I3 Processor

Arpit Section- E2E43, roll no.-A34, Reg. no.-11106840 School of Electronics and communication Lovely professional university, phagwara, Punjab

Abstract-This term paper on Intel i3 processor is version of their processors are still considered the to define the role played by the Intel processor inin best. Some of the famous processor are from the the field of data manipulation and graphic display. latest group of the family ‗core‘. is the This term paper present report on the architecture processors i3 family which is famous for its latest of i3 processor made by Intel and improvement in revolutionary structure and integrated architecture it from predecessor. which also provide the advantage of the . It‘s also wonderful in providing the 1-1- Introduction users with the excellent graphical user interfaces. Intel was founded in 1968 and its first product was Intel 3101 produced in 1969, Intel first product was world‘s‘s first solid state memory device with 16 x 4-bit SRAM. came in 1970 was world first DRAM product with 1K-bit PMOS and it was used in HP 9800 series . By 1972, it became world bestselling memory chip, defeating Magnetic memory The Intel i3 processor with Intel HD Graphics offers an unparalleled computing Experience. This Intel MCS Family revolutionary new architecture allows for new MCS Family Intel CPU levels of intelligent performance and advanced media and graphics features — all while being MCS-4 4004 energy efficient. The processor include an MCS-40 4040 Integrated Memory Controller (IMC) making them monolithic processors. The IMC and the MCS-8 8008 multiple processor cores are connected by the new MCS-80 8080 Quick Path Interconnect (QPI).

22-History MCS-85 8085

Intel is the world‘s biggest company which is MCS-86 8086, 8088, 80186, 80188, famous for manufacturing the best processors ever 80286, 80386, 80486, created in processor history. Every time they have introduced something interesting and new in their processors and devices. They introduced the series produced in 1971 was world first of processors in 1940s and till now the advanced ―general purpose‖ micro-processor and its Lead

ii designers were – – Ted Hoff, , Stan implementation, lack of cache, bit-aligned Mazor, and Masatoshi Shim. Intel 4004 have variable length instructions. It Failed: ¼ Word width: 4-bit, 2300 , Clock performance of 286 as of 1982. Then in 1980 Intel frequency: 108KHz/500/740.It have 46 8087 came into picture with First floating-point instructions, Registers: 16 x 4-bit, Stack: 12 x 4- for 8086 lines, its Performance was: bit with Address space of 1Kb for program and +20% ~ 5x; it have Floating registers form 8-level 4Kb for data. In1972 came the - world stack: st0~st7 work in two mode: 8-bit/16-bit first 8-bit whose designers were – – follow IEEE 754 standard. Then follows: Intel Ted Hoff, Stan Mazor, Hal Feeney, and Federico 80287 – – 16-bit and Intel 80387, 80487 – – 32-bit. Faggin. Intel 8008 have word width: 8-bit, Clock Starting from Intel 80486DX, and later frequency: 800 KHz with 3500 transistors, 4848 model has on chip floating point unit and ―DX‖ instructions, Registers: 6 x 8-bit, Stack: 17 x 7-bit was used for on-chip FP capability. and Address space: 16KB. In 1974 came the Intel Intel introduced 80386 processor in 1985 it was 8080 whose Lead designers were – – Feder1ico Intel first 32-bit with Faggin, and Stan Mazor. "The 4GB space. 80386 instruction set, programming 8080 really created the microprocessor market‖. It model, and binary encodings were the common was used in MITS in 1975 and termed denominator for all IA-32, , x86 series. It has asas ―‖. It have Word width: 8-bit Paging to support VM, hardware debugging, first with 4500 transistors, Clock frequency: 2M- use of it wasn‘t necessarily a big 3MHz and Address space: 64KB, Registers: 6 x 8- performance improvement over 80286,it contain bit, IO ports and Stack pointer. 275,000 transistors with clock frequency of Intel 16-bit came in 1978 when 12MHz initially, later 33MHz and 11.4MIPS. Intel launched , first x86 family Compaq: first PC using 80386, legitimize PC microprocessor with Source compatibility with ―clone‖ industry.. 80xx lines and its Followers were: 8088 (1979), In 1985 Intel produced i960. Intel 80960, (1982). It have 16-bit: all registers, internal was first RISC (Reduced instruction set and external buses with 29,000 transistors, 5MHz computing) microprocessor it was the Best-selling of clock frequency, 20-bit address , 4MB embedded the time. It was address space and 16-bit register - segmentation intended to replace 80286/i386, and for programming. IBM PC in 1981 used 8088 systems, it used Berkeley RISC, flat memory processor. Then came the in 1982 model, superscalar structure but Dropped after with 134,000 transistors with clock frequency of acquiring Strong ARM in late 90‘s when its 6M-8MHz and 1.5 MIPS it was used by IBM Price/performance/power remain no longer PC/AT in 1984 it was Designed for multi-tasking competitive and team went to design another i386 wwith MMU ―protection mode‖. Intel i432, Intel processor. first 32- bit microprocessor design it was ―intel Advanced Processor architecture‖. Started in 1975 Intel 80486 was another processor introduced by as the 8800, follow-on to the existing 8008 and Intel in 1989 with Improvements in Atomic instructions, On-die 8KB SRAM cache, tightly 8080 CPUs, intended purely 32-bit, to be Intel coupled pipelining: 1 IPC with clock frequency of backbone in the 1980s, to support Ada, LISP, 50MHz and 40MIPS on average and 50MIPS at advanced computations, the HW supports to all peak it has Integrated FPU (no longer need ). the good terms with Object Oriented It was first chip which exceeds 1M transistors. programming and capability-based addressing, Now the competitor were more manufacturers, multi-tasking and IPC, , Fault AMD , Cx5x86, and Motorola tolerance. But the Problems with it was two-chip 68040 in Macintosh Quadra.

iiii In 1989 Intel presented new masterpiece rate, non-blocking, SMP advantage. Dies had to with entirely new RISC microprocessor, high- be bonded early, it had Low yield rate and high performance FP operations it have 32-bit ALU price it had36-bit address bus (PAE), low 16-bit core, and 64-bit FPU (adder, multiplier, GPU) performance but Performance was better than best along with Register sets: 32 x 32-bit integer, 16 x RISC with SPECint95. 64-bit FP. It GPU uses FP registers as 8 x 128-bit, Pentium II by Intel in 1997 had 7.5M transistors with iSIMD (Influenced MMX), 64/128-bit buses, and Slot replaced Socket with a daughterboard, fetch 2 x 32-bit instructions. It was dropped in solved the issues of off-package L2 cache in mid-90 because support was mission with half CPU clock. It implemented impossible and took 62 - 2000 MMX, improved 16-bit performance. and cycles which was Unacceptable for GP CPU, it was launched in 1998, Celeron: no on-die was Incompatible with X86, Confusing the market L2-cache. And Pentium II Xeon: L2-cache, with Intel 486 CISC. It was being used in some 100MT/s, SMP. Intel launched Pentium III in parallel computers and graphic . 1999 it introduced SSE for FP and vector processing it had on-die L2 cache with .18um Coppermine. Intel then Streaming SIMD Extensions in 1999 in which MMX uses FP registers for SIMD data, and has only integer Intel introduced Pentium in SIMD, SSE introduces separate XMM registers. 1993. Pentium means ―5‖, because court Intel Xscale came in light in 1997 when Intel disallowed number based trademark, later acquired Strong ARM from DEC, 1997 to replace Pentium was used in many Intel processors. the RISC processors i860 and i960. It had Strong micro-architecture first used X86 superscalar ARM implemented ARMv4 ISA. It‘s Successor, micro-architecture with dual integer pipelines, Xscale implemented ARMv5 with Seven-stage separate D/I caches, 64-bit external data-bus and integer and an eight-stage memory super pipelined 60M-300MHz (at 75 MHz -126.5 MIPS) .It‘s , 32KB data cache and 32KB Competitors were X86: AMD K5/K6, Cyrix 6x86, instruction cache.• Xscale processor family had etc. from Pentium processor Intel started to use a Application Processors (with the prefix PXA), I/O cooler. Processors (with the prefix IOP), Network In 1996 Intel launched MMX which has SIMD Processors (with the prefix IXP), Control Plane instruction set, introduced with P5 it has ―Matrix Processors (with the prefix IXC).• Intel sold Math Extensions‖, mainly for graphics and 8 x 64- Xscale PXA business to Marvell in 2006. bit integer registers MM0 ~ MM7, alias of FPU Intel was in limelight in 2001 which was ST0 ~ ST7. Integer was not enough soon due to originated from HP, EPIC: explicitly parallel gfx cards. Intel introduced SSE in 1999 and instruction computing. All believed EPIC would started with Pentium-III it have new XMM supplant RISC and CISC. Compaq and SGI gave register set with 70 new instructions. It has "Intel up Alpha and MIPS, and SUN etc. Wireless MMX " and then Intel developed for it and in 1999, Pentium Pro in 1995, (or i686) was completely Intel named it Itanium it had Speculation, new apart from Pentium (P5) it had no. of prediction, predication, and renaming with 128 transistors: Pentium 3.1M, Pentium MMX 4.5M, integer registers, 128 FP registers, 64 one-bit Pentium Pro 5.5M with Speculative execution, predicates, and eight branch registers 128-bit RISC-like micro-ops and three pipelines, 2 instruction word has 3 instruction, dual-issue, max integer, 1 for floating point. Innovative on- package level-2 cache but manufacturing did allow on-die L2 cache it had Same CPU clock

iiiiii 6 IPC, X86 support in HW initially and then micro-architecture and was planned as Net burst evolution, but then a completely different design of microarchitecture with size of 45nm. It was Multi-core with on-package GPU and integrated memory controller, Integrated PCI-E and DMI purely in SW. replacing Northbridge. It had level branch Intel introduced in 2000 with Net Burst predictor and 20% gain performance/clock, 30%% microarchitecture (P68, successor to P6), it Pursue cut power/performance and on this architecture higher frequency, smaller IPC with Hyper Intel introduced Core i3, i5, i7, Celeron, Pentium, Pipelined: 20-stage Willamette. It had Rapid Xeon. Intel introduced Processors in 2008 Execution Engine: Two ALUs in the core are which was based on Bonnell microarchitecture, double-pumped and execution Trace Cache, 45nm in size with dual-issue in order, 16-stage SSE2, L3-cache (Extreme Edition). It was pipeline and only around 4% of instructions confined with Hyper-Threading Technology. But produce multiple micro-operations. It can contain its performance worse than Northwood with both a load and a store with an ALU operation similar clock as designed to be 10GHz, but with Partial revival of old principle in P5 and 486 achieved 3.8GHz. Core-based: 27W, for performance/watt. Pentium4:115W, Pentium4M:88W. Then comes Intel came into light in 2011, it was – – Dual-core which was abandoned due new microarchitecture after Nehalem, 32nm in to High power consumption and heat intensity and size and it shared L3 cache for cores, including Inability to increase clock speed, and inefficient GPU, it has two load/store ops/cycle for memory pipeline. Intel introduced in 2003 channel.in this there is Ring bus interconnect derived From Pentium III, based on P6 between Cores, Graphics, Cache and System microarchitecture. FSB interface of Pentium 4, Agent Domain. As compared to Nehalem, 17% SSE2, much larger cache, improved gain in performance/clock over Lynnfield, 2x decoding/issuing FE, L2 cache only switches onon graphics over Clarkdale and then in 2012 came the portion being accessed. It has dynamicallyy the Ivy Bridge architecture with, size of 22nm and variable clock frequency and core voltage it has 3D gates. 1.6 GHz Pentium M performance > 2.4 GHz Pentium 4-M. Next generation of it released as 3-3-Architecture Intel Core brand on Jan 2006. Core 2: Intel-64 Intel i3 is a 64 bit microprocessor and is available Core microarchitecture came in light in July 2006. in different versions depending on different It has larger cache in size. Then comes the Intel architecture, and there are three main architecture Tick-Tock Model which was introduced since on which Intel i3 processor is designed. 2007 to describe progress cadence where ―Tick―: shrinking of process technology – – same a)a) Nehalem Architecture microarchitecture. And ―Tock―: new The predecessor to Nehalem, Intel‘s Core microarchitecture – – same process. Tick-Tock is architecture, made use of multiple cores on a expected alternating every year. single die to improve performance over traditional single-core architectures. But as more cores and processors were added to a high-performance system, some serious weaknesses and bandwidth bottlenecks began to appear. After the initial generation of dual-core Core processors, Intel Intel began a Core 2 series processor which was not Nehalem came in 2008 it was successor of Core much more than using two or more pairs of dual- iviv core dies. The cores communicated via system to communicate very effectively in either case. memory which caused large delays due to limited bandwidth on the processor bus. Adding more cores increased the burden on the processor and memory buses, which diminished the performance gains that could be possible with more cores. The new Nehalem architecture sought to improve core-to-core communication by establishing a point-to-point topology in which microprocessor cores can communicate directly with one another and have more direct access to system memory.

In Nehalem architecture I3 has technology with following specifications: 2 physical cores/4 threads, 64 Kb L1 cache,, 512 Kb L2 cache,, 4 MB L3 cache,, Introduced January, 2012,, Socket 1156 LGA,, 2-channel DDR3,, Integrated HD GPU with different variants.

b)b) Sandy bridge/ Ivy bridge architecture

Sandy Bridge is the codename for The approach to the Nehalem architecture is more aa microarchitecture developed by Intel beginning modular than the Core architecture which makes it in 2005 for central processing units in computers much more flexible and customizable to the to replace the Nehalem microarchitecture. Intel application. The architecture really only consists demonstrated a Sandy Bridge processor in 2009, of a few basic building blocks. The main blocks and released first products based on the are a microprocessor core (with its own L2 cache), architecture in January 2011 under a shared L3 cache, a Quick Path Interconnect the Core brand. Sandy Bridge implementations (QPI) bus controller, an integrated memory targeted a 32 nanometer manufacturing process controller (IMC), and graphics core. With this based on planar double-gate transistors. Intel's flexible architecture, the blocks can be configured subsequent product, codenamed Ivy Bridge, uses to meet what the market demands. For example, aa 22 nanometer process. the Bloomfield model, which is intended for a performance desktop application, has four cores, an L3 cache, one memory controller, and one QPI bus controller. Server microprocessors like the Beckton model can have eight cores, and four QPI bus controllers. The architecture allows the cores

The Ivy Bridge die shrink, known in the Intel Tick-Tock model as the "tick", is based on Fin FET (non-planar, "3D") tri-gate transistors. Intel demonstrated the Ivy Bridge processors in 2011. Developed primarily by the Israel branch of Intel,

vv the codename was originally "Gesher" (meaning miss. "bridge‖ in in Hebrew). The name was changed to avoid being associated with the defunct Gesher political party; the decision was led by Ron Friedman, vice president of Intel managing the group at the time. Intel demonstrated a Sandy Bridge processor with A1 stepping atat 22 GHz during the inin September 2009. Upgraded features from Nehalem include:

 32 KB data + 32 KB instruction L1 Intel continues to drive platform enhancements cache (4 clocks) and 256 KB L2 that increase the overall user experience. Some of cache (11 clocks) per core. these enhancements include areas such as  Shared L3 cache includes the processor connectivity, manageability, security, and graphics (LGA 1155).. reliability, as well as compute capability. One of

 64- cache line size. the means of significantly increasing compute

 Two load/store operations per CPU cycle for capability is with Intel multi-core processors each memory channel. delivering greater levels of performance and

 Decoded micro-operation cache and enlarged, performance-per-watt capabilities. The move to optimized branch predictor. multi-core processing has also opened the door to

 Improved performance for transcendental many other micro-architectural innovations to mathematics. With 256-bit/cycle ring bus continue to even further improve performance. interconnect between cores, graphics, cache Intel Core microarchitecture is one such state-of- and System Agent Domain. the-art micro architectural update that was

 , hardware support for designed to deliver increased performance video encoding and decoding. And it have up combined with superior power efficiency. As to 8 physical cores or 16 logical cores such, Intel Core microarchitecture is focused on through Hyper-threading. enhancing existing and emerging application and

 Integration of the GMCH (integrated graphics usage models across each platform segment, and memory controller) and processor into a including desktop, server, and mobile. single die inside the processor package. In contrast, Sandy Bridge's predecessor, 4-Feature Clarkdale, has two separate dies (one for Intel i3 is based on Hyper-Threading Technology GMCH, one for processor) within the and the improvements to Intel Smart Cache processor package. This tighter integration combine to create dynamic and adaptive reduces memory latency even more. performance. Add the integration of the memory controller and the graphics to the processor and  A 14- to 19-stage instruction pipeline, the Intel Core i3 processor gets things done depending on the micro-operation cache hit or faster and more efficiently. Intel Hyper-Threading Technology offers more computer muscle while reducing wait time. Intel Smart Cache improves responsivenessby providing faster access toto data. Intel HD Graphics is the ideal graphics solution for your everyday visual computing

vivi needs. Performance has an immediate, impact the processor. Double channeled DDR with 1333 on what you do on your PC. Accelerate MHz memory sequence. your productivity, inspire your digital creations, 5-Advantage and enjoy video smoothness and music quality I3 processors have remarkable advantages that are on a system with the Intel Core i3 processor — the of great use in the field of computers and smart choice for home and office. The basic technology. Some of them are: dual processor feature of the i3 are highly improved as compared have the capability to run two independent to the previous version of the processor by Intel,i3 program with one hardware. I3 processor have offers the perfect accuracy and high performance improved Pentium base, they have totally new and response rate which in result provide the users architecture with more integrations and high speed with the high throughput rates, also reduced time performance structure. Hyper threading in executing the programs by the processor. The technology also enables the user to enjoy the high Intel i3 processor is fully equipped by the latest speed and better performance with more reliable HD graphics with powerful and video engine that outputs. It has 4 tasking threads that allows user to provide smooth high quality display along with 3d easily execute 3-4 programs at a time. Smart graphics capabilities. On the whole i3 processor memory and cache sequence allows user to enjoy can be considered as the high graphical and the optimized and efficient data access both direct multimedia display processors for daily and sequentially. Effective shortcuts have reduced computing. the access time of the file and system. HD Intel i3 processor also provide hyper threading graphical features also make these processors technology to its users which enable the distinguished from the others because they are multitasking capability of both user and system. considered as best in their resolution. I3 have The systems with i3 processor can perform advantage because it have different power execution and compilation of two tasks management and thermal management unit. Intel simultaneously without causing the executing Core processors include an Integrated Graphics delays and debuggers errors. They are also so Device (IGD) providing excellent graphical responsive that output of the program can be capabilities. For the Intel Core processor models generated at the same time too. We can easily say that do not have an IGD, a PCI Express (PCIe) that Intel i3 are the best choice for homes and interconnect is integrated into all processors to offices. More than seven applications can run support up to PCIe x16 video cards. simultaneously on the system with i3 processor 6) Difference from predecessor built on the motherboards. I3 processor are the Ivy Bridge CPUs (3rd gen) are basically on smarter, faster and more adaptive in all kinds of average 6% more processing power than Sandy networking scheme. They can be used with any of Bridge CPUs (2nd gen). They also use a little less the hard disk configurations. They are also famous power. The main difference is the new Intel HD in the market with the name of desktop processor 4000 which is on average around 35% - 40% more because of the great quality resolution they have. powerful than the older Intel HD 3000. Sounds Integrated components on the motherboards also impressive, but it is still relatively weak compared makes i3 processors unique in their architecture to desktop graphic cards. The Intel HD 4000 is a and circuit installations. bit slower than AMD's most powerful graphic I3 processors have 3.06 GHz and 2.93 GHz core core found in the older Llano A8 APUs. speed which is very high as compared to the Compared to desktop graphic cards, the mobile previous configurations of the Intel processors. version of the Intel HD 3000 is a little slower than They have 4 processing threads that enables the Radeon HD 5450, while the Intel HD 4000 multithreading and multitasking. 4 would be a little slower than the Radeon HD additional cache memory is also provided inside 5550.

viivii I3 processor is different from the predecessor  i3-2105 – 3.1 GHz because it have: Integrated Memory Controller  i3-2120 – 3.3 GHz (IMC) where, IMC offers high bandwidth and low  i3-2125 – 3.3 GHz latency for memory I/O leading to faster memory  i3-2130 – 3.4 GHz read and write cycle‘s along with Hyper -  Threading Technology (HT); Hyper-Threading Ivy Bridge – 22 nm Tri-gate process technology allows one physical processor core to technology be seen as two logical processors by firmware and

software. Each logical processor can execute a  2 physical cores/4 threads

allowing for two concurrent threads to be  32+32 Kb (per core) L1 cache

executed. And Turbo Boost Technology - A  256 Kb (per core) L2 cache

feature that automatically allows processor cores  3 MB L3 cache to run faster than its base operating frequency  Introduced September, 2012 when other cores are not being utilized. Automatic  Socket 1155 LGA performance boost. It also provide service of  2-channel DDR3-1600 Quick Path Interconnect (QPI) which provide a  Variants ending in '5' have Intel HD Graphics 4000; others have Intel HD new high bandwidth, low latency bus that Graphics 2500 connects processor cores and memory.  All variants have GPU base frequencies of 650 MHz and peak GPU turbo frequencies of 1.05 GHz

7) List of 64 bit i3 processor  TDP 55 W

 Variants

 Sandy Bridge – 32 nm process technology  i3-3220T – 2.8 GHz

 2 physical cores/4 threads  i3-3240T – 2.9 GHz

 32+32 Kb (per core) L1 cache  i3-3220 – 3.3 GHz

 256 Kb (per core) L2 cache  i3-3225 – 3.3 GHz

 3 MB L3 cache  i3-3240 – 3.4 GHz

 624 million transistors

 Introduced January, 2012

 Socket 1155 LGA References

 2-channel DDR3-1333 11--A Brief History of Intel CPU  Variants ending in 'T' have a peak TDP of 35 W, others 65 W by Xiao-Feng Li-2/10/13..

 Integrated GPU 2- White paper on inside Intel Core  All variants have peak GPU turbo Microarchitecture by Intel. frequencies of 1.1 GHz  Variants ending in 'T' have GPUs 3-Intel Nehalem by Trent running at a base frequency of Rolf/University of Utah Computer 650 MHz; others at 850 MHz Engineering/CS 6810 /Final Project/December  Variants ending in '5' have Intel HD 2009 Graphics 3000 (12 execution units); others have Intel HD Graphics 2000 4-Intel processor 4thth generation/datasheet by Intel (6 execution units)

 Variants 5-http://www.wifinotes.com/computer-hardware-

 i3-2100T – 2.5 GHz components/I3-intel-processors.html

 i3-2120T – 2.6 GHz 6-6-  i3-2100 – 3.1 GHz http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microp  i3-2102 – 3.1 GHz rocessors#Core_i3 viiiviii