The Present and Future of Americanization in South Korea
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U.S.-South Korea Relations
U.S.-South Korea Relations Mark E. Manyin, Coordinator Specialist in Asian Affairs Emma Chanlett-Avery Specialist in Asian Affairs Mary Beth D. Nikitin Specialist in Nonproliferation Brock R. Williams Analyst in International Trade and Finance Jonathan R. Corrado Research Associate May 23, 2017 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41481 U.S.-South Korea Relations Summary Overview South Korea (officially the Republic of Korea, or ROK) is one of the United States’ most important strategic and economic partners in Asia. Congressional interest in South Korea is driven by both security and trade interests. Since the early 1950s, the U.S.-ROK Mutual Defense Treaty commits the United States to help South Korea defend itself. Approximately 28,500 U.S. troops are based in the ROK, which is included under the U.S. “nuclear umbrella.” Washington and Seoul cooperate in addressing the challenges posed by North Korea. The two countries’ economies are joined by the Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA). South Korea is the United States’ seventh-largest trading partner and the United States is South Korea’s second- largest trading partner. Between 2009 and the end of 2016, relations between the two countries arguably reached their most robust state in decades. Political changes in both countries in 2017, however, have generated uncertainty about the state of the relationship. Coordination of North Korea Policy Dealing with North Korea is the dominant strategic concern of the relationship. The Trump Administration appears to have raised North Korea’s nuclear and missile programs to a top U.S. -
Immigration and Restaurants in Chicago During the Era of Chinese Exclusion, 1893-1933
University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations Summer 2019 Exclusive Dining: Immigration and Restaurants in Chicago during the Era of Chinese Exclusion, 1893-1933 Samuel C. King Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Recommended Citation King, S. C.(2019). Exclusive Dining: Immigration and Restaurants in Chicago during the Era of Chinese Exclusion, 1893-1933. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/5418 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Exclusive Dining: Immigration and Restaurants in Chicago during the Era of Chinese Exclusion, 1893-1933 by Samuel C. King Bachelor of Arts New York University, 2012 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2019 Accepted by: Lauren Sklaroff, Major Professor Mark Smith, Committee Member David S. Shields, Committee Member Erica J. Peters, Committee Member Yulian Wu, Committee Member Cheryl L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Abstract The central aim of this project is to describe and explicate the process by which the status of Chinese restaurants in the United States underwent a dramatic and complete reversal in American consumer culture between the 1890s and the 1930s. In pursuit of this aim, this research demonstrates the connection that historically existed between restaurants, race, immigration, and foreign affairs during the Chinese Exclusion era. -
South Korea's Economic Engagement Toward North Korea
South Korea’s Economic Engagement toward North Korea Lee Sangkeun & Moon Chung-in 226 | Joint U.S.-Korea Academic Studies On February 10, 2016, the South Korean government announced the closure of the Gaeseong Industrial Complex, a symbol of its engagement policy and inter-Korean rapprochement. The move was part of its proactive, unilateral sanctions against North Korea’s fourth nuclear test in January and rocket launch in February.1 Pyongyang reciprocated by expelling South Korean personnel working in the industrial complex and declaring it a military control zone.2 Although the May 24, 2010 measure following the sinking of the Cheonan naval vessel significantly restricted inter-Korea exchanges and cooperation, the Seoul government spared the Gaeseong complex. With its closure, however, inter-Korean economic relations came to a complete halt, and no immediate signs of revival of Seoul’s economic engagement with the North can be detected. This chapter aims at understanding the rise and decline of this engagement with North Korea by comparing the progressive decade of Kim Dae-jung (KDJ) and Roh Moo-hyun (RMH) with the conservative era of Lee Myung-bak (LMB) and Park Geun-hye (PGH). It also looks to the future of inter-Korean relations by examining three plausible scenarios of economic engagement. Section one presents a brief overview of the genesis of Seoul’s economic engagement strategy in the early 1990s, section two examines this engagement during the progressive decade (1998-2007), and section three analyzes that of the conservative era (2008-2015). They are followed by a discussion of three possible outlooks on the future of Seoul’s economic engagement with Pyongyang. -
South Korean Efforts to Counter North Korean Aggression
http://www.au.af.mil/au/csds/ South Korean Efforts to Counter North The Trinity Site Korean Aggression Papers By Major Aaron C. Baum, USAF http://www.au.af.mil/au/csds/ Recent North Korean nuclear aggression has raised debates Prior to the armistice, President Dwight Eisenhower signaled about how the United States should secure its interests in North- his willingness to use nuclear weapons to end the Korean Con- east Asia. However, any action on the peninsula should consid- flict. He then reiterated his resolve should China and North Ko- er the security preferences of American allies, especially the rea reinitiate hostilities.3 From 1958 to 1991, the United States Republic of Korea (ROK). With militaristic rhetoric coming stationed nuclear artillery, bombs, and missiles in South Korea from the Trump administration, the question arises of how im- to counter a North Korean invasion.4 Further, in 1975 the Ford portant U.S. policy is to the actions of our Korean allies in administration affirmed that the United States would consider countering North Korean (DPRK) nuclear aggression. Thus, it the use of nuclear weapons in a conflict “likely to result in de- is important to review nuclear crises of the past and the align- feat in any area of great importance to the United States in Asia ment of U.S. and ROK policy toward Pyongyang. This paper … including Korea.”5 reviews three periods of nuclear crisis on the Korean Peninsula It was not until 1978 at the 11th Security Consultative and argues that U.S. military policy is not the sole factor deter- Mechanism (SCM) that extended nuclear deterrence was for- mining South Korean response to DPRK nuclear provocation. -
Seoul, South Korea Brochure
Global Education Education Global SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA KOREA SOUTH SEOUL, (CGE) for Center HOBART AND WILLIAM SMITH COLLEGES SMITH WILLIAM AND HOBART EXCURSIONS The Korea program is not a “study abroad program” in the traditional sense. While there will not be excursions throughout the semester designed specifically for HWS students, when you arrive in Korea, you will have an orientation which will include a campus tour, an explanation of academic and residence hall policies, and an overview of the city of Seoul and how to get around safely and efficiently. You will be briefed on special opportunities for international students such as doing a weekend homestay experience, joining student clubs and having a Korean “buddy”. The “buddy program” matches new incoming exchange students with Yonsei University students, to help newly arrived students settle in and make the transition to life in Korea. Students are encouraged to seek out opportunities to immerse themselves in campus life and the local culture. Yonsei University campus GOING ABROAD WITH THE CGE Students will be charged standard HWS tuition and a $550 administrative fee. This will cover tuition for a four-course semes- ter and the orientation program. No room or board charge is included: students will pay dorm fees directly to Yonsei University and should plan to bring their board fee to cover meal expenses throughout the program. Additional expenses not covered include airfare, books and personal expenses (laundry, entertainment, ground transportation and independent travel). We estimate air- fare for this program at $1400-$1600 from the East Coast, room fees at approximately $1250, meals at $1600—1800 and books at $150. -
Moving Beyond the Future Now Past of U.S.-China Legal Studies: Re-Opening the American Legal Mind?
RESPONSE Moving Beyond the Future Now Past of U.S.-China Legal Studies: Re-Opening the American Legal Mind? JEDIDIAH J. KRONCKE* Current American debates regarding Sino-American affairs are dominated by recriminations over the implications of China’s recent illiberal turn. Dim prospects for Chinese political liberalization have caused many to defend their promotion of post-1978 American engagement which was often publicly justified as promoting eventual liberalization in China, especially by those who worked to impact Chinese legal development. As the leading luminary of modern American China legal studies, Jerome Cohen has been moved to contextualize his own efforts as one who contributed greatly to the development of U.S.-China relations in this era. In his recent essay Was Helping China Build Its Post-1978 Legal System a Mistake?, Cohen defends his legacy amidst these recriminations while taking most direct aim at a reading of my book, The Futility of Law and Development: China and the Dangers of Exporting American Law. This essay explores Cohen’s engagement with Futility to clarify its arguments and its account of the Sino-American legal relationship over the past three centuries. It responds to Cohen’s reading by highlighting how Futility’s history is predominantly concerned with the damage done to American legal culture as an early tradition of legal cosmopolitanism aimed at improving American law was traded for one exclusively focused on an ever unverified capacity to shape foreign legal development. This “closing of the American legal mind” not only stultified domestic legal innovation but also led to recurrent misperceptions of foreign legal systems like those which shaped our engagement with China throughout the twentieth century, including the post-1978 era. -
The U.S. Must Limit Damage from the Japan–South Korea Trade Dispute Bruce Klingner and Riley Walters
BACKGROUNDER No. 3429 | AUGUST 7, 2019 ASIAN STUDIES CENTER The U.S. Must Limit Damage from the Japan–South Korea Trade Dispute Bruce Klingner and Riley Walters apan and South Korea have recently imposed KEY TAKEAWAYS rulings that impact each other’s financial inter- ests—and risk triggering a strategic trade war. The U.S. government has an important J Strained bilateral economic relations undermine U.S. role to play in mediating the relationship diplomatic and security coordination that is necessary between Tokyo and Seoul and protecting vital trilateral security coordination. for dealing with the North Korean threat. Japanese–South Korean relations suffer from centuries of built-up animosity from sensitive histor- The current situation puts U.S. strategic ical issues and sovereignty disputes. Cyclical spikes goals at risk. Japan and South Korea are in tensions are triggered by incidents that unleash important economic partners and the nationalist furor in both countries. Yet during these foundation of U.S. foreign policy in Asia. outbreaks, bilateral economic and security sectors were never involved at any official level and, instead, To safeguard those objectives, the U.S. served as moderating influences. That changed for the must get directly involved as a behind- worse last year. the-scenes facilitator, helping the two The U.S. government has an important role to allies reach a compromise. play in mediating the relationship between its two allies. Tokyo and Seoul must not allow historical This paper, in its entirety, can be found at http://report.heritage.org/bg3429 The Heritage Foundation | 214 Massachusetts Avenue, NE | Washington, DC 20002 | (202) 546-4400 | heritage.org Nothing written here is to be construed as necessarily reflecting the views of The Heritage Foundation or as an attempt to aid or hinder the passage of any bill before Congress. -
Reconceptualizing Cultural Globalization: Connecting the “Cultural Global” and the “Cultural Local”
Soc. Sci. 2015, 4, 630–645; doi:10.3390/socsci4030630 OPEN ACCESS social sciences ISSN 2076-0760 www.mdpi.com/journal/socsci Article Reconceptualizing Cultural Globalization: Connecting the “Cultural Global” and the “Cultural Local” Stephen Magu Department of History and Political Science, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-202-649-0652 Academic Editor: Joanna Swanger Received: 21 December 2014 / Accepted: 30 July 2015 / Published: 19 August 2015 Abstract: Scholars generally are in agreement that the pace of globalization is rapidly accelerating. Globalization’s impact, beyond the socio-economic and political discourses, is affecting conceptions of culture and cultural studies, and changing and restructuring spaces, global, national and personal interactions and relationships. The “texts” and artifacts borne of culture—activities, events and our conception thereof are a mechanism for the propagation of culture. Simultaneously Westernization/Americanization impacts local cultures through consumerism, which obfuscates local traditions, knowledge and experiences. This research argues that culture is a dynamic, adaptive concept and practice, “borrowing” liberally from ideological and technological innovations of other cultures and integrating these borrowed aspects into the construction and modification of culture across spatial and geographical divides to ensure particular cultures’ survival. The research shows that the local affects the global, and vice versa. It selects local communication “texts” to show that cultures are not “victims” of globalization or the proliferation of mass media. Cultures actively adopt and integrate globalization’s technological artifacts. Globalization’s positive effects are dynamic and span cultural interactions and permeate structures of authority at personal, national and global levels. -
Japan and Korea: a Turbulent History
Japan and Korea : A Turbulent History Kwan-young Kim International Relations 163 Professor R. F. Wylie 03 / 24 / 99 Japan and Korea: A Turbulent History Kwan-young Kim Contents Introduction 3 Prehistory to the 16th Century 4 Invasions of Korea and Korean Embassies to Edo 5 Meiji Restoration to the Annexation of Korea 6 Colonial Period 8 1945-1952 10 Relations with South Korea 1952- 11 Relations with North Korea 1952- 15 Koreans in Japan 17 Conclusion 19 Japan and Korea: A Turbulent History Kwan-young Kim Introduction Both Koreans and Japanese people call each other that the countries are very close geographically each other but they are very distant from in many respects. Japan had an on-and-off history of territorial ambition in Korea that went back many centuries. Polls during the postwar period in Japan and South Korea showed that the people of each nation had a profound dislike of the other country and people. The two countries have a long history of hostility. Admiral Sun-sin Lee, whose armor-plated boats eventually defeated the Japanese navy's damaging attacks in the 1590s, was South Korea's most revered national hero. The Japanese Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture's adoption in the 1980s of revised textbook-guidelines, softening the language used to describe Japan's aggression during world War , inspired outrage in South Korea as well as in other Asian countries. Today, Japan is one of four major powers along with the United States, Russia, and China that have important security interests on the Korean Peninsula1. -
A Comparative Study of Development Mechanisms in Korea and Taiwan: Introductory Analysis
The Developing Economies, XXXV-4 (December 1997): 341–57 A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DEVELOPMENT MECHANISMS IN KOREA AND TAIWAN: INTRODUCTORY ANALYSIS TAMIO HATTORI YUKIHITO SATO$ INTRODUCTION HE extremely rare type of high-level, sustained postwar economic growth experienced by the Republic of Korea (hereafter Korea) and Taiwan has T drawn the attention of many scholars interested in economic development. Many have also attempted to analyze the two economies as examples of identical economic phenomena. Since both economies’ development pattern can be charac- terized by export-led industrialization depending on the Japanese and U.S. mar- kets, such views are not at all surprising. However, having a common development pattern does not necessarily guarantee the existence of a common mechanism by which development was achieved. In fact, there is a heated debate in progress con- cerning the way in which Korea and Taiwan achieved development between those who support a market-led development hypothesis and those who support a gov- ernment-led development hypothesis. In the present paper, we aim to rid ourselves of such a debate by suggesting that there were different mechanisms by which the two economies developed and dis- cussing the reasons why these mechanisms are different. In Section I, we will de- fine what we mean by “development pattern” and “development mechanism.” In Section II we will verify the similarity of Korea and Taiwan with respect to high- level economic growth and their development patterns. Then in Section III, we will review the research to date concerning development mechanism, show that both the market-led and government-led development hypotheses have been built upon strong a priori assumptions, and argue that the similarities and differences between development mechanisms in the two economies should be reexamined after re- moving such assumptions from consideration. -
On the Road to Korean Reunification by Jan Dehn
THE EMERGING VIEW June 2018 On the road to Korean reunification By Jan Dehn A solution to the Korean Conflict is about a quarter of a century overdue, but now there is movement. The outlook is naturally highly uncertain at this point. Still, we explain here what we imagine may happen in the coming months and decades. Reunification of the two Koreas would be a logical consequence of a peace deal, in our view. This possibility should therefore now be given serious consideration. Reunification would require significant and sustained social and infrastructure investment in the North by the South. The return would take decades to materialise, but would ultimately favour Korea itself, while China would be the other major beneficiary, mainly via increased economic influence. The US President would gain from being seen to strike a deal to help end the Korean conflict, but the US as a nation would lose political and military influence. If Korean reunification takes place Japan would also become more isolated as America’s last remaining ally in the region. Introduction The Korean conflict was rooted in the A solution to the Korean Conflict is about a quarter of a century ideological battles, which prevailed at the overdue. On one side of the negotiation table, South Korean President Moon Jae-in gets the credit for spotting the height of the Cold War. A solution to the opportunity for peace, while US President Donald Trump has Korean conflict is well overdue so far been kind enough to side-line the national interest of the US in order to pave the way for a deal. -
Seoul Is the Capital Map of South Korea Flag of South Korea Seoul on the Han River Where Is South Korea? Beautiful Night of Seou
KOREA ●Population: 51.8 million people live in South Korea (2020). The majority of the people live in the province surrounding Seoul in the north west of the country. ●Capital: Seoul with 10 million inhabitants is also the country's biggest city ●Name: 대한민국 Republic of Korea (ROK) ●Government: Presidential Republic ●Official Language: Korean Flag of South Korea ●Literacy: More than 95% can read and write. ●Religion: Main religions are Christianity (27%) Buddhism (15%), however many practise Confucianism regardless of their religious beliefs ●Currency: 1 South Korean Won equals 100 Jeon Where is South Korea? South Korea is located in Eastern Asia and sits on the southern half of the Korean peninsula. The only land borders are with North Korea with which South Korea shares the Korean peninsula. Map of South Korea Seoul is the Capital South Korea has a coastline of about 2413 km/ 1500 miles in length. The capital city of South Korea is Seoul. Seoul is the country's capital and largest city. It is situated by the Han River. A quarter of South Korea's population live in Seoul and the surrounding area. Seoul on the Han River Beautiful night of Seoul Korean Pop Music Korean Language Korean is the official language. The Korean Korean pop music, also called k-pop, has alphabet has 24 letters and the language become famous worldwide especially BTS. does not have any articles and does not follow a word order. Holiday & Tradition Koreans celebrate the new year twice! The New Year celebration are on 1 January as most countries do and for Lunar New Year which is celebrated in February each year.