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Gypsum in California

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Gypsum in California TN 2.4 C3 A3 i<o3 HK STATE OP CAlIFOa!lTA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES msmtBmmmmmmmmmaam GYPSUM IN CALIFORNIA BULLETIN 163 1952 aou DIVl^ON OF MNES fZBar SDODSia sxh lasncisco ^"^^^^^nBM^^MMa^HBi«iaMa«NnMaMHBaaHB^HaHaa^^HHMi«nfl^HaMHiBHHHMauuHJin««aHiav^aMaHHaHHB«auKaiaMi^^M«ni^Maai^iMMWi^iM^ THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS STATE OF CALIFORNIA EARL WARREN, Governor DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES WARREN T. HANNUM, Director DIVISION OF MINES FERRY BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO 11 OLAF P. JENKINS, Chief San Francisco BULLETIN 163 September 1952 GYPSUM IN CALIFORNIA By WILLIAM E. VER PLANCK LIBRARY UNTXERollY OF CAUFC^NIA DAVIS LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL To IIlS EXCELLKNCY, TlIK IIONORAHLE EauL AVaRREN Governor of the State of California Dear Sir: I have the lionor to transmit herewitli liuUetiii 163, Gyj)- sinn in California, prepared under tlie direetion of Ohif P. Jenkins, Chief of the Division of ]\Iines. Gypsum represents one of the important non- metallic mineral commodities of California. It serves particularly two of California's most important industries, aprieulture and construction. In Bulletin 163 the author, W. p]. Xev Phinek, a member of the staff of the Division of Mines, has prepared a comprehensive treatise cover- ing all phases of the subject : history of the industry, geologic occurrence and origin of tlie minoi-al, mining, i)rocessing and marketing of the com- modity. Specific g3'psum i)roperties Avere examined and mapped. The report is profusely illustrated by maps, charts and photographs. In the preparation of the report it was necessary for the author to make field investigations, laboratory and library studies, and to determine how the mineral is used in industry as Avell as how it occurs in nature and how it is mined. This bulletin represents one of the results of the program of mineral commodity studies in which the Division of Mines is engaged. Respectfully submitted, Warren T. IIannum, Director Department of Natural Resources June 20, VXrl (3) CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT 7 INTRODUCTION 7 The gypsum industry 8 Ccologic occurrence 9 PART 1, GEOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA GYPSUM DEPOSITS 11 Pro-Tertiary deposits 13 Little Maria Mountains deiwsits, Riverside County 13 Palen Mountains deiwsits, Riverside County 21 Riverside Mountains deposits 24 Clark Mountain deposits, San Bernardino County 24 Tertiary deposits 27 Fish Creek Mountains deposit, Imperial and San Diego Counties 29 Quatal Canyon deposit, Ventura County 35 Death Valley region 38 Cuddv Can yon deposit, Kern County 39 iMint Canyon deposit, Los Angeles County 40 Mule Shoe Ranch deiwsit, San Benito County 40 Cuyania Valley deposits, Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties 41 Avawatz Mountains deposits, San Bernardino County 43 Quaternary lake (playa) dei^osits 47 Bristol Lake, San Bernardino County 47 Danby Lake 48 Recent deposits (Recent) 48 Fresno County deposits 49 Kern CoaatjL-4leposits 51 Kings County deposits 56 Los Angeles County deposits 57 Merced County deposits 57 Riverside County deposits 57 San Luis Obispo County deposits 58 Ventura County deposits 59 Origin of gypsum 59 Gypsum-anhydrite problem 61 PART 2, MINING, PROCESSING AND MARKETING OF GYPSUM 65 Mining 67 History 67 Mining methods 72 Bcneficiation 74 Processing 76 Agricultural gypsum 76 Portland cement retarder 84 Calcination of gypsum 8r» Marketing 90 Gypsum products 90 Gypsum markets 98 Gypsum plants in California 101 APPENDIX 111 Bibliography 113 Gypsum production in California 68 Gypsum production by counties 09 Tabulated list of California gypsum deposits 120 Tabulated list of producers and owners 131 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Index map of gypsum mines in Little Maria Mountains 14 2. Geologic map of Utah Construction Company quarry 19 3. Section through Riverside Mountains deposit 24 4. Index map showing location of Shire deposits 25 5. Geologic sections through Shire gypsum deposit 26 6. Index map showing location of Fish Creek Mountains deposit^- 28 7. Structure section through Quatal Canyon gypsum deposit 36 8. Map of Cuyama Valley gypsum deposits and structure sections through Wagon Road Canyon deposit 42 9. Sketch map showing location of gypsite workings in Telephone Hills 54 10. Chart showing production and average price of gypsum in Cali- fornia 99 11. Flow sheet of gypsum grinding plant at Inca Siding 107 (B) ILLUSTRATIONS—Continued Page Plate 1. Oiitliue geologic mai* of California showing location of gypsum de- posits In ixjcket 2. Geologic map of part of Little Maria Mountains In pocket .3. Structure sections through Jattle Maria Mountains gypsum de- ix>sit In pocket 4. IMioto of western part of gypsum belt, Little Maria Mountains 1&-17 5. Photo of north side of gypsum belt, Little Maria Mountains 16-17 6. Photo from north side of gypsum belt. Little Maria Mountains 10-17 7. A. Photo of siliceous limestone, Little Maria Mountains, B. Photo of crumpled gypsiferous schist, Little Maria Mountains 16—17 8. Photomicrograph of tremolitic limestone 16-17 9. Photomicrograph of gypsiferous schist, plain light 16-17 10. Photomicrograph of gypsiferous schist, crossed nicols 16-17 11. Photomicrograph of non-gypsiferous green schistose rock 16-17 12. Photo of gyps.um zone bordering wash. Little Maria Mountains 24-25 13. Photo of specimen from south granitic body, Little Maria Moun- tains 24-25 14. Photo of specimen of foliated gypsum and schist 24-25 15. Photo of Gypsum Hills, Little Maria Mountains 24-25 16. Photo of Utah Construction Company quarry 24-25 17. Photomicrograph of impure gypsum 24-25 18. Photo of detail of schist and gypsum 24-25 19. Photo of detail of schist and gypsum 24—25 20. Geologic map and sections. Fish Creek Mountains deposit In pocket 21. Photo of Fish Creek Mountains gypsum deposit 40-41 22. Photo of gypsum on west side of wash, Fish Creek Mountains 40—41 23. Photo of base of gypsum. Fish Creek Mountains 40—41 24. Photo of gray conglomerate, Fish Creek Mountains 40-41 25. Photo of sandstone-granite contact. Fish Creek Mountains 40-41 26. Photo of Gypsum Hills, Fish Creek Mountains 40-41 27. Photo of United States Gypsum Company quarry 40-41 28. Photo of base of gypsum. Fish Creek Mountains 40-41 29. Photo of gypsum and anhydrite 40-41 30. Photo of specimen of mottled gypsum 40—41 31. Photo of specimen of anhydrite 40-41 32. Photomicrograph of fibrous anhydrite 40-41 33. Geologic map of Quatal Canyon gypsum deposit In pocket 34. Geologic sections across three gypsum deposits In pocket 35. Geologic map showing gypsum- and salt-bearing rocks in Ava- watz Mountains In pocket 36. Structure sections through Avawatz Mountains deposit In pocket 37. Photo of gypsum quarry, Monolith Portland Cement Company 56-57 38. Photo of gypsum quarry, Monolith Portland Cement Company 56-57 39. Photo of chert nodule in gypsum 5&-57 40. Photo of Monolith Portland Cement Company crushing plant 56-57 41. Photo of Cuddy Canyon gypsum deposit 56-57 42. Photo of GrifBn gypsite deposit 56-57 43. Photo of solution of cavity in gypsite 56-57 44. Photo of selenite crystals from Danby Lake 56-57 45. Photo of Lost Hills gypsite mine 60-61 46. A. Photo of Avenal Gap gypsite mine, B. Photo of Garissa gypsite mine 60-61 47. Photomicrograph of alabaster 60-61 48. Photomicrograph of gyp.sum 60-61 49. Photomicrograph of iwriihyritic gypsum 60-61 50. Photomicrograph of gypsum and anhydrite 60-61 51. Photomicrograph of fibrous gypsum 60-61 52. Photo of Monolith workings.^ 60-61 (6) GYPSUM IN CALIFORNIA By William E. Ver Planck • ABSTRACT The know II >;ypsum rosourcps of California aro restricted to the southern and south- enstern parts of the state. Gypsum (CaS0<-2II-0) most commonly occurs as rock pyi)sum of liiuli purity interhfddcd with saline deposits or clastic sediments or as the efilorescent, earthy variety fcypsite with a jjypsum content ranginK up to 80 per cent. Gypsum of prc-Tertiary, possibly Paleoz<dc, age is represented by deposits near Mid- land, Riverside County, where steeidy dipping lenses and beds of coarsely crystalline rock )ryps""i are associated with mildly metamorphosed marble and clastic sediments. Tertiary gyiisum deposits in California, associated with late Miocene or early IMioccne non-marine sediments, are represented bj' the Fish Creek Mountains deposit, Imi)erial and San Diego Counties, the Quatal Canyon deposit, Ventura County, and by a number of small deposits in the Death Valley area and other parts of the state. Certain playas contain abundant coarse selenite crystals that have been mined. Gypsite deposits, formed by the evapi>ration tif frypsuni-ix'ariiii; ground water, occur in refrifms of little rain and hi^'h evaporation. Gj'psite is niined in the southwestern part of the San Joatiuin Valley, at Koehn Lake, Kern County, Carrizo Plain, San Luis Obispo County, and has been mined el.sewhere in the past. Rock pypsum is quarried by methods and equip- ment commonly used for obtainiiiK liroken stone. Underground mining has been prac- ticed. Gypsite is mined with carryall scrajters and other earth-moving equipment. Agri- cultural uses account for about half of the gypsum used in California, most of which is used in the San Joaquin Valley. An estimated 90 per cent of the agricultural gyjisum is gypsite mined within 200 miles of the farms, and the remainder is ground rock gypsum. The portland cement industry uses uncalcined rock gypsum as a retarder. Most of the rock gypsum produced in California, supplemented by gypsum brought from Gerlach and Las Vegas, Nevada and from San Marcos Island in the Gulf of California, is calcined by the plaster industry and made into plasters, wallboard, and lath. The plaster industry is characterized by large integrated companies that own their own gypsum deposits. California has five calcining plants, one in the San Francisco Bay area, two near Los Angeles, and two in the southeastern desert close to gypsum deposits.
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