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VOLUME V INFORMATIQUE NON AMERICAINE Première Partie Par L' Ingénieur Général De L'armement BOUCHER Henri TABLE

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VOLUME V INFORMATIQUE NON AMERICAINE Première Partie Par L' Ingénieur Général De L'armement BOUCHER Henri TABLE VOLUME V INFORMATIQUE NON AMERICAINE Première partie par l' Ingénieur Général de l'Armement BOUCHER Henri TABLE DES MATIERES INFORMATIQUE NON AMERICAINE Première partie 731 Informatique européenne (statistiques, exemples) 122 700 Histoire de l'Informatique allemande 1 701 Petits constructeurs 5 702 Les facturières de Kienzle Data System 16 703 Les minis de gestion de Nixdorf 18 704 Siemens & Halske AG 23 705 Systèmes informatiques d'origine allemande 38 706 Histoire de l'informatique britannique 40 707 Industriels anglais de l'informatique 42 708 Travaux des Laboratoires d' Etat 60 709 Travaux universitaires 63 710 Les coeurs synthétisables d' ARM 68 711 Computer Technology 70 712 Elliott Brothers et Elliott Automation 71 713 Les machines d' English Electric Company 74 714 Les calculateurs de Ferranti 76 715 Les études de General Electric Company 83 716 La patiente construction de ICL 85 Catalogue informatique – Volume E - Ingénieur Général de l'Armement Henri Boucher Page : 1/333 717 La série 29 d' ICL 89 718 Autres produits d' ICL, et fin 94 719 Marconi Company 101 720 Plessey 103 721 Systèmes en Grande-Bretagne 105 722 Histoire de l'informatique australienne 107 723 Informatique en Autriche 109 724 Informatique belge 110 725 Informatique canadienne 111 726 Informatique chinoise 116 727 Informatique en Corée du Sud 118 728 Informatique à Cuba 119 729 Informatique danoise 119 730 Informatique espagnole 121 732 Informatique finlandaise 128 733 Histoire de l'informatique française 130 734 La période héroïque : la SEA 140 735 La Compagnie des Machines Bull 148 736 Autres sociétés françaises avant le Plan Calcul 153 737 Les Administrations 162 738 Le rôle des Armées 170 739 La Compagnie Internationale pour l' Informatique 182 740 La Télémécanique 185 741 La Thomson / CSF, structure d'accueil 186 742 La CII / HB puis Bull 194 743 Autres sociétés françaises d'informatique 203 744 Logabax, imprimantes et ordinateurs de bureau 221 745 Quelques systèmes français à caractère civil 223 Catalogue informatique – Volume E - Ingénieur Général de l'Armement Henri Boucher Page : 2/333 700 - Histoire de l' Informatique allemande L'Allemagne est un des rares pays à avoir abordé l'informatique avant la guerre, avec les travaux de l'ingénieur Konrad Züse, dont la première réalisation était mécanique. Züse avait compris la nécessité d'une véritable programmation, et prèvu à cet effet un bloc de commande exploitant des trous dans un support commode, carte ou ruban. Cependant , l'absence d'un soutien industriel, ainsi que le souci d'indépendance de l'auteur, empéchèrent cette étude de déboucher sur un produit, malgré un modeste soutien de Hitler. A la fin de la guerre, Züse a réussi à sauver un de ses prototypes et entreprend, avant tout autre organisme du pays, de construire une machine à relais commercialisable qui sera la Z4 ; l' inspiration semble être venue des machines des laboratoires Bell, et une trentaine de ces très petites machines, programmées par bandes perforées et travaillant au rythme très lent de quelques instructions par seconde, verront le jour avant que Züse n'aborde l' électronique avec le Z22 de 1950. Züse construira et vendra plusieurs machines petites et moyennes, sans jamais déboucher sur une production de masse, sans doute à cause de son refus de perdre son indépendance, mais aussi parce que personne en Allemagne à cette époque ne croit à l'avenir de l'informatique. Dans l'immédiat après-guerre, ce n'est cependant pas le travail de Züse qui introduit l'informatique en Allemagne, mais celui des Universités qui, soutenues par le Plan Marshall à partir de 1949, se lancent, comme leurs homologues américaines, dans des constructions expérimentales . On peut citer : - l' Université de Berlin Ouest, qui s'inspire du Z22 de Züse. Voir fiche - la Technische Hochschule de Darmstadt, où le Professeur Dr A. Walther construit DERA, dans le cadre de l' Institut de Mathématiques Pratiques. Il s'agit d'une machine à tambour magnétique et tubes. Voir fiche. On peut noter que cet institut avait largement débuté le calcul analogique avant la guerre, et que cette tradition s'était poursuivie ; en 1948, le même institut avait présenté dans un congrès un analyseur différentiel mécanique, probablement réalisé pendant la guerre, et déjà dépassé. En 1954, ce même Institut se modernise avec ELARD, un analyseur différentiel électronique fonctionnant sur le mode itératif. Un matériel analogue, EARI, existe à la Technische Hochschule d' Ilmenau. - la Technische Hochschule de Dresde, en Allemagne de l' Est cette fois, construira dès 1956 la D1, une machine scientifique à tambour magnétique et tubes, qui sera suivie d' une D2, puis d'une D4 transistorisée. Voir trois fiches. - l' Institut Max Planck de Göttingen réalisera dès 1952 une très modeste machine à tubes et tambour, la G1, qui sera un symbole du relèvement scientifique de l' Allemagne, probablement à cause du dynamisme avec lequel l' institut, transporté assez vite à Munich, développera ses idées avec un G1A (1958), un G2 en 1954 et un G3 en 1959. Ce dernier comporte une mémoire à tores. Voir quatre fiches. Catalogue informatique – Volume E - Ingénieur Général de l'Armement Henri Boucher Page : 3/333 Plus tard, l' Institut réalisera en 1969 BRUSH, un calculateur spécialisé pour l'exploitation des photos de chambre à bulles. L'unité centrale comprend 16 registres à décalage où l'on introduit les images numérisées, et 48 unités de traitement qui y recherchent des alignements ; elle est reliée à la mémoire de travail, tores 8K * 18 bits, 1 µs plus 64 registres 18 bits, 30 ns ; et à l'écran lecteur de photos, à travers un tampon de 64 mots 18 bits, 0,2 µs. Addition en 70 ns, multiplication 600 ns, division et racine carrée. Sortie sur bande. Logiciel spécialisé dans une mémoire de programme séparée, 2K * 18 bits, 100 ns. - la Technische Hochschule de Munich construira en 1956 PERM, une machine nettement plus puissante, elle aussi avec des tores magnétiques en plus du tambour. Voir fiche. - on peut aussi évoquer le travail accompli à la Technische Hochschule du Brunswick sur une additionneuse à introduction phonétique des opérandes. Voir document. Ces diverses machines furent les supports techniques d'un important investissement intellectuel qui devait conduire les chercheurs allemands à prendre, vers 1956, l'initiative d'un effort international sur les langages et en conséquence, sur les compilateurs, effort qui déboucha sur la création d' Algol. Ces chercheurs n'ont pas prétendu être les inventeurs des concepts, et ont d'emblée invité à participer les meilleurs théoriciens américains ; mais ce sont eux, et leurs collègues hollandais et danois, qui ont orienté les travaux du groupe vers l' abstraction et, après la perte d'intérêt des américains, soutenu l'ambitieux projet Algol 68 jusqu'à son abandon. Les universités cessent tout effort de construction dès l'apparition de machines commerciales, essentiellement américaines, sur lesquelles il était possible de poursuivre ces recherches. Très occupés à simplement renaître, les industriels allemands ne s'intéressent pas à l'informatique, leurs besoins étant satisfaits par leurs productions de machines comptables et de mécanographie. Ce sont donc les étrangers, l' américain IBM et le français Bull, déjà implantés en Allemagne avant guerre, qui vont introduire les premières machines industrielles à tubes, respectivement la 650 et le Gamma 3. L'apparition du transistor, qui permet des réalisations à moindre risque, suscite enfin quelques efforts nationaux. En plus de Züse, qui avance à petits pas, il s'agit de : Telefunken, un fabricant de postes radio, qui réalise quelques machines pour des projets des administra- tions : TR4 scientifique, TR5 pour les postes, TR10 de gestion. Siemens, qui crée sa propre architecture avec le 2002, puis le 3003. De plus, un nouvel étranger s'implante à Francfort : Univac, tenu hors de France par des accords avec Bull concernant les cartes perforées, s'installe en Allemagne pour commercialiser les machines de gestion de Bluebell, et d'autre part propose à l' OTAN les machines à succès qu'il a étudiées pour la Marine américaine, en offrant de les faire fabriquer chez Telefunken. Cette dernière tentative échouera. L'arrivée de la série S/360 d' IBM, dont l'usine de Sindelfingen produit le modèle 30 pour l' Europe, change le point de vue allemand. Si le gouvernement n'est toujours pas intéressé, les industriels prennent conscience qu'il y a un marché et Catalogue informatique – Volume E - Ingénieur Général de l'Armement Henri Boucher Page : 4/333 commencent à investir, alors que le parc est presque entièrement étranger. C'est Siemens qui prend la position la plus nette et, faute d'expertise nationale, choisit de prendre la license de RCA pour une famille 4004 qui n'est autre que la mise en boitiers allemands des logiques Spectra 70, compatibles IBM. Quantitativement, cela reste un succès modeste. Par contre, l'essor de l'ordinateur de bureau en Allemagne est supérieur en valeur relative à celui de tout autre pays. En dehors des spécialistes américains Burroughs et NCR, et de sociétés à capitaux mixtes comme Triumph Adler et Litton ABS, il y a des créations nationales : Siemag, filiale de Philips, Kienzle, et surtout le nouveau venu Nixdorf, qui n'hésitera pas à attaquer le marché américain. Ce n'est que vers 1967, cependant, après l'affaire Bull en France et le démarrage d'un plan informatique français, que le gouvernement allemand s'émeut et commence à envisager une politique nationale, qui va prendre la forme d'un mportant soutien financier à Siemens, complèté par des achats à Telefunken de petites machines militaires TR 86. Vers cette époque, la foire de Hanovre prend progressivement une importance mondiale, européenne à tout le moins, et ses pavillons informatiques mettent en évidence le dynamisme de petits constructeurs de mini-machines de gestion qui se créent dans le sillage de Nixdorf, Wagner, CTM, DDC, etc..
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