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Place, Identity, and Urban Culture: Odesa and New Orleans

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Place, Identity, and Urban Culture: Odesa and New Orleans Place, Identity, and Urban Culture: Odesa and New Orleans Edited by Samuel C. Ramer and Blair A. Ruble Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars OCCASIONAL PAPER #301 One Woodrow Wilson Plaza 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20004-3027 Tel. (202) 691-4100 Fax (202) 691-4247 www.wilsoncenter.org/kennan | www.kennan.ru | www.kennan.kiev.ua ISBN 1-933549-38-6 Cover photo (above): “Vorontsovsky Lane, Odessa, Ukraine” © 2006 Andrew L. Slayman | Artful Media LLC Cover photo (below): “Chartres Street, New Orleans, LA” © 2004 Rafal Konieczny The Kennan Institute is a division of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Through its programs of residential scholarships, meetings, and publications, the Institute encourages scholarship on the successor states to the Soviet Union, embracing a broad range of fields in the social sciences and humanities. The Kennan Institute is supported by contributions from foundations, corporations, individuals, and the United States Government. Kennan Institute Occasional Papers The Kennan Institute makes Occasional Papers available to all those interested. Occasional Papers are submitted by Kennan Institute scholars and visiting speakers. Copies of Occasional Papers and a list of papers currently available can be obtained free of charge by contacting: Occasional Papers Kennan Institute One Woodrow Wilson Plaza 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, D.C. 20004-3027 (202) 691-4100 Occasional Papers published since 1999 are available on the Institute’s web site, www.wilsoncenter.org/kennan This Occasional Paper has been produced with the support of the Program for Research and Training on Eastern Europe and the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union of the U.S. Department of State (funded by the Soviet and East European Research and Training Act of 1983, or Title VIII).The Kennan Institute is most grateful for this support. The views expressed in Kennan Institute Occasional Papers are those of the authors. © 2008 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C. www.wilsoncenter.org ISBN 1-933549-38-6 WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS Lee H. Hamilton, President and Director BOARD OF TRUSTEES Joseph B. Gildenhorn, Chair David A. Metzner, Vice Chair. PUBLIC MEMBERS: James H. Billington, Librarian of Congress; Bruce Cole, Chair, National Endowment for the Humanities; Michael O. Leavitt, Secretary, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Condoleezza Rice, Secretary, U.S. Department of State; G. Wayne Clough, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution; Margaret Spellings, Secretary, U.S. Department of Education; Allen Weinstein, Archivist of the United States PRIVATE CITIZEN MEMBERS: Robin B. Cook, Donald E. Garcia, Bruce S. Gelb, Sander R. Gerber, Charles L. Glazer, Susan Hutchison, Ignacio E. Sanchez ABOUT THE CENTER The Center is the living memorial of the United States of America to the nation’s twenty-eighth presi- dent, Woodrow Wilson. Congress established the Woodrow Wilson Center in 1968 as an inter- national institute for advanced study, “symbolizing and strengthening the fruitful relationship between the world of learning and the world of public affairs.” The Center opened in 1970 under its own board of trustees. In all its activities the Woodrow Wilson Center is a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization, sup- ported financially by annual appropriations from Congress, and by the contributions of foundations, corporations, and individuals. Conclusions or opinions expressed in Center publications and pro- grams are those of the authors and speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Center staff, fellows, trustees, advisory groups, or any individuals or organizations that provide financial support to the Center. Place, Identity, and Urban Culture: Odesa and New Orleans Edited by Samuel C. Ramer and Blair A. Ruble Washington, D.C. OCCASIONAL PAPER #301 Place, Identity, and Urban Culture: Odesa and New Orleans Edited by Samuel C. Ramer and Blair A. Ruble CONTENTS MEDITATIONS ON URBAN IDENTITY: 1 Odessa/Odesa and New Orleans Samuel C. Ramer HOW JEWISH WAS ODESSA? 9 The Society for the Promotion of Enlightenment as an Innovative Agent of an Alternative Jewish Politics Brian Horowitz HOW UKRAINIAN IS ODESA? 19 From Odessa to Odesa Patricia Herlihy HOW AmERICAN IS NEW ORLEANS? 27 What the Founding Era Has to Tell Us Emily Clark NEW ORLEANS AND ODESA: 35 The Spaces in Between as a Source of Urbane Diversity Blair A. Ruble The English language spelling of Odessa derives from transliterating the Russian spelling. The spelling of the name in Ukrainian is Odesa. Here and throughout the text effort has been made to use both spellings, as appropriate. For references to the city prior to 1991, the spelling “Odessa” is used. References after 1991 use the spelling “Odesa.” Meditations on Urban Identity: Odessa/Odesa and New Orleans Samuel C. Ramer, Associate Professor of History, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA I locations and the peculiar nature of their growth, The present collection of papers grew out both cities have populations that are unusually of a panel titled “New Orleans and Odesa: diverse in religious, ethnic, and national terms. Multicultural Centers That Care Never Quite Almost from the outset New Orleans included Forgot,” originally presented at the annual a mixture of French, Spanish, Africans (free meeting of the American Association for the people of color as well as slaves), and Native Advancement of Slavic Studies (AAASS) in Americans; the 19th century brought waves of November 2007.1 The immediate occasion for German, Irish, Italian, and Jewish immigrants.3 such a comparative panel was the fact that the Within Odessa one encountered Russians, conference was held in New Orleans, so re- Jews, Poles, Ukrainians, Bulgarians, Greeks, cently damaged by Hurricane Katrina. But the Italians, Turks, Armenians, and a host of other project of comparing the two cities has a longer nationalities. Such an extraordinary mixture of history. As early as 2003 the panel organizer, ethnic, religious, and national groups remains a Blair Ruble, initiated discussions among schol- defining feature of the identities of both cities. ars in the United States and Ukraine with the The composition, performance, and enjoy- goal of holding a scholarly conference compar- ment of music has occupied an unusually prom- ing the cultures and historical development of inent place in the cultural life of each city. Since the two cities. Plans for this broader conference the beginning of the 20th century, at least, jazz were put on hold following Katrina, but the has not simply dominated New Orleans but convening of the AAASS in New Orleans made become the city’s foremost cultural contribu- a comparative panel involving New Orleans tion to the world. Odesa is better known for seem only appropriate. training great classical music performers, but The reasons why comparing both the his- it has its own early jazz tradition (as well as a tories and the urban identities of Odesa and contemporary jazz festival), and associating the New Orleans might be interesting are readily city with music has become almost reflexive. apparent.2 Even the most cursory comparison Both cities have histories as important liter- of the two cities suggests remarkable parallels ary centers as well. In addition to nurturing in their identities and overall historical experi- impressive numbers of talented writers, Odesa ence. Both trace their modern foundation to the and New Orleans are cities that are central sites 18th century (New Orleans to 1718, Odessa to in a host of literary works as well as musical 1794). Both are located on the southern perim- compositions. eter of their respective countries. Both are ports New Orleans and Odesa also share the pos- that grew rapidly in the 19th century, becom- session of darker legacies. Both partook of the ing thriving commercial and cultural centers as cultures of slavery and serfdom. New Orleans well as the third- or fourth-largest city in their was at the center of the internal slave trade in respective countries. Finally, the central areas the United States, serving as the marketplace of the two cities display striking similarities in for slaves brought from the Chesapeake region their layout and general appearance. Both were to be sold for labor in Louisiana, Alabama, and initially laid out on a gridlike pattern, and the Mississippi.4 New Orleans and Odesa were both architecture that dominated their central spaces scenes of significant violence between races or impressed travelers as distinctly “European.” ethnic groups. Most notorious in this regard The parallels between the two cities can be are the riots and lynchings targeting African multiplied almost indefinitely. Because of their Americans as well as Italian immigrants that oc- MEditAtions on URBAN IDEntitY: ODEssA/ODESA And NEW ORLEAns 1 curred in New Orleans during the late 19th and paper explores the debates that occurred within early 20th centuries,5 on the one hand, and the the Jewish community of Odessa during the murderous anti-Jewish pogroms that took place late 19th century over what place Jews and their in Odessa in 1871, 1881, and 1905.6 Disease was community should assume in the larger urban a constant threat to human life in both cities culture and the empire as a whole. His immedi- during the 19th century. Yellow fever, cholera, ate subject is the Odessa branch of the Society and malaria flourished in New Orleans’ semi- for the Promotion of Enlightenment among the tropical climate, while Odessa experienced Jews of Russia. This organization embraced the repeated outbreaks of plague, cholera, typhus, secular vision of Jewish integration advanced and malaria. Both cities endured military oc- by the Haskalah (the “Jewish Enlightenment”). cupations at some point (New Orleans by the This conception placed particular emphasis on the importance of secular education and the ac- Union army during the Civil War, Odessa quisition of the Russian language in enabling by Rumanian and German troops during the Jews to assume significant secular roles in the Second World War).
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