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Le Storie Di Animali E Caccia Nel Periodo Émigré Di A.Kuprin

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Le Storie Di Animali E Caccia Nel Periodo Émigré Di A.Kuprin UNIVERSITÀ CA’ FOSCARI DI VENEZIA Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Lingue e letterature europee, americane e postcoloniali Tesi di Laurea Magistrale LE STORIE DI ANIMALI E CACCIA NEL PERIODO ÉMIGRÉ DI A.KUPRIN. TRADUZIONE E CONTESTI. Relatore: Laureanda: dott.ssa DANIELA RIZZI VALERIA BOLDRIN ANNO ACCADEMICO 2014-2015 Indice Животные и охотничьи рассказы: Куприн в Париже v Introduzione xi 1 Kuprin in Russia prima della partenza 1 1.1 1919-1920: un periodo decisivo . 1 1.2 La posizione politica . 4 2 L’emigrazione (1920-1937) 9 2.1 L’arrivo nella capitale francese . 9 2.2 La Parigi di Kuprin e la grande nostalgia della patria . 12 2.3 La produzione artistica durante gli anni all’estero . 18 2.3.1 I racconti . 20 2.3.2 Yunkera, romanzo autobiografico . 28 2.3.3 Le collaborazioni con la stampa . 31 2.4 Le corrispondenze e gli amici più cari . 37 3 I racconti 51 3.1 Pesik, Nasino nero (1921) . 51 3.1.1 Пёсик - Чёрный Носик . 51 3.1.2 Pesik, Nasino nero . 54 3.2 Yu-yu (1925) . 58 3.2.1 Ю-ю . 58 3.2.2 Yu-yu . 68 3.3 Zavirajka - Anima di cane (1928) . 79 3.3.1 Завирайка - Собачья душа . 79 3.3.2 Zavirajka - Anima di cane . 87 3.4 Balto (1929) . 97 3.4.1 Бальт . 97 3.4.2 Balto . 99 3.5 Una notte nel bosco (1931) . 101 3.5.1 Ночь в лесу . 101 3.5.2 Una notte nel bosco . 108 3.6 Le beccacce (1933) . 115 iii iv INDICE 3.6.1 Вальдшнепы . 115 3.6.2 Le beccacce . 118 3.7 Ral’f (1934) . 122 3.7.1 Ральф . 122 3.7.2 Ral’f . 125 4 Contestualizzazione e approfondimento delle storie tradotte 129 4.1 La genesi e la diffusione della favola . 129 4.2 L’adattamento della favola in Kuprin . 132 4.3 L’influenza delle memorie di caccia di Turgenev . 135 4.4 La tradizione del racconto breve nella letteratura russa . 137 Bibliografia 143 Sitografia 145 Животные и охотничьи рассказы: Куприн в Париже Настоящая работа представляет собой перевод семи рассказов, написан- ных А. И. Куприным в Париже, куда он эмигрировал в 1920 году, и где прожил 17 лет. Эти рассказы называются Песик- чёрный носик, Ю-ю, За- вирайка, Бальт, Ночь в лесу, Вальдшнепы и Ральф. Перевод сопровож- дается сведениями о жизни автора, эпохе и характеристиках текста. Ма- териалом для исследования послужили монографии о Куприне, мемуары его дочери и других писателей, переписка с друзьями и произведения по литературе и истории России 20-ых и 30-ых годов. Работа состоит из введения и четырех глав. Первая глава (“Куприн в России перед отъездом”) посвящена жизни пи- сателя во время военного комунизма и гражданской войны в России. Александр Иванович был в Гатчине в 1919-ом году, когда генерал Юде- нич ворвался с Северо-Западной армией в этот город и завоевал его: тогда Куприн начал служить в объединении Белого движения в качестве журна- листа. Он писал в газете “Приневский край”, и был также её ответственным редактором. Его жена, Елизавета Морицовна, и его дочь Ксения убежали поначалу в Ямбург, потом в Таллин и в конце в Хельсинки, куда писатель поехал в 1920-ом году. Здесь он продолжал свое сотрудничество в разных газетах, например, в “Новой русской жизни”, но это ему не нравилось. Кроме того, ситуация была опасной, поэтому после нескольких месяцев в начале июля вся семья эмигрировала в Париж. Что касается политических событий, то Куприн никогда не имел одно- значного мнения по поводу них: он не высказывался ни за, ни против коммунизма, а называл себя просто “демократом”. Он говорил: “Никогда ни к какой партии не принадлежал, не принадлежу, и v vi Животные и охотничьи рассказы: Куприн в Париже не буду принадлежать.” 1 С одной стороны, он не думал, что Россия была готова к большим переме- нам, с другой, он осмеивал тех, кто поддерживал возвращение монархии. Хотя многие критики считают его аполитичным писателем, он был, ско- рее, двусмысленным. Важно заметить, что политика его не интересовала, и что писатель недооценивал важность революции и её вляние на мировую историю. Во второй главе (“Эмиграция 1920-1937”) рассматривается жизнь и лите- ратурная деятельность Куприна во время эмиграции. Вначале говорится о приезде семьи в столицу Франции, которая была, по первым впечатлениям русского писателя, огромной, шумной и переполнен- ной. Бунин помог им найти квартиру “на Пассях”, но она была слишком дорогой, и они вскоре переехали на дачу в Севр-Виль д‘Авре: уже вначале было видно как трудно им жить на чужбине. У них были большие эконо- мические трудности, потому что Куприн не мог написать ничего нового. Тоска по родине и русскому языку была такой сильной, что писателю не хватало идеи и концентрации. В 1923-ом году семья вернулась в цетр метрополии, но ситуация не изме- нилась, даже когда Елизавета открыла “вместе с профессиональным мастером-переплетчиком и малень- ким подмастерьем переплетную мастерскую.” 2 На Елизавете лежали обязанности финансирования машин и сырья и даже сбор заказов. Кроме того коллеги не помогали ей, поэтому пришлось за- крыть деятельность. Тогда жена писателя создала небольшую “библотеку А. И. Куприна”, предназначенную для русских эмигрантов. Но “Библотека доставляла много хлопот, а доходы от нее были гро- шовыми, мизерными.” 3 В эти годы одной из возможностей расплатиться с долгами и отдохнуть от нищеты для писателей, артистов и художников стала организация вечеров: 1. Ф. И. Кулешов, Творческий путь Куприна 1907 – 1938, Минск: Университетское, стр. 199 2. К. А. Куприна, Купрни-мой отец, Художественная литература, Москва, 1979 стр. 165 3. Ф. И. Kулешов, Творческий путь Куприна, стр. 207 vii “Обыкновенно на вечере выступал сам виновник торжества и приглашал выступить наиболее популярных артистов эмиграции” 4 Затем анализируется творчество Куприна в Париже: самыми интересными произведениями, написанными далеко от родины, были романы Юнкер (1932) и Жанета (1934). Юнкер – автобиографический роман о темах военной жизни и дисципли- ны в академиях. Такую тематику Александр Иванович уже затрагивал в Поединке (1905), в самой известной работе автора: ее содержание ему было дорогим потому, что было связано с его прошлым. "Я хотел бы, - говорил Куприн, - чтобы прошлое, которое ушло навсегда, наши училища, наши юнкеры, наша жизнь, обычаи, тра- диции остались хотя бы на бумаге и не исчезли не только из мира, но даже из памяти людей. ’Юнкера’ - это моё завещание русской молодёжи". 5 А Жанета – история грустной дружбы между старым и одиноким про- фессором и молодой и невинной девушкой, самой Жанетой. “Роман ’Жанета’ - самое печальное, самое тоскливое произведе- ние Куприна, старого, больного, захиревшего вдали от горячо лю- бимой родины” 6 В 1920-ом году, когда он был ещё в Хельсинки, он начался писать стихи и статьи в “Новой русской жизни” под псевдонимом Али-Хан и когда он приехал в Париж он стал журналистом в еженедельнике “Общее дело”, который был против советской власти. С 1921-ого года он работал в ре- дакции иллюстрированного беспартийного еженедельника “Отечество” и с 1925-ого года в редакции литературного периодического издания “Ил- люстрированная Россия”. Он также сотрудничал в газете “Возрождение”, где он опубликовал многие рассказы: Сашка и яшка (1927), Инна (1928), Ночь в лесу (1931), Система (1932), Вальдшнепы (1933) и т.д. Правда, ему не нравилось работать подобным образом, “но печататься было негде, а надо было на что-то жить” 7 4. К. А. Куприна, Купрни-мой отец, стр. 163 5. А. Карасёв. Завещание поручика Куприна, Новый мир 2010. № 4. 6. A. A. Волков, Творчество A. И. Куприна”, стр. 414 7. К. А. Куприна, Купрни-мой отец, стр. 154 viii Животные и охотничьи рассказы: Куприн в Париже В последной части второй главы рассказывается о друзьях Куприна и о переписках с ними. Репин был, вероятно, самым близким другом Александра Ивановича во время эмиграции. Всегда писатель посылал ему своеи новые романы и рас- сказы: он высоко ценил мнение художника. Также Репин направил пару картин другу, как, например, “Леший”, которую Куприн загнал на ло- терею, чтобы послать дочь в саноторий в Швейцарии. Оба они сильно тосковали по родине, и об этом они часто говорили в письмах. Любовь к России объединила Куприна со многими русскими эмигрантами, например, с Сашей Чёрным, поэтом и прозаиком, который получил широ- кую известность как автор лирико-сатирических стихотворных фельето- нов, с Константином Бальмонтом, поэтом-символистом, одним из больших представителей русской литертуры Серебряного века, и с Андреем Седых, журналистом, критиком и личным секретарем И. А. Бунина. Седых помо- гал Куприну до конца его жизни и часто бывал у него в гостях. Ои также писал книгу о писателе. Вспоминаю я один разговор в Париже, на похоронах писателя- эмигранта. Похороны были бедные, грустные, - пришло особенно мало людей, - и на обратном пути Александр Иванович вдруг взял меня под руку, - вид у него был очень несчастный: - Умирать нужно в России, дома, - сказал он тихо. – Так же, как лесной зверь, который уходит умирать в свою берлогу. 8 Другие художники часто навещали писателя, когда он был здоровым и знаменитым, такие, как Теффи, Марк Алданов, Пётр Нилус, Алексей Тол- стой и Иван Бунин, но когда Куприн стал старым и больным, они изчезли. В третьей главе (“Рассказы”) переводится семь рассказов Купина, напи- санных на чужбине: 1. Песик - чёрный носик; впервые опубликован в журнале ¾Отечество¿ (№ 1), в марте 1921-ого года. Потом входил в сборник “Храбрые бег- лецы. Рассказы для юных читателей” в 1928-ом году. 2. Ю-ю - место первой публикации не установлено. Вошёл в сборник “Новые повести и рассказы” в 1927-ом году. 8. Андрей Седых в книге А. И. Куприна, Избранные сочинения, ОЛМА ПРЕСС – Образование, СПБ, 2003 ix 3. Завирайка - впервые опубликовано в конце 1928-ого года в париж- ском альманахе для юношества “Русская земля”. Потом входил в сборник “Елань” в 1929-ого года. 4. Бальт - первая публикация неизвестна. Потом входил в сборник “Елань” в 1929-ого года. Потом вошёл в “Собрание сочинений в де- вяти томах. Том 7” 1964-ого года. 5.
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