detail) Microprocessor Type Year Speed Word Transistors MIPS 4004 1969 108 kHz 4 bit 2300 0.06 8008 1972 200 kHz 8 bit 3500 0.06 8080 1974 2 MHz 8 bit 6000 0.64 8086 1978 4.47 MHz 16 bit 29000 0.66 8088 1981 4.47 MHz 16 bit 29000 0.75 80286 1982 12 MHz 16 bit 134000 2.66 80386 1985 16-33 MHz 32 bit 275000 4 80486 (i486) 1989 20-100 MHz 32 bit 1.2 million 70 80586 (Pentium) 1993 75-200 MHz 32 bit 3.3 million 126-203 Pentium Pro 1995 150-200 MHz 32 bit 5.5 million 300 Pentium MMX 1997 166-233 MHz 32 bit 4.5 million Pentium II 1997 233-450 MHz 32 bit 7.5 million Pentium III 1999 450-933 MHz 32 bit 9.5 million Itanium 2000 1 GHz 64 bit 15 million 1200 www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Intel i7 www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Definition Microprocessor is a: • LSI/VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration), designed to process information, any information. • Multipurpose or General Purpose LSI/VLSI • Sometimes (incorrectly) named CPU (Central Processing Unit) • Fabricated on a die chip www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Definition Microprocessor System is a: • System consists of at least 1 microprocessor and a support system • Support system may include: – Memory unit – Input unit – Output unit www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Computer System Architecture #1 #2 #3 Input uP uP Output Input uP Output #4 #5 #6 Input uP uP Output Input uP Output Memory Memory Memory www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Support System • Memory Static RAM, Dynamic RAM, ROM, EPROM, Flash Disk, Hard Disk • Input Keyboard, Mouse, Touch Pad, Scanner, ADC • Output Monitor, Speaker, VR, Printer, DAC www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Inside the Microprocessor 1. ALU 2. Register 3. Control Unit 4. Bus www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Inside the Microprocessor 1. ALU, Arithmetic and Logic Unit responsible for calculation 2. Register, a special type (very fast) of memory responsible for storing instruction, data, address, and status 3. Control Unit responsible to control the works 4. Bus responsible for transferring signal (control, data, address) www.telkomuniversity.ac.id How it Works? 2 • C = A + B 2 Data Register A B 3 C CU 1 Instruction Register ADD A,B C ALU www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Microprocessor: Basic functionalities • Able to locate where the instruction and data resides • Able to fetch the instruction and data from memory • Able to store instruction and data in register • Able to decode and understand the instruction • Able to execute the instruction • Able to manage all process in a proper sequence www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Memory • Why do we need memory? data address 1 to store data and instruction data address 2 data address 3 • What is memory hierarchy? data address 4 a hierarchy of memory types • What are memory types? internal vs. external, accessibility, media www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Hierarchy Memory Cache is a way to balance capacity, Register speed, and price Main Memory BIGGER BIGGER CAPACITY HIGHER HIGHER PRICE FASTER SPEED FASTER Secondary Memory www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Memory Types • Internal vs. External – Register, RAM, Hard Disk, CD/DVD • Accessibility – ROM (Read Only Memory), PROM (Programmable ROM), EPROM (Erasable PROM), EEPROM (Electrically EPROM) – RAM (Random Access Memory), SRAM (Static RAM), DRAM (Dynamic RAM) • Media – Electric charge, Optic, Magnetic www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Interaction between Microprocessor and Memory There are 2 types of interaction: alamat 1. READ operation (retrieve), read µP memori where microprocessor data retrieves data from memory 2. WRITE operation (store), where microprocessor alamat µP data memori stores data into memory write www.telkomuniversity.ac.id How Microprocessor READs from Memory? 1. Microprocessor prepares and outputs the address of data alamat that need to be retrieved for read processing µP memori data 2. Microprocessor sends a READ signal to memory 3. After receiving a READ signal, memory locate the data based on given address 4. Memory provides the data into data bus www.telkomuniversity.ac.id How Microprocessor WRITEs into Memory? 1. Microprocessor prepares and outputs the address of data that need to be stored in memory 2. Microprocessor provides data into data bus 3. Microprocessor sends a WRITE signal to memory 4. After receiving a WRITE signal, alamat memory read the data bus and µP data memori stores the data using given write address www.telkomuniversity.ac.id How Microprocessor RUNS an instruction? 1. Instruction Fetch (IF) is where microprocessor fetch the Instruction instruction from memory Fetch 2. Instruction Decode (DE) is where the microprocessor decode the Instruction instruction to understand what Decode needs to be done 3. Execution (EX) is where te Execution microprocessor execute the instruction www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Input and Output • Is an interface unit to communicate with outside the system’s world • Input unit receives data and in many cases also transforms signal from outside world (example, ADC Analog to Digital Converter) • Output unit delivers data and in many cases also transforms the data into specific signal (example, DAC Digital to Analog Converter) www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Clock • Clock: is a digital periodic and independent signal, delivered to all units for synchronization • Clock is generated using crystal oscillator with specific frequency www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Bus System There are 3 types of bus: • Data bus • Address bus • Control bus www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Microcontroller The Fundamental www.telkomuniversity.ac.id What is the difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller? • Microcontroller is a single chip CPU that already consists of: – Processor (ALU + Unit Control) – Internal Memory RAM – Input / Output – Timer – Interrupt Control • Microcontroller is designed for a specific purpose, which makes it only applicable for 1 domain www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Microcontroller www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Atmel Microcontroller To be fully functional, a microcontroller needs: • Power suply • Clock generator • Power Reset www.telkomuniversity.ac.id AT89CXX • Data Bus (8 bit) for transferring data from or to AT89CXX +5 V • Address Bus (16 bit) for: Data Bus – indicating the address of data in Data memory AT89C Bus – indicating which I/O that want to be connected Address Bus Addres • Control Bus for delivering s Bus signal to other peripherals, Control Bus such as memory and I/O Control Bus Gound www.telkomuniversity.ac.id See you on next class www.telkomuniversity.ac.id .
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