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The British Army in Home Defense, 1844-1871: Militia and Volunteers in a Liberal Era

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The British Army in Home Defense, 1844-1871: Militia and Volunteers in a Liberal Era The British Army in Home Defense, 1844-1871: Militia and Volunteers in a Liberal Era DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Stephen Judah Shapiro, Hons. B.A., M.A. Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2011 Dissertation Committee: Professor Jennifer Siegel, Advisor Professor Geoffrey Parker Professor Christopher Otter Copyright by Stephen Judah Shapiro 2011 Abstract For almost three decades, politics in mid-Victorian Britain were dominated by a loose but influential cross-class liberal political consensus. Extending beyond the parliamentary Liberal party, liberalism‘s influence spread into almost every aspect of public policy. This dissertation examines the impact of liberal politics and thought on the development of British military policy in the 1840s, 50s, and 60s through the lens of home defense. Britain was gripped by major invasion panics in 1848, 1852, and 1859, each of which led to serious reconsiderations of home defense. Among the subsequent reforms and innovations were the fortification of England‘s southern coast, the revival of the militia, and the creation of the amateur Volunteer Force. The debate surrounding home defense offers the best path to examining the impact of a vibrant but conflicted political philosophy on military policy. It demonstrates the depth of liberalism‘s impact not just on British military policy but also on the assumptions on which that policy was based, as well as highlighting the importance of the relationship between political thought and the development of Britain‘s armed forces. ii Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my family. iii Acknowledgments I have incurred many debts in the research and writing of this dissertation. First and foremost is that to my advisor, Professor Jennifer Siegel, for her advice and support throughout this process. Professors Christopher Otter and Geoffrey Parker have provided insightful comments on many aspects of my work, and this dissertation is greatly improved by them. I am grateful to my classmates in the Dept. of History at Ohio State for tolerating my interests and my idiosyncrasies, especially those in the Military History Reading Group who listed patiently to the many early ideas for this project and provided constant intellectual stimulation. Some of the research for this dissertation was first prepared for Professor Carole Fink‘s seminar in international history. I appreciate the comments from Professor Fink and the other members of that class. Professor Stephen Miller of the University of Maine very generously came to Ohio State to the Mershon Center for International Security Studies‘ 2011 Military Frontiers conference, where he commented on my presentation. Dr. Nick Mansfield, formerly of the People‘s History Museum in Manchester, made several excellent suggestions on how to connect the Volunteers and labor politics. iv This dissertation was completed while I was a Smith Richardson Pre-Doctoral Fellow at Yale University‘s program in International Security Studies. I am grateful to the Smith Richardson Foundation for funding this program, and to the faculty, staff and students at International Security Studies for accommodating me. My fellow fellows, Jill Bender and Chris Dietrich, offered sympathy and good advice, while Prof. Paul Kennedy and associate director Dr. Ryan Irwin welcomed me into the ISS community. Ryan‘s enthusiasm for all our projects was infectious, and his encouragement of all of us went well beyond the call of duty. My research would have been impossible without the resources of several archives and libraries. I am indebted to the staffs at the National Archives of the United Kingdom; the British Library‘s St. Pancras and Colindale branches; the Special Collections of the Hartley Library, University of Southampton; Archives and Local Studies, Manchester Central Library; Chetham‘s Library, Manchester; the Labour History and Archives Center, Manchester; the National Army Museum, Chelsea; the Guildhall Library, City of London; and the London Metropolitan Archives, as well as the libraries of Ohio State, Yale, and the University of Toronto. Financial support came from the Department of History and the Mershon Center for International Security Studies at Ohio State, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation. Last, but not least, I am incredibly grateful to my wife, Anne Sealey, for finding the time to help and encourage me even as she outpaced me in completing her own dissertation. v Vita June 21, 1983 ................................................Born – Toronto, Canada 2005 ...............................................................Hons. B.A., University of Toronto 2005 – 2007 ...................................................Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of History, The Ohio State University 2008 ...............................................................M.A. in History, The Ohio State University 2009-2010 .....................................................Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of History, The Ohio State University Fields of Study Major Field: History vi List of Abbreviations BL British Library, London, UK CMB Chartist Movement in Britain, 1838-1850, ed. Gregory Claeys, 6 vols. (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2001) CWS Cobden Papers, West Sussex Records Office, Chichester, UK DNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography GSFC Garibaldi Special Fund Committee, George Holyoake MSS, Bishopsgate Institute Library, London, UK JSAHR Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research LMA London Metropolitan Archives, London, UK MCL Manchester City Library, Manchester, UK NAM National Army Museum, London, UK PP House of Commons Parliamentary Papers PUS Palmerston Papers, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK RN Reynolds‟ Newspaper TNA The National Archive of the United Kingdom, London, UK WUS Wellington Papers, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK vii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. iv Vita ..................................................................................................................................... vi Fields of Study ................................................................................................................... vi List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................ vii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. viii Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 Victorian Liberalism ....................................................................................................... 5 The Rise of Character .................................................................................................... 12 The Auxiliary Forces and British Politics ..................................................................... 19 Outline of the Dissertation ............................................................................................ 25 Chapter 2: French Threat, English Panic, British Response ............................................. 28 The Prince de Joinville and the Crisis of 1844.............................................................. 33 viii The Militia Ballot .......................................................................................................... 44 Chapter 3: The Introduction of Limited Enlistment ......................................................... 56 Last of the Whigs, First of the Liberals ......................................................................... 56 The Introduction of Limited Enlistment ....................................................................... 64 The Soldier and His Liberties........................................................................................ 76 Chapter 4: The Militia and the First Invasion Panic, 1846-9 ............................................ 88 The Revival of the Militia ............................................................................................. 89 Chapter 5: The Second Panic, 1851-2............................................................................. 135 The Coup ..................................................................................................................... 136 The First Volunteers .................................................................................................... 159 Chapter 6: The Crimean War; or, A Militant Interlude .................................................. 173 Crisis and Criticism ..................................................................................................... 174 A Martial Nation ......................................................................................................... 182 Sympathy for the Common Soldier ............................................................................. 192 Chapter
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