PHYSICAL DOCUMENTS 6,587,859 B2 * 7/2003 Dougherty Et Al

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

PHYSICAL DOCUMENTS 6,587,859 B2 * 7/2003 Dougherty Et Al USOO6771283B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,771,283 B2 Carro (45) Date of Patent: Aug. 3, 2004 (54) METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR ACCESSING (56) References Cited INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA INFORMATION OR SERVICES BY U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS TOUCHING HIGHILIGHTED ITEMS ON PHYSICAL DOCUMENTS 6,587,859 B2 * 7/2003 Dougherty et al. ...... 707/104.1 (75) Inventor: Fernando Incertis Carro, Valencia * cited by examiner (ES) Primary Examiner Kristine Kincaid (73) Assignee: International Business Machines ASSistant Examiner Boris Pesin Corporation, Armonk, NY (US) (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm-L. P. Herzberg; E. W. Petraske (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this patent is extended or adjusted under 35 (57) ABSTRACT U.S.C. 154(b) by 399 days. Method and System for Selecting and accessing multimedia information/Services located on a user WorkStation or on a (21) Appl. No.: 09/841,930 Server by touching finger items that are electronically illu (22) Filed: Apr. 25, 2001 minated over the Surface of a hard-copy document or any other physical Surface. The System includes: an opto-touch (65) Prior Publication Data foil, placed over (or under) a portion of the document, used to highlight hyperlinked items over the Surface of the US 2002/0087598 A1 Jul. 4, 2002 physical document and to read coordinates of these hyper (30) Foreign Application Priority Data linked items, and a user WorkStation for accessing the information/Service associated with the hyperlinked items. Apr. 26, 2000 (FR) .......................................... OO 48OO37 Hyperlinked items are illuminated by the luminous Signal (51) Int. Cl." .................................................. G09G 5/00 for identifying and Selecting hyperlinked items. When a user (52) U.S. Cl. ....................... 345/702; 345/863; 34.5/173; Selects an item, the WorkStation receives a signal indicating 345/174; 34.5/175; 34.5/176; 34.5/178; 34.5/180; the position of this selected item. The user workstation 178/1801; 178/18.09 identifies, locates and accesses the information/Service asso (58) Field of Search ................................. 345/702, 863, ciated with the position of the Selected item. 345/180, 173-179, 104; 178/18.01-18.11, 1901-1909 32 Claims, 16 Drawing Sheets 200 203 20 201 Physical document 205 U.S. Patent Aug. 3, 2004 Sheet 1 of 16 US 6,771,283 B2 103 f02 s s 101 flash, as of the iderwd drafena tailed for the aort of sullow airst A ave people buivers agarther saw severratified. Fie was og qft clear of indlesbyted piece teachaca at be far traor. refaa where by inpd neuf, twani, Arne beta, act a near afal, so with a daher, fodrow, and he rate uter. atd. tite so play other charactervatdurdu adicts far at the Gittic Area, a page seafroton. Arthur in Air earlierefore, stardar away where alarned slater appearf allot 4turtly Agital fit of his which it becare Far Ed. A rai, cyclourw, bar capacity have aperkusers strength and known at the place where big-savvyr abits, adaptsarr efiant ahd other was alter after he way fately yeadada thr fyiological creatar, at the agry tish Bottig of caragra. Ahlach hagfapper ?t pen "maesittings", withw vi?is ?he Arthurize legetatar kire Year. crisie Underworld, Antwf, Ye in away and Malory, won being dglly roaded in the narr roar fatiqpfstrao ten war battle, Arthur is earned to the Mystical assion. the Cisterdar, varurus 'bar'. Culd eart the darrera horse of the ceas Arthur, litera rary other certad, e prely rad, alloch, ?ary leged around the catarify a propafeators off any revered along a atterforthurstiuportality, for he seat in the wald F later a brewee smonised lies are of userweaver rating so return and dator Bron shr Blessed, rig constelaeon of essfir people. fle ridia Arthur Atreifapear a ?aid of the Galator after a, a deaver the cate and Avt. Proating U.S. Patent Aug. 3, 2004 Sheet 2 of 16 US 6,771,283 B2 201 202 Physical document Fig. 2 U.S. Patent Aug. 3, 2004 Sheet 3 of 16 US 6,771,283 B2 Product Major Process and Sub-assemblies Components Scratch-Resistant 301 302 307 305 U.S. Patent Aug. 3, 2004 Sheet 4 of 16 US 6,771,283 B2 U.S. Patent Aug. 3, 2004 Sheet 5 of 16 US 6,771,283 B2 INTERNET / 500- USER INTERFACE 502 510 Hyperlink is CA 507 509 U.S. Patent Aug. 3, 2004 Sheet 6 of 16 US 6,771,283 B2 David Nash Ford Early British Kingdoms http://freespace. virgin.net/ Document: 387 (C) CelticWorld Ltd., Binfield, Berkshire, UK (1999) U.S. Patent Aug. 3, 2004 Sheet 7 of 16 US 6,771,283 B2 \, \, YArthur the Myth, Some people believe that King Arthur is so inextricably tied up in Celti& Mythology that he must, in origin, have been, not a man at all, but a God. Like satiary other characters featured in the Mabinogion, Arthur it his earliestforn, appears almost entirely mythical. He and his companions have siperhuman strength and abilities, and consort with giant and other mythological creatures. In the early Welsh poem "Preiddeu Annwfn", Arthur visits the Celtic Underworld, Annwfn, Ever in Geoffrey and Malo, upon being fataly wounded in battle, Arthur is carried to the mystical Avalon, apparently the Underworld hore of the Celtic god, Afallach, Many legends around the country attest to Arthurs immortality, for he sleeps in one of filleOS des waiting to return and lead his people. The name Arthur itself appear to derive from the Celtic word Art, meaning 'bear'. Coul Arthur like so many other Celtic gods, be merely a personification of the thany revered animals of the wild? Later to become huntanized like Beli Mawr or Bran the Blessed. The constellation of Ursa Major or the Great Bear is, after all, sometimes known as Arthur's Wain. There was indeed a Celtic Bear-God, Artia, worshipped in Switzerland and around Trier, but she was, in fact, a goddess and there is no trace of her in Britain Some theorists claim Arthur was a late addition to the Celtic pantheon during a resurgence on pagan worship, or possibly a mythical hero, the offering of a human and a bear. There is no evidence for either. - 16 U.S. Patent Aug. 3, 2004 Sheet 8 of 16 US 6,771,283 B2 Doc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 O Pg Arthur the Myth. Some people believe that King Arthur is so inextricably tied up in Celtic Mythology that he must, in origin, have beer, not a man at all, but a God. Like so many other characters featured in the Mabinogion, Arthur in his earliest form, appears almost entirely rythical. He and his companions have superhuman strength and abilities, and consort with giants and other iythological creatures. In the early Welsh poem "Preiddeu Annwfn", Arthur visits the Celtic Underworld, Annwfiq. Even in Geoffrey and Malory, upon being fatally wounded in battle, Arthsir is carried to the mystical Avalan, apparently the Underworld home of the Celtic god, Afallach. Many legends around the country attest to Arthur's immortality, for he sleeps in one of numerous caves waiting to return and lead is people. The name Arthur itself appears to derive frans the Celtic word Art, meaning "hear". Cotul Arthur, like so many other Celtic gods, be merely a personification of the many revered animals of the wild? Later to become humanized like Beli Mawr or Bran the Blessed. The constellation of Ursa Major or the Great Bear is, after all, sometimes known as Arthur's ain. There was indeed a Celtic Bear-God, Artia, worshipped in Switzerland and around Trier, but she was, in fact, a goddess and there is no trace of her in Britaint Some theorists claim Arthur was a late addition to the Celtic pantheory during a resurgence on pagan worship, or possibly a mythical hero, the offering of a human and a bear. There is no evidence for either. - 6 - U.S. Patent Aug. 3, 2004 Sheet 9 of 16 US 6,771,283 B2 Doe 1 2 3 4 5 s 7 8 g o Pg Arthur the Myth. Some people believe that King Arthur is so inextricably tied up in Celtic Mythology that he must, in origin, have been, not a man at all, but a God. Like so many other characters featured in the s Arthur in his earliest for, appears almost entirely mythical. He and 1 rpus aw his companions have superhunar strength and abilities, and consort with giants and other mythological creatures. In the early elsh poem "Preiddeu Annwfn", Arthur visits the Celtic Underworld, Annwfn, Even in Geoffrey and Maiory, upon being fatally wounded in battle, Arthur is carried to the mystical apparently the s Underworld home of the Celtic god, Many legends around is a the country attest to Arthur's immortality, for he sleeps in one of numerous caves waiting to return and lead his people. The name Arthur itself appears to derive from the Celtic word Art, meaning "bear". Coul Arthur, like so many other Celtic gods, be rerely a personification of the many revered animals of the wild? Later to become kunanized like or Bran the Blessed. The ra constellation of Ursa Major or the Great Bear is, after all, sometimes his was known as Arthur's Wain. There was indeed a Celtic Bear-God, Artia, worshipped in Switzerland and around Trier, but she was, in fact, a goddess and there is no trace of her in Britaint Some theorists claim Arthur was a late addition to the Celtic pantheon during a resurgence on pagan worship, or possibly a mythical hero, the offering of a human and a bear.
Recommended publications
  • A Lost Medieval Manuscript from North Wales: Hengwrt 33, the Hanesyn Hên
    04 Guy_Studia Celtica 50 06/12/2016 09:34 Page 69 STUDIA CELTICA, L (2016), 69 –105, 10.16922/SC.50.4 A Lost Medieval Manuscript from North Wales: Hengwrt 33, The Hanesyn Hên BEN GUY Cambridge University In 1658, William Maurice made a catalogue of the most important manuscripts in the library of Robert Vaughan of Hengwrt, in which 158 items were listed. 1 Many copies of Maurice’s catalogue exist, deriving from two variant versions, best represented respec - tively by the copies in Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales [= NLW], Wynnstay 10, written by Maurice’s amanuenses in 1671 and annotated by Maurice himself, and in NLW Peniarth 119, written by Edward Lhwyd and his collaborators around 1700. 2 In 1843, Aneirin Owen created a list of those manuscripts in Maurice’s catalogue which he was able to find still present in the Hengwrt (later Peniarth) collection. 3 W. W. E. Wynne later responded by publishing a list, based on Maurice’s catalogue, of the manuscripts which Owen believed to be missing, some of which Wynne was able to identify as extant. 4 Among the manuscripts remaining unidentified was item 33, the manuscript which Edward Lhwyd had called the ‘ Hanesyn Hên ’. 5 The contents list provided by Maurice in his catalogue shows that this manuscript was of considerable interest. 6 The entries for Hengwrt 33 in both Wynnstay 10 and Peniarth 119 are identical in all significant respects. These lists are supplemented by a briefer list compiled by Lhwyd and included elsewhere in Peniarth 119 as part of a document entitled ‘A Catalogue of some MSS.
    [Show full text]
  • A Welsh Classical Dictionary
    A WELSH CLASSICAL DICTIONARY DACHUN, saint of Bodmin. See s.n. Credan. He has been wrongly identified with an Irish saint Dagan in LBS II.281, 285. G.H.Doble seems to have been misled in the same way (The Saints of Cornwall, IV. 156). DAGAN or DANOG, abbot of Llancarfan. He appears as Danoc in one of the ‘Llancarfan Charters’ appended to the Life of St.Cadog (§62 in VSB p.130). Here he is a clerical witness with Sulien (presumably abbot) and king Morgan [ab Athrwys]. He appears as abbot of Llancarfan in five charters in the Book of Llandaf, where he is called Danoc abbas Carbani Uallis (BLD 179c), and Dagan(us) abbas Carbani Uallis (BLD 158, 175, 186b, 195). In these five charters he is contemporary with bishop Berthwyn and Ithel ap Morgan, king of Glywysing. He succeeded Sulien as abbot and was succeeded by Paul. See Trans.Cym., 1948 pp.291-2, (but ignore the dates), and compare Wendy Davies, LlCh p.55 where Danog and Dagan are distinguished. Wendy Davies dates the BLD charters c.A.D.722 to 740 (ibid., pp.102 - 114). DALLDAF ail CUNIN COF. (Legendary). He is included in the tale of ‘Culhwch and Olwen’ as one of the warriors of Arthur's Court: Dalldaf eil Kimin Cof (WM 460, RM 106). In a triad (TYP no.73) he is called Dalldaf eil Cunyn Cof, one of the ‘Three Peers’ of Arthur's Court. In another triad (TYP no.41) we are told that Fferlas (Grey Fetlock), the horse of Dalldaf eil Cunin Cof, was one of the ‘Three Lovers' Horses’ (or perhaps ‘Beloved Horses’).
    [Show full text]
  • An Unhappy Knight: the Diffusion and Bastardization of Mordred in Arthurian Legends from Select Works of the Sixth Through the Fifteenth Centuries
    An Unhappy Knight: The Diffusion and Bastardization of Mordred in Arthurian Legends from Select Works of the Sixth through the Fifteenth Centuries by Emerson Storm Fillman Richards University of Florida Center for Medieval and Early Modern Studies Department of English Department of Geography 16 June, 2010 Richards 1 Table of Contents: I. Introduction to Thesis 2 II. Geographical Diffusion 6 i. Geographic Effect on Interpretation of Arthurian Literature 15 III. Temporal Diffusion 18 i. Historia Regum Britanniae, A Starting Point 20 ii. Diffusion between Geoffrey of Monmouth & Gervase of Tilbury 22 iii. Otia imperialia 24 IV. Conclusion: Redemption of Mordred 27 Appendix 31 Bibliography 34 Richards 2 I. Introduction To Thesis Every nation has endemic legends, yet some “endemic” legends are paradoxically transnational; one such multinational “endemic” story is the set of legends forming the narrative of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table. Despite a specific hearth in Wales, Arthurian legend has permeated European literature and culture. In order to further the understanding of the evolution of a medieval narrative tradition, specifically the Arthurian legend and the significance of the character Mordred to this series of legends, scholars must locate the different concerns, values and interests of the peoples that created the literature. The geographical movements, reasons for movement and subsequent locations of the authors, or performers, of Arthurian legend (as well as, any written and orally transmitted cultural artifact) are not only of interest, but necessary, to a complete scholarly understanding of the different Arthurian works and the contemporaneous time periods in which they were created.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction: to Be a Shapeshifter 1
    NOTES Introduction: To Be a Shapeshifter 1 . Sir Thomas Malory, Malory: Works , ed. Eugene Vinaver (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978 ), 716. 2 . Carolyne Larrington, for example, points out that “Enchantresses . sometimes . support the aims of Arthurian chivalry, at other times they can be hostile and petty-minded.” See King Arthur’s Enchantresses: Morgan and Her Sisters in Arthurian Tradition (New York: I. B. Taurus, 2007), 2. While Larrington’s book provides a review of many of Morgan’s literary appearances, my study focuses on close reading, attention to translation issues, and discussion of social concerns. In her review of Larrington’s King Arthur’s Enchantresses: Morgan and Her Sisters in Arthurian Tradition , Elizabeth Archibald laments that “it would have been interesting to hear more about the ways in which Arthurian enchantresses do or do not resemble their Classical precursors, or indeed Celtic ones, in their use of magic and in their challenges to male heroic norms.” See Elizabeth Archibald, “Magic School,” Times Literary Supplement (February 2, 2007), 9. My study answers this cri- tique by reexamining pivotal scenes in critical texts and by dismantling the archetypal approach that Larrington follows. 3 . Norris J. Lacy, ed., The Fortunes of King Arthur (New York: D. S. Brewer, 2005 ), 94–95. 4 . Helaine Newstead, Bran the Blessed in Arthurian Romance (New York: AMS Press, 1966 ), 149. 5 . Elisa Marie Narin, “‘Þat on . Þat oÞer’: Rhetorical Descriptio and Morgan La Fay in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ,” Pacific Coast Philology 23 (1988): 60–66. Morgan only partly fits the description of a supernatural ‘enemy’ provided by Hilda Ellis Davidson and Anna Chaudri; see n.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthurian Personal Names in Medieval Welsh Poetry
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Aberystwyth Research Portal ʹͲͳͷ Summary The aim of this work is to provide an extensive survey of the Arthurian personal names in the works of Beirdd y Tywysogion (the Poets of the Princes) and Beirdd yr Uchelwyr (the Poets of the Nobility) from c.1100 to c.1525. This work explores how the images of Arthur and other Arthurian characters (Gwenhwyfar, Llachau, Uthr, Eigr, Cai, Bedwyr, Gwalchmai, Melwas, Medrawd, Peredur, Owain, Luned, Geraint, Enid, and finally, Twrch Trwyth) depicted mainly in medieval Welsh prose tales are reflected in the works of poets during that period, traces their developments and changes over time, and, occasionally, has a peep into reminiscences of possible Arthurian tales that are now lost to us, so that readers will see the interaction between the two aspects of middle Welsh literary tradition. Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... 3 Bibliographical Abbreviations and Short Titles ....................................................... 4 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 1: Possible Sources in Welsh and Latin for the References to Arthur in Medieval Welsh Poetry .............................................................................................. 17 1.1. Arthur in the White Book of Rhydderch and the
    [Show full text]
  • A Lost Medieval Manuscript from North Wales: Hengwrt 33, the Hanesyn Hên
    04 Guy_Studia Celtica 50 06/12/2016 09:34 Page 69 STUDIA CELTICA, L (2016), 69 –105, 10.16922/SC.50.4 A Lost Medieval Manuscript from North Wales: Hengwrt 33, The Hanesyn Hên BEN GUY Cambridge University In 1658, William Maurice made a catalogue of the most important manuscripts in the library of Robert Vaughan of Hengwrt, in which 158 items were listed. 1 Many copies of Maurice’s catalogue exist, deriving from two variant versions, best represented respec - tively by the copies in Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales [= NLW], Wynnstay 10, written by Maurice’s amanuenses in 1671 and annotated by Maurice himself, and in NLW Peniarth 119, written by Edward Lhwyd and his collaborators around 1700. 2 In 1843, Aneirin Owen created a list of those manuscripts in Maurice’s catalogue which he was able to find still present in the Hengwrt (later Peniarth) collection. 3 W. W. E. Wynne later responded by publishing a list, based on Maurice’s catalogue, of the manuscripts which Owen believed to be missing, some of which Wynne was able to identify as extant. 4 Among the manuscripts remaining unidentified was item 33, the manuscript which Edward Lhwyd had called the ‘ Hanesyn Hên ’. 5 The contents list provided by Maurice in his catalogue shows that this manuscript was of considerable interest. 6 The entries for Hengwrt 33 in both Wynnstay 10 and Peniarth 119 are identical in all significant respects. These lists are supplemented by a briefer list compiled by Lhwyd and included elsewhere in Peniarth 119 as part of a document entitled ‘A Catalogue of some MSS.
    [Show full text]
  • Valdr Right: the Descent from Zerah and Perez to Queen Elizabeth II (Gene Scott) Click to Enlarge
    N. Danish Royal Rhine-Westphalia Coat of Arms Arms Coat of Arms Gwynedd Flag United Kingdom Brabant Arms (Aberffraw, Wales Arms) by Rolf Ward Green ``And he proceeded to go up from there to Bethel. As he was going up on the way, there were small boys that came out from the city and began to jeer him and that kept saying to him: `Go up, you baldhead! Go up you baldhead!' Finally he turned behind him and saw them and called down evil upon them in the name of Jehovah. Then two she-bears came out of the woods and went tearing to pieces forty-two children of their number.'' (2Kings 2:23) Compare the above with the personals ad titled: ``Bald men need not apply'' ...Valdr Right: The Descent from Zerah and Perez to Queen Elizabeth II (Gene Scott) Click to enlarge Our story contains a story within the story, for the story of the Christian faith may never be subjugated to a story of human ancestry. Still, within the tale of the gospel is contained a fascinating thread, one which weaves the sons of Judah with songs of Avalon. With regard to Joseph (or son Josephes) of Arimathea it has been noted in the traditions of Glastonbury: Cressy, the Benedictine monk, who lived shortly after the Reformation, and who had imbibed many of the traditions of the Benedictine Monastery of Glastonbury (he mentions that St Joseph died at Glastonbury [on] July 27th, AD 82) kept alive on the Continent, tells us in his Church History of Brittany that, in company with his sister, St.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Early Welsh Sherratt & Hughes Publishers to the Victoria University of Manchester Manchester: 34 Cross Street London: 33 Soho Square W
    H.^. \0 4<uÁ HoMUjfi^. î.>>^ "cK PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER CELTIC SERIES No. I. An Introduction to Early Welsh Sherratt & Hughes Publishers to the Victoria University of Manchester Manchester: 34 Cross Street London: 33 Soho Square W. AN INTRODUCTION TO EARLY WELSH BY The Late JOHN STRACHAN, LL.D., Professor of Greek and Lecturer in Celtic in the University of Manchester MANCHESTER At the University Press 1909 Univehsity of Manchester Publications No. XL. PREFACE This book is the outcome of the courses of lectures on Welsh grammar and literature given by the late Pro- fessor Strachan at the University of Manchester during the sessions 1905-6 and 1906-7. Indeed, the Grammar is in the main an expansion of notes made for these lectures. For the numerous quotations from early Welsh literature contained in the Grammar, as well as for the Reader, Strachan made use not only of published texts, notably those edited by Sir John Rhys and Dr. J. Gwenogvryn Evans, but also of photographs specially taken for the purpose, and of advance proofs of the edition of the White Book and of the photographic facsimile of the Black Book of Chirk, about to be published by Dr. Evans, both of which were lent by him to Strachan. The Reader includes Middle Welsh Texts selected as likely to be of most value for illustration or of special interest. The very valuable work done by Dr. Evans in relation to these texts was of the greatest assistance to Professor Strachan, and as an expression of gratitude for the help thus given, as well as in recognition of the services rendered to Welsh scholarship by Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • A Welsh Classical Dictionary
    A WELSH CLASSICAL DICTIONARY GADEON ap CYNAN. See Gadeon ab Eudaf Hen. GADEON ab EUDAF HEN. (330) Gadeon is probably the correct form of the name which appears in the tale of ‘The Dream of Macsen Wledig’ as Adeon ab Eudaf, brother of Cynan ab Eudaf. According to the tale, Adeon and Cynan followed Macsen to the continent and captured Rome for him. After that Macsen gave them permission to conquer lands for themselves, (see s.n. Cynan ab Eudaf), but Adeon returned to his own country (WM 187, 189-191, RM 88, 90-92). According to Jesus College MS.20 the wife of Coel Hen was the daughter of Gadeon ab Eudaf Hen (JC 7 in EWGT p.45), and this is probably correct although later versions make her the daughter of Gadeon (variously spelt) ap Cynan ab Eudaf, and she is given the name Ystradwel (variously spelt) (ByA §27a in EWGT p.90). Also in the various versions of the ancestry of Custennin ap Cynfor and Amlawdd Wledig we find Gadeon (variously spelt) ap Cynan ab Eudaf (JC 11, ByA §30b, 31, ByS §76 in EWGT pp.45, 93, 94, 65). Similarly in MG §5 in EWGT p.39, but Eudaf is misplaced. The various spellings show that the name was unfamiliar: Gadean, Gadvan, Gadiawn, Kadeaun, Cadvan, Kadien, Kadiawn. See EWGT passim. It seems probable that Gadeon ab Cynan is an error for Gadeon ab Eudaf, rather than to suppose two such persons (PCB). GAFRAN ab AEDDAN. He appears in Bonedd Gwŷr y Gogledd (§11 in EWGT p.73) as Gafran ab Aeddan Fradog ap Dyfnwal Hen.
    [Show full text]
  • Was King Arthur a Living Hero Or a Popular Legend?
    Western Oregon University Digital Commons@WOU Honors Senior Theses/Projects Student Scholarship 6-1-2015 Legendary: Was King Arthur a Living Hero or a Popular Legend? Emily Walley Western Oregon University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/honors_theses Part of the Medieval History Commons Recommended Citation Walley, Emily, "Legendary: Was King Arthur a Living Hero or a Popular Legend?" (2015). Honors Senior Theses/Projects. 84. https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/honors_theses/84 This Undergraduate Honors Thesis/Project is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at Digital Commons@WOU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Senior Theses/Projects by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@WOU. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. 1 Legendary: Was King Arthur a Living Hero or a Popular Legend? By Emily J. Walley An Honors Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation from the Western Oregon University Honors Program Dr. Elizabeth Swedo, Thesis Advisor Dr. Gavin Keulks, Honors Program Director Western Oregon University June 2015 2 Table of Contents Abstract 4 Introduction 5 The Legend 6 Literature Review 7 Textual Sources Concerning Arthur 23 Camlann: the Last Battle 37 The Debate of the Gaulish Campaign 47 Arthur’s Growing Fame 49 12 Battles: the Arthurian Campaign 56 Badon: the Introduction of Arthur 59 Tintagel: the Birth of a Legend 61 Solving the Matter of Britain 63 Conclusion 72 Bibliography 74 3 Abstract Despite being a well-known figure in Western culture, the historical evidence for King Arthur is very small, and scholars have not even been able to identify a specific person as the historical Arthur.
    [Show full text]
  • OBINUS, Fictitious Archbishop of London. He Appears Fourth in a List Attributed to Jocelin of Furness, Succeeding Cadar and Succ
    A WELSH CLASSICAL DICTIONARY OBINUS, fictitious archbishop of London. He appears fourth in a list attributed to Jocelin of Furness, succeeding Cadar and succeeded by Conan (John Stow, The Chronicles of England, 1580, p.56). OCTAVIUS, Duke of the Gewissei. See Eudaf Hen. ODGAR ab AEDD. (Legendary). Odgar ab Aedd, king of Ireland, appears in the tale of ‘Culhwch and Olwen’. He accompanied Arthur to the west of Ireland in the search for Gwrgi Seferi, the purpose of which is never explained (RM 134). Later Arthur dispatched a message to Odgar to seek the cauldron of Diwrnach Wyddel, his overseer. Odgar, king of Ireland, besought Diwrnach to give it, but he would not (RM 135). Odgar was the only person who could pluck from the head of Ysgithyrwyn, Chief Boar, the tusk which Ysbaddaden Pencawr required in order to shave himself for the wedding of Culhwch and Olwen (WM 452, RM 122). However it was actually ‘Cadw’ [Caw] of Prydyn who ‘took’ the tusk (RM 135). Odgar was brother of Gwitard, son of Aedd king of Ireland. On the name see Patrick Sims-Williams in BBCS 29 pp.605-6 (1982). ODIAR the Frank. (Legendary). He is mentioned as Odyar franc in the romance of ‘Geraint and Enid’ as the steward of Arthur's Court (WM 412, RM 265). See further CO(2) p.227. ODWYN ap TEITHWALCH. (1040) He is mentioned in the genealogies as a descendant of Ceredig ap Cunedda, and the father of Morfydd the mother of Gwaithfoed of Ceredigion (PP §45). Here the spelling is Odwin.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Origins of Morgan Le Fay
    DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit Different Phases/Faces of Morgan le Fay: The Changing Image of the Sorceress in Arthurian Literature Verfasserin Elke Dalecky Angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Franz-Karl Wöhrer Wien, September 2008 Studienkennzahl: A344 299 Studienrichtung: LA Anglistik und Amerikanistik LA Philosophie, Pädagogik, Psychologie DECLARATION OF AUTHENTICITY I confirm to have conceived and written this Master thesis in English all by myself. Quotations from other authors are all clearly marked and acknowledged in the bibliographical references, either in the footnotes or within the text. Any ideas borrowed and/or passages paraphrased from the works of other authors are truthfully acknowledged and identified in the footnotes. Signature HINWEIS Diese Diplomarbeit hat nachgewiesen, dass die betreffende Kandidatin oder der betreffende Kandidat befähigt ist, wissenschaftliche Themen selbstständig sowie inhaltlich und methodisch vertretbar zu bearbeiten. Da die Korrekturen der/des Beurteilenden nicht eingetragen sind und das Gutachten nicht beiliegt, ist daher nicht erkenntlich mit welcher Note diese Arbeit abgeschlossen wurde. Das Spektrum reicht von sehr gut bis genügend. Die Habilitierten des Instituts für Anglistik und Amerikanistik bitten diesen Hinweis bei der Lektüre zu beachten. Acknowledgements I owe a great deal to a number of friends and family members who shared their advice and lent me support. Special thanks must go to the following people: First of all, I would like to thank Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Franz Wöhrer who guided me through the writing process of this thesis. He has been helpful and encouraging all along and at any time. I could not have wished for a better tutor and I owe him a special debt of gratitute.
    [Show full text]