Lecture Note 1
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Birth, Evolution and Future of Microprocessor
The Birth, Evolution and Future of Microprocessor Swetha Kogatam Computer Science Department San Jose State University San Jose, CA 95192 408-924-1000 [email protected] ABSTRACT timed sequence through the bus system to output devices such as The world's first microprocessor, the 4004, was co-developed by CRT Screens, networks, or printers. In some cases, the terms Busicom, a Japanese manufacturer of calculators, and Intel, a U.S. 'CPU' and 'microprocessor' are used interchangeably to denote the manufacturer of semiconductors. The basic architecture of 4004 same device. was developed in August 1969; a concrete plan for the 4004 The different ways in which microprocessors are categorized are: system was finalized in December 1969; and the first microprocessor was successfully developed in March 1971. a) CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers) Microprocessors, which became the "technology to open up a new b) RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computers) era," brought two outstanding impacts, "power of intelligence" and "power of computing". First, microprocessors opened up a new a) VLIW(Very Long Instruction Word Computers) "era of programming" through replacing with software, the b) Super scalar processors hardwired logic based on IC's of the former "era of logic". At the same time, microprocessors allowed young engineers access to "power of computing" for the creative development of personal 2. BIRTH OF THE MICROPROCESSOR computers and computer games, which in turn led to growth in the In 1970, Intel introduced the first dynamic RAM, which increased software industry, and paved the way to the development of high- IC memory by a factor of four. -
Class-Action Lawsuit
Case 3:20-cv-00863-SI Document 1 Filed 05/29/20 Page 1 of 279 Steve D. Larson, OSB No. 863540 Email: [email protected] Jennifer S. Wagner, OSB No. 024470 Email: [email protected] STOLL STOLL BERNE LOKTING & SHLACHTER P.C. 209 SW Oak Street, Suite 500 Portland, Oregon 97204 Telephone: (503) 227-1600 Attorneys for Plaintiffs [Additional Counsel Listed on Signature Page.] UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF OREGON PORTLAND DIVISION BLUE PEAK HOSTING, LLC, PAMELA Case No. GREEN, TITI RICAFORT, MARGARITE SIMPSON, and MICHAEL NELSON, on behalf of CLASS ACTION ALLEGATION themselves and all others similarly situated, COMPLAINT Plaintiffs, DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL v. INTEL CORPORATION, a Delaware corporation, Defendant. CLASS ACTION ALLEGATION COMPLAINT Case 3:20-cv-00863-SI Document 1 Filed 05/29/20 Page 2 of 279 Plaintiffs Blue Peak Hosting, LLC, Pamela Green, Titi Ricafort, Margarite Sampson, and Michael Nelson, individually and on behalf of the members of the Class defined below, allege the following against Defendant Intel Corporation (“Intel” or “the Company”), based upon personal knowledge with respect to themselves and on information and belief derived from, among other things, the investigation of counsel and review of public documents as to all other matters. INTRODUCTION 1. Despite Intel’s intentional concealment of specific design choices that it long knew rendered its central processing units (“CPUs” or “processors”) unsecure, it was only in January 2018 that it was first revealed to the public that Intel’s CPUs have significant security vulnerabilities that gave unauthorized program instructions access to protected data. 2. A CPU is the “brain” in every computer and mobile device and processes all of the essential applications, including the handling of confidential information such as passwords and encryption keys. -
THE MICROPROCESSOR Z Z the BEGINNING
z THE MICROPROCESSOR z z THE BEGINNING The construction of microprocessors was made possible thanks to LSI (Silicon Gate Technology) developed by the Italian Federico Faggin at Fairchild in 1968. From the 1980s onwards microprocessors are practically the only CPU implementation. z HOW DO MICROPROCESSOR WORK? Most microprocessor work digitally, transforming all the input information into a code of binary number (1 or 0 is called a bit, 8 bit is called byte) z THE FIRST MICROPROCESSOR Intel's first microprocessor, the 4004, was conceived by Ted Hoff and Stanley Mazor. Assisted by Masatoshi Shima, Federico Faggin used his experience in silicon- gate MOS technology (1968 Milestone) to squeeze the 2300 transistors of the 4-bit MPU into a 16-pin package in 1971. z WHAT WAS INTEL 4004 USED FOR? The Intel 4004 was the world's first microprocessor—a complete general-purpose CPU on a single chip. Released in March 1971, and using cutting-edge silicon- gate technology, the 4004 marked the beginning of Intel's rise to global dominance in the processor industry. z THE FIRST PERSONAL COMPUTER WITH MICROPROCESSOR MS-DOSIBM introduces its Personal Computer (PC)The first IBM PC, formally known as the IBM Model 5150, was based on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor and used Microsoft´s MS-DOS operating system. The IBM PC revolutionized business computing by becoming the first PC to gain widespread adoption by industry. z BIOHACKER z WHO ARE BIOHACKER? Biohackers, also called hackers of life, are people and communities that do biological research in the hacker style: outside the institutions, in an open form, sharing information. -
From Sand to Circuits
From sand to circuits By continually advancing silicon technology and moving the industry forward, we help empower people to do more. To enhance their knowledge. To strengthen their connections. To change the world. How Intel makes integrated circuit chips www.intel.com www.intel.com/museum Copyright © 2005Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Intel, the Intel logo, Celeron, i386, i486, Intel Xeon, Itanium, and Pentium are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others. 0605/TSM/LAI/HP/XK 308301-001US From sand to circuits Revolutionary They are small, about the size of a fingernail. Yet tiny silicon chips like the Intel® Pentium® 4 processor that you see here are changing the way people live, work, and play. This Intel® Pentium® 4 processor contains more than 50 million transistors. Today, silicon chips are everywhere — powering the Internet, enabling a revolution in mobile computing, automating factories, enhancing cell phones, and enriching home entertainment. Silicon is at the heart of an ever expanding, increasingly connected digital world. The task of making chips like these is no small feat. Intel’s manufacturing technology — the most advanced in the world — builds individual circuit lines 1,000 times thinner than a human hair on these slivers of silicon. The most sophisticated chip, a microprocessor, can contain hundreds of millions or even billions of transistors interconnected by fine wires made of copper. Each transistor acts as an on/off switch, controlling the flow of electricity through the chip to send, receive, and process information in a fraction of a second. -
Professor Won Woo Ro, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Yonsei University the Intel® 4004 Microprocessor, Introdu
Professor Won Woo Ro, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Yonsei University The 1st Microprocessor The Intel® 4004 microprocessor, introduced in November 1971 An electronics revolution that changed our world. There were no customer‐ programmable microprocessors on the market before the 4004. It propelled software into the limelight as a key player in the world of digital electronics design. 4004 Microprocessor Display at New Intel Museum A Japanese calculator maker (Busicom) asked to design: A set of 12 custom logic chips for a line of programmable calculators. Marcian E. "Ted" Hoff Recognized the integrated circuit technology (of the day) had advanced enough to build a single chip, general purpose computer. Federico Faggin to turn Hoff's vision into a silicon reality. (In less than one year, Faggin and his team delivered the 4004, which was introduced in November, 1971.) The world's first microprocessor application was this Busicom calculator. (sold about 100,000 calculators.) Measuring 1/8 inch wide by 1/6 inch long, consisting of 2,300 transistors, Intel’s 4004 microprocessor had as much computing power as the first electronic computer, ENIAC. 2 inch 4004 and 12 inch Core™2 Duo wafer ENIAC, built in 1946, filled 3000‐cubic‐ feet of space and contained 18,000 vacuum tubes. The 4004 microprocessor could execute 60,000 operations per second Running frequency: 108 KHz Founders wanted to name their new company Moore Noyce. However the name sounds very much similar to “more noise”. "Only the paranoid survive". Moore received a B.S. degree in Chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley in 1950 and a Ph.D. -
Programmable Digital Microcircuits - a Survey with Examples of Use
- 237 - PROGRAMMABLE DIGITAL MICROCIRCUITS - A SURVEY WITH EXAMPLES OF USE C. Verkerk CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 1. Introduction For most readers the title of these lecture notes will evoke microprocessors. The fixed instruction set microprocessors are however not the only programmable digital mi• crocircuits and, although a number of pages will be dedicated to them, the aim of these notes is also to draw attention to other useful microcircuits. A complete survey of programmable circuits would fill several books and a selection had therefore to be made. The choice has rather been to treat a variety of devices than to give an in- depth treatment of a particular circuit. The selected devices have all found useful ap• plications in high-energy physics, or hold promise for future use. The microprocessor is very young : just over eleven years. An advertisement, an• nouncing a new era of integrated electronics, and which appeared in the November 15, 1971 issue of Electronics News, is generally considered its birth-certificate. The adver• tisement was for the Intel 4004 and its three support chips. The history leading to this announcement merits to be recalled. Intel, then a very young company, was working on the design of a chip-set for a high-performance calculator, for and in collaboration with a Japanese firm, Busicom. One of the Intel engineers found the Busicom design of 9 different chips too complicated and tried to find a more general and programmable solu• tion. His design, the 4004 microprocessor, was finally adapted by Busicom, and after further négociation, Intel acquired marketing rights for its new invention. -
Introduction to Cpu
microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 1 INTRODUCTION TO CPU Mohammad Sadegh Sadri Session 2 Microprocessor Course Isfahan University of Technology Sep., Oct., 2010 microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 2 Agenda • Review of the first session • A tour of silicon world! • Basic definition of CPU • Von Neumann Architecture • Example: Basic ARM7 Architecture • A brief detailed explanation of ARM7 Architecture • Hardvard Architecture • Example: TMS320C25 DSP microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 3 Agenda (2) • History of CPUs • 4004 • TMS1000 • 8080 • Z80 • Am2901 • 8051 • PIC16 microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 4 Von Neumann Architecture • Same Memory • Program • Data • Single Bus microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 5 Sample : ARM7T CPU microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 6 Harvard Architecture • Separate memories for program and data microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 7 TMS320C25 DSP microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 8 Silicon Market Revenue Rank Rank Country of 2009/2008 Company (million Market share 2009 2008 origin changes $ USD) Intel 11 USA 32 410 -4.0% 14.1% Corporation Samsung 22 South Korea 17 496 +3.5% 7.6% Electronics Toshiba 33Semiconduc Japan 10 319 -6.9% 4.5% tors Texas 44 USA 9 617 -12.6% 4.2% Instruments STMicroelec 55 FranceItaly 8 510 -17.6% 3.7% tronics 68Qualcomm USA 6 409 -1.1% 2.8% 79Hynix South Korea 6 246 +3.7% 2.7% 812AMD USA 5 207 -4.6% 2.3% Renesas 96 Japan 5 153 -26.6% 2.2% Technology 10 7 Sony Japan 4 468 -35.7% 1.9% microprocessors and microcontrollers -
1 : Background
#1 : Background Computer Architecture 2019/2020 Ricardo Rocha Computer Science Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto Slides based on the book ‘Computer Organization and Design, The Hardware/Software Interface, 5th Edition David Patterson and John Hennessy, Morgan Kaufmann’ Sections 1.1 – 1.5 and 1.8 The Five Classic Components in a Modern Computer Computer Architecture 2019/2020 #1 : Background 1 Advent of the Digital Computer Alan Turing John von Neumann Computer Architecture 2019/2020 #1 : Background 2 Advent of the Digital Computer The principle of the modern computer was first described by computer scientist Alan Turing , who set out the idea in his seminal 1936 paper, ‘On Computable Numbers’ . He proved that a Turing machine would be capable of performing any conceivable mathematical computation if it were representable as an algorithm . Computer Architecture 2019/2020 #1 : Background 3 Advent of the Digital Computer Alan Turing also introduced the notion of a universal Turing machine , with the idea that such a machine could perform the tasks of any other machine, or in other words, it is provably capable of computing anything that is computable by executing a program stored on tape, allowing the machine to be programmable . Except for the limitations imposed by their finite memory stores , modern computers are said to be Turing-complete , which is to say, they have algorithm execution capability equivalent to a universal Turing machine. Computer Architecture 2019/2020 #1 : Background 4 Advent of the Digital Computer ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) First general purpose (Turing-complete) computer in the US, 1946 Computer Architecture 2019/2020 #1 : Background 5 Advent of the Digital Computer ENIAC combined the high speed of electronics (vacuum tubes, resistors and capacitors) with the ability to be programmed . -
Microprocessors and Interfacing Von Newman Architecture (1/3)
Von Newman Architecture (1/3) COMP9032: Microprocessors and Interfacing Memory (Program and Data) Introduction to Microprocessors Control Unit Arithmetic and Logic Unit http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~cs9032 Lecturer: Hui Wu Session 2, 2008 Input Output 1 John von Neumann in the 1940s 2 Von Newman Architecture (2/3) Von Newman Architecture (3/3) EDVAC, one • Memory of the first electronic • Input §Stores both program and data stored program computers §Gets the input ( data and program) from users • Control unit • Output §Directs the operations of the other units by providing timing and control signals. §Sends the output to users • ALU • ALU and control unit are collectively called CPU (Central Processing Unit) §Performs arithmetic and logical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. 3 4 Harvard Architecture (1/2) Harvard Architecture (2/2) Memory (Program) Memory (Data) • Program and data are stored in separate memories, allowing accessing program and data at the same time. • AVR microcontrollers use Harvard architecture. Control Unit Arithmetic and Logic Unit Input Output 5 6 Computer Bus Bus-Oriented Computer Architecture • A bus is a set of parallel conductors that transfer data between different components of a computer. CPU Memory I/O Device 1 … I/O Device n • A bus has three main parts: §Data bus Data Bus v Carries data Address Bus §Address bus Control Bus v Carries the address of data §Control bus v Carries control signals 7 8 Microprocessors Intel’s Microprocessors (1/3) Name Date Transistors Microns Clock Data width MIPS speed • A microprocessor is a CPU on a single 8080 1974 6,000 6 2 MHz 8 bits 0.64 Integrated Circuit (IC). -
Madison Processor
TheThe RoadRoad toto BillionBillion TransistorTransistor ProcessorProcessor ChipsChips inin thethe NearNear FutureFuture DileepDileep BhandarkarBhandarkar RogerRoger GolliverGolliver Intel Corporation April 22th, 2003 Copyright © 2002 Intel Corporation. Outline yy SemiconductorSemiconductor TechnologyTechnology EvolutionEvolution yy Moore’sMoore’s LawLaw VideoVideo yy ParallelismParallelism inin MicroprocessorsMicroprocessors TodayToday yy MultiprocessorMultiprocessor SystemsSystems yy TheThe PathPath toto BillionBillion TransistorsTransistors yy SummarySummary ©2002, Intel Corporation Intel, the Intel logo, Pentium, Itanium and Xeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others BirthBirth ofof thethe RevolutionRevolution ---- TheThe IntelIntel 40044004 IntroducedIntroduced NovemberNovember 15,15, 19711971 108108 KHz,KHz, 5050 KIPsKIPs ,, 23002300 1010μμ transistorstransistors 20012001 –– Pentium®Pentium® 44 ProcessorProcessor Introduced November 20, 2000 @1.5 GHz core, 400 MT/s bus 42 Million 0.18µ transistors August 27, 2001 @2 GHz, 400 MT/s bus 640 SPECint_base2000* 704 SPECfp_base2000* SourceSource:: hhtttptp:/://www/www.specbench.org/cpu2000/results/.specbench.org/cpu2000/results/ 3030 YearsYears ofof ProgressProgress yy40044004 toto PentiumPentium®® 44 processorprocessor –– TransistorTransistor count:count: 20,000x20,000x increaseincrease –– Frequency:Frequency: 20,000x20,000x increaseincrease -
Advancements in Microprocessor Architecture for Ubiquitous AI—An Overview on History, Evolution, and Upcoming Challenges in AI Implementation
micromachines Review Advancements in Microprocessor Architecture for Ubiquitous AI—An Overview on History, Evolution, and Upcoming Challenges in AI Implementation Fatima Hameed Khan, Muhammad Adeel Pasha * and Shahid Masud * Department of Electrical Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore, Punjab 54792, Pakistan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.A.P.); [email protected] (S.M.) Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) has successfully made its way into contemporary industrial sectors such as automobiles, defense, industrial automation 4.0, healthcare technologies, agriculture, and many other domains because of its ability to act autonomously without continuous human interventions. However, this capability requires processing huge amounts of learning data to extract useful information in real time. The buzz around AI is not new, as this term has been widely known for the past half century. In the 1960s, scientists began to think about machines acting more like humans, which resulted in the development of the first natural language processing computers. It laid the foundation of AI, but there were only a handful of applications until the 1990s due to limitations in processing speed, memory, and computational power available. Since the 1990s, advancements in computer architecture and memory organization have enabled microprocessors to deliver much higher performance. Simultaneously, improvements in the understanding and mathematical representation of AI gave birth to its subset, referred to as machine learning (ML). ML Citation: Khan, F.H.; Pasha, M.A.; includes different algorithms for independent learning, and the most promising ones are based on Masud, S. Advancements in brain-inspired techniques classified as artificial neural networks (ANNs). -
The Decline of Computers As a General Purpose Technology: Why Deep Learning and the End of Moore's Law Are Fragmenting Computi
WORKING PAPER The Decline of Computers as a General Purpose Technology: Why Deep Learning and the End of Moore’s Law are Fragmenting Computing Neil C. Thompson* Svenja Spanuth* Laboratory for Innovation Science at Harvard & MIT Sloan School of Management & MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab RWTH Aachen University November 2018 Abstract It is a triumph of technology and of economics that our computer chips are so universal. Countless applications are only possible because of the staggering variety of calculations that modern chips can compute. But, this was not always the case. Computers used to be specialized, doing only narrow sets of calculations. Their rise as a ‘general purpose technology (GPT)’ only happened because of the technical breakthroughs by computer scientists like von Neumann and Turing, and the mutually-reinforcing economic cycle of general purpose technologies, where product improvement and market growth fuel each other. This paper argues that technological and economic forces are now pushing computing in the opposite direction, making computer processors less general purpose and more *N. Thompson and S. Spanuth contributed equally to this work. specialized. This process has already begun, driven by the slow-down in Moore’s Law and the algorithmic success of Deep Learning. This trend towards specialization threatens to fragment computing into 'fast lane' applications that get powerful customized chips and 'slow lane' applications that get stuck using general purpose chips whose progress fades. The rise of general purpose computer chips has been remarkable. So, too, could be their fall. This paper outlines the forces already starting to fragment this general purpose technology.