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Prussianlandwehr.Pdf Elbe Landwehr Cavalry 134 Contents Elbe Landwehr Cavalry Freiwilliger Jäger 136 Contents 3 Chapter 15: Westphalian Landwehr 137 Maps 3 Westphalian Landwehr Infantry 138 Orders of Battle 3 Westphalian Landwehr Freiwilliger Jäger 142 Tables 3 Westphalian Landwehr Cavalry 145 Westphalian Cavalry Freiwilliger Jäger 148 Preface 4 Chapter 16: Posen Landwehr 149 Acknowledgements 4 Posen Landwehr Infantry 149 Chapter 1: Introduction 5 Chapter 17: Rhineland Landwehr 149 Military Reorganisation Commission (1807-09) 8 Rhineland Landwehr Infantry 149 Bürgergarde (Civil Guard) 9 Rhineland Landwehr Cavalry 151 Chapter 2: Volkskreig and the Landsturm 11 Chapter 18: Saxon Landwehr 153 Chapter 3: Creation of the Landwehr 13 Saxon Landwehr Infantry 153 Landwehr Infantry 20 Saxon Landwehr Cavalry 153 Landwehr Cavalry 22 Chapter 19: Short Biographies 154 Chapter 4: Landwehr Uniforms 24 Soldiers 154 Landwehr Infantry Uniforms 24 Politicians and Patriots 159 Muskets 39 Bibliography 161 Sidearms 42 Equipment 43 Index 163 Landwehr Infantry Flags 46 Landwehr Cavalry Uniform 47 Maps Chapter 5: Freiwilliger Jäger 51 Map 1: Prussia 1786-1806. 5 Regulation Freiwilliger Jäger Uniform 53 Map 2: Loss of Prussian territort in 1807. 6 Map 3: Prussia 1807-1815 7 Chapter 6: East Prussian Landwehr 54 Map 4: Prussia 1815-1861 127 East Prussian Landwehr Infantry 56 East Prussian Landwehr Cavalry 64 East Prussian Landwehr Infantry Freiwilliger Jäger 68 Orders of Battle East Prussian Landwehr Cavalry Freiwilliger Jäger 68 OOB 1: Prussian forces at Hagelberg (27 Aug 1813) 75 OOB 2: Silesian Landwehr, 1 May 1813 103 Chapter 7: West Prussian Landwehr 69 West Prussian Landwehr Infantry 70 West Prussian Landwehr Cavalry 72 Tables West Prussian Cavalry Freiwilliger Jäger 73 Table 1: Military Governments of 15 March 1813 15 Table 2: Prussian Landwehr on 10 August 1813 19 Chapter 8: Kurmark Landwehr 74 Table 3: Landwehr Infantry Regiments on 10 August 1813 20 Kurmark Landwehr Infantry 76 Table 4: Top ten highest attrition rates for Landwehr Infantry 20 Kurmark Landwehr Cavalry 83 Table 5: Landwehr Infantry recorded sick in December 1813 20 Kurmark Cavalry Freiwilliger Jäger 87 Table 6: Landwehr Infantry Regiments in December 1813 21 Chapter 9: Neumark Landwehr 88 Table 7: Landwehr Infantry Regiments in March 1815. 21 Neumark Landwehr Infantry 88 Table 8: Landwehr Cavalry formed on 10 August 1813. 22 Neumark Landwehr Cavalry 92 Table 9: Landwehr Cavalry Regiments in December 1813. 22 Chapter 10: Pomeranian Landwehr 95 Table 10: Landwehr Cavalry recorded sick in Dec 1813. 22 Pomeranian Landwehr Infantry 96 Table 11: The top eight Landwehr Cavalry Regiments with Pomeranian Landwehr Cavalry 99 highest percentage recorded sick. 23 Table 12: Landwehr Cavalry raised in June 1815 23 Chapter 11: Silesian Landwehr 103 Table 13 Distinctions for Landwehr. 28 Silesian Landwehr Infantry 106 Table 14: Origin of the Muskets for the Landwehr. 39 Silesian Landwehr Infantry Freiwilliger Jäger 117 Table 15: Prussian muskets of the Napoleonic Wars. 40 Silesian Landwehr Cavalry 118 Table 16: Foreign muskets used by Prussian Infantry 41 Silesian Cavalry Freiwilliger Jäger 124 Table 17 Distinctions for Landwehr. 47 Chapter 12: The New Territories of 1814-15 127 Table 18: The number of volunteers serving by Corps according to Landwehr, 1816-19 128 the regimental rolls (1813-4). 52 Chapter 13: Berg Landwehr 129 Table 19: The social origin of the volunteers including Lützow Berg Landwehr Infantry 129 Freikorps and Elbe-Westphalian Regiment. 52 Berg Landwehr Cavalry 130 Table 20: Percentage of volunteers by Province 52 Table 21: East Prussian Landwehr Infantry, April 1813 54 Chapter 14: Elbe Landwehr 130 Table 22: East Prussian Landwehr on 2 March1814 55 Elbe Landwehr Infantry 130 Table 23: Jurisdiction for the mobilisation of the Landwehr. 74 Elbe Landwehr Infantry Freiwilliger Jäger 132 ~ 3 ~ Chapter 1: Introduction During the Thirty Years War, Brandenburg-Prussia raised a peasant militia to repel invaders. According to Maud (1908: 58), the name of Landwehr can be traced back to 1658. The Militia Regulations of 1701 made all the male population of Brandenburg-Prussia liable for service. By February 1704, there were four regiments each with 12- 14 companies (2,400-2,800 men) giving a total of 10,000 men. In 1713, the landowners feared losing their workers and forced Frederick William I to repeal the Militia Regulations. Only in 1757 during the Seven Years War did Frederick II recreate the militia consisting of 3 Landregimenter, 23 Landmiliz Battalions, 2 Freibataillon, 1 Pomeranian Jägerkorps and 4 Landhusaren squadrons (two Pomeranian, one Kurmark and one Neumark Landhusaren squadrons.1 Map 1: Prussia 1786-1806. On the 30 November 1795, King Frederick William II created the ‘Emergency Committee for Military Reorganization,’ over which FM von Möllendorf presided. Numerous memos recommending universal service and the formation of militia were submitted to this comittee including in 1796, GL Ernst Friedrich von Rüchel who suggested that a militia should be raised for coastal defence and von Schrötter (Minister for East Prussia) who suggested a levy to support the army as had been used in Lithuania in 1757. These were approved on paper as they did not have the features of universal service.2 In 1797, Frederick William III came to the throne and showed initial interest in the reform of the army. He then squandered the next five years on trivial matters. In 1799, von Schrötter submitted another proposal to create a militia of 50,000 men for home and coastal defence. Also in 1799, von Behrenhorst referred to the élan of the Armies of the First Republic of France by stressing the importance of moral and spiritual values required for an effective army. Oberst von Phull in his memorandum dated 12 November 1800 stressed the importance of raising a reserve force. The recommendations of the Duke of Brunswick gave rise to even more ideas. On 25 July 1803, Major von dem Knesebeck supported by GL von Rüchel submitted a plan to establish a “nation in arms” that would have abolished nearly all the traditional exemptions to create a force of 128,397 men who would be discharged and replaced by fresh recruits each year. This was a modification of the current military system except for a call for universal service. After three weeks, the commission rejected the plan.3 1 Braeuner (1863) 19-22, 29-30 2 Braeuner (1863) 31; Shanahan (1966) 74 3 Ellis (1973) 123; Hofschröer (1987) 24; Shanahan (1966) 75-7 ~ 5 ~ The AKO of 31 May 1814, instructed the Schirmutze to have a provincial colour hatband with piping around the top of the crown and Stegen (chevron like decorations). This was probably a confirmation of practice as this design had already been shown in contemporary illustrations of 1813. ~ 26 ~ Equipment A rolled blanket or greatcoat was often worn over the left shoulder for protection. If a knapsack was not used, this would also contain the soldier’s (Wehrmann) personal kit. Knapsacks were generally white canvas until captured equipment became available. When these were unavailable, a linen bread bag was used. Later in the war, Prussian equipment was gradually introduced. Rear view of three Wehrmann (militiamen) of the 5. Westphalian LWIR [Courtesy of Dietrich Pott]] ~ 43 ~ Chapter 6: East Prussian Landwehr On 31 January 1773, Frederick the Great renamed the old Duchy of Prussia as East Prussia. The East Prussian Military District also included Lithuania and West Prussia right of the River Vistula. The East Prussian Landwehr was founded on 21 February 1813 in accordance to von Clausewitz’s plans. There was little difficulty in recruiting men between the Vistula to the Russian border because the inhabitants had suffered badly at the hands of the French, especially in 1812-13. During the first ten months of the war, the military government was able to recruit 45% of all the men aged 18 to 45. This was 16% of the total male population of which a large proportion volunteered.63 16 Departure of the East Prussian Landwehr after their consecration in church, June 1813. On the right, a Jewish father and mother saying goodbye to their son. On the left, a veteran in blue jacket with red collar and cuffs with one leg looks on. By Gustav Graef (1861) Table 21: East Prussian Landwehr Infantry, April 1813. [Hofschröer (1980) p5] I Bn II Bn III Bn IV Bn 1. Divisions (Major von Bardeleben) 1. East Prussian Brigade (Major von Wolky) 1. Bn 2. Bn 3. Bn 4. Bn 3. East Prussian Brigade (Major von Graf von Kinkowströjm) 9. Bn 10. Bn 11. Bn 12. Bn 2. Division (Major Graf zu Dohna) 2. East Prussian Brigade (Major von Salzwedel) 5. Bn 6. Bn 7. Bn 8. Bn 4. East Prussian Brigade (Major Graf zu Eulenburg) 13. Bn 14. Bn 15. Bn 16. Bn 5. East Prussian Brigade (Major von Hindenburtg) 17. Bn 18. Bn 19. Bn 20. Bn By April 1813, it mustered five brigades each of four Landwehr Infantry battalions and a Cavalry Abteilung (detachment). [See Table 20] Each battalion had 23 officers, 60 NCOs, 4 surgeons, 13 musicians, 728 privates and 88 supernumeraries. A Cavalry Abteilung (detachment) was attached to each of the five Landwehr Infantry 63 Hagemann K. (2006) 605 ~ 54 ~ On 27 July 1813, the 3. Brigade became the 1. East Prussian LWIR. By 10 August, the 8. Bn was transferred to 3. East Prussian LWIR in III Corps and 7. Bn transferred to the 4. LWIR blockading Danzig. On 10 August 1813, the 5. & 6. Bns/2. East Prussian LWIR was part of IV Corps that blockaded Kustrin until it capitulated on 7 March 1814. In the middle of August 1813, the 2. East Prussian LWIR establishment was as below. 2. East Prussian LWIR commanded by Major von Salzwedel. 5. Bn (Captain von Kannerwulf) raised in Oletzko [25 officers, 60 NCOs, 13 musicians, 723 men, 3 surgeons, 17 train soldiers, 27 horses] 6.
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