Rightly, the Political Histories of Medieval Wales Devote Much Time to the Constant Changes of Welsh Society, Contributing To

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Rightly, the Political Histories of Medieval Wales Devote Much Time to the Constant Changes of Welsh Society, Contributing To Bangor University DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY The uxorial lifecycle and female agency in Wales in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries Messer, Danna Award date: 2014 Awarding institution: Bangor University Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 03. Oct. 2021 THE UXORIAL LIFECYCLE AND FEMALE AGENCY IN WALES IN THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES DANNA R. MESSER Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy School of History, Welsh History and Archaeology Bangor University 31 July 2014 ABSTRACT The political, social and cultural histories of Wales before 1282, which focus on themes associated with the evolution of nationhood — namely conquest, co- existence and change — are incomplete because treatments of a collective Welsh identity fail to address women’s experiences. This thesis examines the sources largely associated with Wales during the Age of Princes, analysing how married women are identified and what types of agency are associated with them. An investigation into the uxorial lifecycle helps to highlight the gendered cultural and social expectations that women faced more generally. Comparing and contrasting conventional gender constructs found in medieval Welsh sources with evidence of women’s employment of agency highlights the status of women in society and provides a more balanced assessment of Wales before 1282. Chapter 1 discusses Welsh native sources and traditions. It examines the complexities of analysis concerning the dissemination of gender ideals found in sources composed largely during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, many of which were influenced by oral tradition. Chapter 2 looks at the development of uxorial identity. It investigates the lifecycle of the wife defined in native law, including discussions on the commodification of gender and the practice of concubinage. An examination of how the uxorial lifecycle is constructed in the Welsh chronicles and the identification of the most idealized uxorial traits found across the sources is also discussed. Chapter 3 considers the concept of native Welsh queenship and the status of wives as queens. Three key issues are explored: to what extent there was an ideal of queenship in native Wales; the core ideologies and expectations of the office of the queen; and how the use of titles and other designations denotes status. Chapter 4 reviews evidence of Welsh queenship in practice by looking at the political agency rulers’ wives exercised. Chapter 5 examines charter evidence concerning female land ownership and women’s involvement within their family lordships, localities and against a wider political backdrop. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations i Acknowledgements iv INTRODUCTION 1 Methodology 15 CHAPTER 1 Native Sources and Traditions Introduction 26 Oral Traditions and Written Texts 27 The Mabinogion 30 Trioedd Ynys Prydein 33 Poetry of the Gogynfeirdd 35 Cyfraith Hywel 42 Authorship 45 The Lives of Saints 48 Gerald of Wales 50 Chronicles 54 Vita Griffini Filii Conani 58 Gendered Perceptions 59 Genealogy 63 Conclusion 71 CHAPTER 2 The Development of Uxorial Identity Introduction 74 Married Women and the Laws 79 Lifecycles 91 Norms and Perceptions 112 Conclusion 124 CHAPTER 3 Welsh Queenship and Status Introduction 128 General Ideals of Welsh Queenship 132 The Royal Llys 140 Roles of the Welsh Queen 152 Titles and Other Designations 162 Motherhood and Succession 177 Conclusion 182 CHAPTER 4 Welsh Queenship and Political Agency Introduction 188 Counsellors and Advisors 193 Joan of England 197 Senana ferch Caradog 219 Eleanor de Montfort 227 Welsh Queenship in Practice 238 Conclusion 242 CHAPTER 5 Land, Lordship and Agency Introduction 248 European Comparisons 252 South Wales 257 Mid Wales 267 North Wales 275 Warranties 282 Analysis 284 CONCLUSION 301 BIBLIOGRAPHY 307 Messer i ABBREVIATIONS ABT Achau Brenhinoedd a Thywysogion Cymru, in P.C. Bartrum, Early Welsh Genealogical Tracts (Cardiff, 1966), pp. 95-110. AC Annales Cambriae, ed. J. William ab Ithel (Rolls Series, London, 1960). AnnCestr Annales Cestrienses, ed. R.C. Christie (Record Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 14; London, 1887). Arch. Camb. Archaeologia Cambrensis AnnDunst ‘Annales Prioratus de Dunstaplia’, Annales Monastici, ed. H. R. Luard, 5 vols (Rolls Series, London, 1864-9), iii, pp. 3-420. AM Annales Monastici, ed. H. R. Luard, 5 vols (Rolls Series, London, 1864–9). AnnMarg ‘Annales de Margan’, Annales Monastici, ed. H. R. Luard, 5 vols (Rolls Series, London, 1864–9), i, pp. 3-40. AnnOsney ‘Annales Monasterii de Oseneia’, Annales Monastici, ed. H. R. Luard, 5 vols (Rolls Series, London, 1864-9), iv, pp. 3-5. AnnTewk ‘Annales Monasterii de Theokesberia’, Annales Monastici, ed. H. R. Luard, 5 vols (Rolls Series, London, 1864-9), i, pp. 43-180. AnnWav ‘Annales Monasterii de Waverleia’, Annales Monastici, ed. H. R. Luard, 5 vols (Rolls Series, London, 1864-9), ii, pp. 129- 41. AnnWinch ‘Annales Monasterii de Wintonia’, Annales Monastici, ed. H. R. Luard, 5 vols (Rolls Series, London, 1864-9), ii, pp. 3-125. AnnWorc ‘Annales Prioratus de Wigornia’, Annales Monastici, ed. H. R. Luard, 5 vols (Rolls Series, London, 1864-9), iv, pp. 355-564. AWR The Acts of Welsh Rulers 1120–1283, ed. H. Pryce (Cardiff, 2005). BBCS Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies BL British Library BM British Museum Messer ii BS Brenhinedd y Saesson, or The Kings of the Saxons: BM Cotton Ms. Cleopatra Bv and The Black Book of Basingwerk NLW Ms. 7006, ed. T. Jones (Cardiff, 1971). BT, Pen20 Brut y Tywysogyon Peniarth MS. 20, ed. T. Jones (Cardiff, 1941). BT, Pen20Tr Brut y Tywysogion or The Chronicle of the Princes Peniarth 20 Ms. Version, trans. T. Jones (Cardiff, 1952). BT, RBH Brut y Tywysogion or The Chronicle of the Princes Red Book of Hergest Version, ed. and trans. T. Jones (Cardiff, 1955). CCR Calendar of the Close Rolls CPL Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers Relating to Great Britain and Ireland: Papal Letters, i. A.D. 1198–1304, ed. W.H. Bliss (London, 1893). CPR Calendar of the Patent Rolls CR Close Rolls of the Reign of Henry III CRR Curia Regis Rolls CW ‘Cronica de Wallia and Other Documents from Exeter Cathedral Library MS. 3514’, ed. T. Jones, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, 12 (1946), pp. 27-44. CWR ‘Calendar of the Welsh Rolls’ EWGT Early Welsh Genealogical Tracts, ed. P.C. Bartrum (Cardiff, 1966). Gir. Camb., Op. Giraldi Cambrensis, Opera, (eds) J.S. Brewer, J.F. Dimock and G.F. Warner, 8 vols (Rolls Series, 1861–91). HGK Historia Gruffud vab Kenan, ed. D.S. Evans (Cardiff, 1978). HW J. E. Lloyd, A History of Wales: From the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest, 2 vols (London, 2nd edn,1912). LTMW The Law of Hywel Dda: Law Texts from Medieval Wales, ed. and trans. D. Jenkins (Llandysul, 1986). LW Littere Wallie: Preserved in Liber A in the Public Record Office, ed. J.G. Edwards (Cardiff, 1940). NLW National Library of Wales Messer iii NWLJ National Library of Wales Journal Pat. Rolls Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office (London, 1891 ̶ ). Rot. Chart. Rotuli Chartarum in Turri Londinensi Asservati A.D. 1199– A.D. 1216, ed. T.D. Hardy (Record Commission, London, 1837). Rot. Claus. Rotuli Litteratum Clausarum in Turri Londinensi Asservati A.D. 1204–A.D. 1227, ed. T.D. Hardy, 2 vols. (Record Commission, London, 1832–44). Rot. Pat. Rotuli Litterarum Patentium in Turri Londinensi Asservati, I.i., A.D. 1201–A.D. 1216, ed. T.D. Hardy (Record Commission, London, 1835). THSC Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion TNA The National Archives TRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical Society TYP Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain, ed. and trans. R. Bromwich (Cardiff, 3rd ed., 2006). Vita Griffini Vita Griffini Filii Conani, The Medieval Latin Life of Gruffudd ap Cynan, ed. and trans. P. Russell (Cardiff, 2005). WAR The Welsh Assize Roll 1277–1284, ed. J.C. Davies (Cardiff, 1940). WGEMW M. Roberts and S. Clarke (eds), Women and Gender in Early Modern Wales (Cardiff, 2000). WHR Welsh History Review WKHC T. Charles-Edwards, M. E. Owen and P. Russell (eds), The Welsh King and His Court (Cardiff, 2000). WLW D. Jenkins and M.E. Owen (eds), The Welsh Law of Women: Studies presented to Professor Daniel A. Binchy on his Eightieth Birthday (Cardiff, 1980). iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First I would like to thank Huw Pryce for his steadfast support and enthusiasm for this subject. He’s been most generous with his time and his ideas, providing me encouragement and offering lively debate. Working with him has been a real joy. My family has been instrumental in the completion of ‘my paper’ and though I have not been able to see them as much as I have either wanted or needed to over the years, they have always been here with me in thought and spirit. They’ve always allowed me the freedom to just be me and I only hope they know much that means. It always has and always will – even if it’s been hard for them at times! I want to thank Bronach Kane, Spencer Smith and Angharad Wynne.
Recommended publications
  • Newsletter Additional Learning Needs and Inclusion
    Newsletter Additional Learning Needs and Inclusion FOR THE ATTENTION OF: HEADTEACHERS AND ALN&I CO-ORDINATORS Welcome to the Easter Edition (2017) of the ALN&I Co-ordinators Newsletter. A key objective of the ALN&I Review is improving Communication. It is therefore intended that this newsletter provides you with an up-date of any changes that occur in this field in Gwynedd & Anglesey or nationally. yh ADYaCh d I. 1. General Up-date (Strategy and Legislation) I. The Additional Learning Needs and Inclusion Strategy (ALN&I) Meetings have been held with the staff who are involved in the re-structuring to establish the New ALN&I Service for Gwynedd and Isle of Anglesey. Over 100 staff of the relevant Services attended the 2 open meetings held on 5 October and 6 December 2016; meetings with the relevant Unions were also held during the same period. We are now in the working through the appointments process, and as already confirmed, Gwern ap Rhisiart has been appointed Senior Inclusion Manager and Dr Einir Thomas as Senior ALN Manager; to work across both LEA’s. From the 1st April 2017, we kindly request that you refer matters pertaining to Inclusion matters in Gwynedd and Isle of Anglesey schools to Gwern and ALN related matters to Einir. Gwern ap Rhisiart: 01286 679007 [email protected] Dr Einir Thomas: 01248 752970 [email protected] ALN Responsibility (Einir) Inclusion Responsibility (Gwern) 4 new ALN&I Quality Officers have also been appointed, these officers will support the 2 Senior Managers to implement the ALN&I strategies, and provide managerial advice and support for headteachers and governing bodies.
    [Show full text]
  • “The Prophecies of Fferyll”: Virgilian Reception in Wales
    “The Prophecies of Fferyll”: Virgilian Reception in Wales Revised from a paper given to the Virgil Society on 18 May 2013 Davies Whenever I make the short journey from my home to Swansea’s railway station, I pass two shops which remind me of Virgil. Both are chemist shops, both belong to large retail empires. The name-boards above their doors proclaim that each shop is not only a “pharmacy” but also a fferyllfa, literally “Virgil’s place”. In bilingual Wales homage is paid to the greatest of poets every time we collect a prescription! The Welsh words for a chemist or pharmacist fferyllydd( ), for pharmaceutical science (fferylliaeth), for a retort (fferyllwydr) are – like fferyllfa,the chemist’s shop – all derived from Fferyll, a learned form of Virgil’s name regularly used by writers and poets of the Middle Ages in Wales.1 For example, the 14th-century Dafydd ap Gwilym, in one of his love poems, pic- tures his beloved as an enchantress and the silver harp that she is imagined playing as o ffyrf gelfyddyd Fferyll (“shaped by Virgil’s mighty art”).2 This is, of course, the Virgil “of popular legend”, as Comparetti describes him: the Virgil of the Neapolitan tales narrated by Gervase of Tilbury and Conrad of Querfurt, Virgil the magician and alchemist, whose literary roots may be in Ecl. 8, a fascinating counterfoil to the prophet of the Christian interpretation of Ecl. 4.3 Not that the role of magician and the role of prophet were so differentiated in the medieval mind as they might be today.
    [Show full text]
  • Advice to Inform Post-War Listing in Wales
    ADVICE TO INFORM POST-WAR LISTING IN WALES Report for Cadw by Edward Holland and Julian Holder March 2019 CONTACT: Edward Holland Holland Heritage 12 Maes y Llarwydd Abergavenny NP7 5LQ 07786 954027 www.hollandheritage.co.uk front cover images: Cae Bricks (now known as Maes Hyfryd), Beaumaris Bangor University, Zoology Building 1 CONTENTS Section Page Part 1 3 Introduction 1.0 Background to the Study 2.0 Authorship 3.0 Research Methodology, Scope & Structure of the report 4.0 Statutory Listing Part 2 11 Background to Post-War Architecture in Wales 5.0 Economic, social and political context 6.0 Pre-war legacy and its influence on post-war architecture Part 3 16 Principal Building Types & architectural ideas 7.0 Public Housing 8.0 Private Housing 9.0 Schools 10.0 Colleges of Art, Technology and Further Education 11.0 Universities 12.0 Libraries 13.0 Major Public Buildings Part 4 61 Overview of Post-war Architects in Wales Part 5 69 Summary Appendices 82 Appendix A - Bibliography Appendix B - Compiled table of Post-war buildings in Wales sourced from the Buildings of Wales volumes – the ‘Pevsners’ Appendix C - National Eisteddfod Gold Medal for Architecture Appendix D - Civic Trust Awards in Wales post-war Appendix E - RIBA Architecture Awards in Wales 1945-85 2 PART 1 - Introduction 1.0 Background to the Study 1.1 Holland Heritage was commissioned by Cadw in December 2017 to carry out research on post-war buildings in Wales. 1.2 The aim is to provide a research base that deepens the understanding of the buildings of Wales across the whole post-war period 1945 to 1985.
    [Show full text]
  • The Black Death and Early Modern Witch-Hunts
    Plague and Persecution: The Black Death and Early Modern Witch-Hunts History 480: Major Seminar II Helen Christian Professor Laura Beers April 27, 2011 2 Abstract The century or so from approximately 1550 to 1650 is a period during which witch-hunts reached unprecedented frequency and intensity. The circumstances that fomented the witch- hunts—persistent warfare, religious conflict, and harvest failures—had occurred before, but witch-hunts had never been so ubiquitous or severe. This paper argues that the intensity of the Early Modern witch-hunts can be traced back to the plague of 1348, and argues that the plague was a factor in three ways. First, the plague’s devastation and the particularly unpleasant nature of the disease traumatized the European psyche, meaning that any potential recurrence of plague was a motivation to search for scapegoats. Second, the population depletion set off a chain of events that destabilized Europe. Finally, witch-hunters looked to the example set by the interrogators of suspected “plague-spreaders” and copied many of their interrogation and trial procedures. 3 Table of Contents Introduction 4 Historiography 7 The Plague and “Plague-Spreaders” 9 The Otherwise Calamitous Fourteenth Century 15 The Reformation 18 The Witch-Hunting Craze 22 The Plague in the Early Modern Period 25 Medieval Persecution in the Witch-Hunts 29 Conclusion 35 4 Introduction The Black Death of 1348 had tremendous political, social, economic, and psychological impact on Europe and the trajectory of European history. By various estimates, the plague wiped out between one-third and one-half of the population in only a few years.
    [Show full text]
  • A Lost Medieval Manuscript from North Wales: Hengwrt 33, the Hanesyn Hên
    04 Guy_Studia Celtica 50 06/12/2016 09:34 Page 69 STUDIA CELTICA, L (2016), 69 –105, 10.16922/SC.50.4 A Lost Medieval Manuscript from North Wales: Hengwrt 33, The Hanesyn Hên BEN GUY Cambridge University In 1658, William Maurice made a catalogue of the most important manuscripts in the library of Robert Vaughan of Hengwrt, in which 158 items were listed. 1 Many copies of Maurice’s catalogue exist, deriving from two variant versions, best represented respec - tively by the copies in Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales [= NLW], Wynnstay 10, written by Maurice’s amanuenses in 1671 and annotated by Maurice himself, and in NLW Peniarth 119, written by Edward Lhwyd and his collaborators around 1700. 2 In 1843, Aneirin Owen created a list of those manuscripts in Maurice’s catalogue which he was able to find still present in the Hengwrt (later Peniarth) collection. 3 W. W. E. Wynne later responded by publishing a list, based on Maurice’s catalogue, of the manuscripts which Owen believed to be missing, some of which Wynne was able to identify as extant. 4 Among the manuscripts remaining unidentified was item 33, the manuscript which Edward Lhwyd had called the ‘ Hanesyn Hên ’. 5 The contents list provided by Maurice in his catalogue shows that this manuscript was of considerable interest. 6 The entries for Hengwrt 33 in both Wynnstay 10 and Peniarth 119 are identical in all significant respects. These lists are supplemented by a briefer list compiled by Lhwyd and included elsewhere in Peniarth 119 as part of a document entitled ‘A Catalogue of some MSS.
    [Show full text]
  • Advisory Visit Bodorgan Estate, Anglesey April 2012
    Advisory Visit Bodorgan Estate, Anglesey April 2012 1.0 Introduction This report is the output of a site visit undertaken by Tim Jacklin of the Wild Trout Trust to the Bodorgan Estate, Anglesey on, 12th April, 2012. Comments in this report are based on observations on the day of the site visit and discussions with Tim Bowie (General Manager of the Estate), Holly Parry (local graduate of Bangor University), Billy Tweddle (Gamekeeper) and Ian Ferrier (experienced local angler). Normal convention is applied throughout the report with respect to bank identification, i.e. the banks are designated left hand bank (LHB) or right hand bank (RHB) whilst looking downstream. 2.0 Catchment and Fishery Overview Bodorgan Estate is on the south-west of the Isle of Anglesey, North Wales, and covers an area of approximately 15,000 acres. Within the Estate is Llyn Coron, a lake of approximately 90 acres (cover picture), which is within the catchment of the Afon Ffraw. The lake contains wild brown trout and sea trout which run the Ffraw. The lake is fished by a small syndicate (and day ticket anglers) and is occasionally stocked with farmed brown trout. The main focus of this advisory visit was the Afon Fraw, Llyn Coron and their tributaries. Also on the Estate is the Afon Caradog, a tributary of the Afon Crigyll which joins the sea at Rhosneigr. Sections of the Caradog were also inspected during this visit at Y Werthyr (SH373783) and Bryn Glas (SH372781). Information from the River Basin Management Plan (Water Framework Directive) published by Environment Agency Wales (EAW) is shown in the table below for the Crigyll catchment (including Afon Caradog) and for the Ffraw.
    [Show full text]
  • IV. the Cantrefs of Morgannwg
    ; THE TRIBAL DIVISIONS OF WALES, 273 Garth Bryngi is Dewi's honourable hill, CHAP. And Trallwng Cynfyn above the meadows VIII. Llanfaes the lofty—no breath of war shall touch it, No host shall disturb the churchmen of Llywel.^si It may not be amiss to recall the fact that these posses- sions of St. David's brought here in the twelfth century, to re- side at Llandduw as Archdeacon of Brecon, a scholar of Penfro who did much to preserve for future ages the traditions of his adopted country. Giraldus will not admit the claim of any region in Wales to rival his beloved Dyfed, but he is nevertheless hearty in his commendation of the sheltered vales, the teeming rivers and the well-stocked pastures of Brycheiniog.^^^ IV. The Cantrefs of Morgannwg. The well-sunned plains which, from the mouth of the Tawe to that of the Wye, skirt the northern shore of the Bristol Channel enjoy a mild and genial climate and have from the earliest times been the seat of important settlements. Roman civilisation gained a firm foothold in the district, as may be seen from its remains at Cardiff, Caerleon and Caerwent. Monastic centres of the first rank were established here, at Llanilltud, Llancarfan and Llandaff, during the age of early Christian en- thusiasm. Politically, too, the region stood apart from the rest of South Wales, in virtue, it may be, of the strength of the old Silurian traditions, and it maintained, through many vicissitudes, its independence under its own princes until the eve of the Norman Conquest.
    [Show full text]
  • HAY-ON-WYE CONSERVATION AREA APPRAISAL Review May 2016
    HAY-ON-WYE CONSERVATION AREA APPRAISAL Review May 2016 BRECON BEACONS NATIONAL PARK Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Planning Policy Context 3. Location and Context 4. General Character and Plan Form 5. Landscape Setting 6. Historic Development and Archaeology 7. Spatial Analysis 8. Character Analysis 9. Definition of Special Interest of the Conservation Area 10. The Conservation Area Boundary 11. Summary of Issues 12. Community Involvement 13. Local Guidance and Management Proposals 14. Contact Details 15. Bibliography Review May 2016 1. Introduction Section 69 of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 imposes a duty on Local Planning Authorities to determine from time to time which parts of their area are „areas of special architectural or historic interest, the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance‟ and to designate these areas as conservation areas. Hay-on-Wye is one of four designated conservation areas in the National Park. Planning authorities have a duty to protect these areas from development which would harm their special historic or architectural character and this is reflected in the policies contained in the National Park’s Local Development Plan. There is also a duty to review Conservation Areas to establish whether the boundaries need amendment and to identify potential measures for enhancing and protecting the Conservation Area. The purpose of a conservation area appraisal is to define the qualities of the area that make it worthy of conservation area status. A clear, comprehensive appraisal of its character provides a sound basis for development control decisions and for developing initiatives to improve the area.
    [Show full text]
  • Ynys Môn / Anglesey West (OS Sheet 115) – Gentle Ride – 27 Miles (+ 4 Mile Optional Extension to Beach.)
    Ynys Môn / Anglesey West (OS sheet 115) – Gentle ride – 27 miles (+ 4 mile optional extension to beach.) Leaving through the Botanic garden and crossing the Menai Suspension bridge this ride follows lanes and cycle ways visiting some of the beaches of West Anglesey and (well worth a visit) the Marquis of Anglesey’s Column. From the Môn end of the bridge the route leaves Porthaethwy / Menai Bridge up a steady hill and continues along Sustrans Route 8 through Llanddaniel Fab towards Dwyran and the White Lodge cafe at GR 431650. Continuing along the A4080 to Newborough / Niwbwrch it is possible to extend the ride to the beautiful beach of Traeth Llanddwyn Beach - a return trip of 4 miles. (Details on route sheet.) Returning via the Malltraeth estuary and the Lon Las Cefni cycle path across the marsh it then follows the old A5 (little traffic nowadays) to *Llanfair Pwllgwyngyll (shops, cafes, toilets in ‘James Pringle Weavers’). From here the road becomes busier passing the Marquis of Anglesey’s Column – small charge – until the Suspension Bridge leads back to the campsite. *Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch (St. Mary’s Church in a hollow by the white hazel near the rapid whirlpool and St. Tysilio’s Church by the red cave. if you must!!) Ynys Môn / Anglesey West (OS sheet 114) – Touring ride – 45 miles Leaving through the Botanic Garden and crossing the Menai Suspension bridge this ride follows the lanes and cycle ways of West and Central Anglesey viewing coast and countryside and returns via the market town of Llangefni. From the Môn end of the bridge the route leaves Porthaethwy / Menai Bridge up a steady hill, over the Four Crosses roundabout and continues along Sustrans Route 8 through Llanddaniel Fab towards Dwyran and the White Lodge cafe.
    [Show full text]
  • A Welsh Classical Dictionary
    A WELSH CLASSICAL DICTIONARY DACHUN, saint of Bodmin. See s.n. Credan. He has been wrongly identified with an Irish saint Dagan in LBS II.281, 285. G.H.Doble seems to have been misled in the same way (The Saints of Cornwall, IV. 156). DAGAN or DANOG, abbot of Llancarfan. He appears as Danoc in one of the ‘Llancarfan Charters’ appended to the Life of St.Cadog (§62 in VSB p.130). Here he is a clerical witness with Sulien (presumably abbot) and king Morgan [ab Athrwys]. He appears as abbot of Llancarfan in five charters in the Book of Llandaf, where he is called Danoc abbas Carbani Uallis (BLD 179c), and Dagan(us) abbas Carbani Uallis (BLD 158, 175, 186b, 195). In these five charters he is contemporary with bishop Berthwyn and Ithel ap Morgan, king of Glywysing. He succeeded Sulien as abbot and was succeeded by Paul. See Trans.Cym., 1948 pp.291-2, (but ignore the dates), and compare Wendy Davies, LlCh p.55 where Danog and Dagan are distinguished. Wendy Davies dates the BLD charters c.A.D.722 to 740 (ibid., pp.102 - 114). DALLDAF ail CUNIN COF. (Legendary). He is included in the tale of ‘Culhwch and Olwen’ as one of the warriors of Arthur's Court: Dalldaf eil Kimin Cof (WM 460, RM 106). In a triad (TYP no.73) he is called Dalldaf eil Cunyn Cof, one of the ‘Three Peers’ of Arthur's Court. In another triad (TYP no.41) we are told that Fferlas (Grey Fetlock), the horse of Dalldaf eil Cunin Cof, was one of the ‘Three Lovers' Horses’ (or perhaps ‘Beloved Horses’).
    [Show full text]
  • Pedigree of the Wilson Family N O P
    Pedigree of the Wilson Family N O P Namur** . NOP-1 Pegonitissa . NOP-203 Namur** . NOP-6 Pelaez** . NOP-205 Nantes** . NOP-10 Pembridge . NOP-208 Naples** . NOP-13 Peninton . NOP-210 Naples*** . NOP-16 Penthievre**. NOP-212 Narbonne** . NOP-27 Peplesham . NOP-217 Navarre*** . NOP-30 Perche** . NOP-220 Navarre*** . NOP-40 Percy** . NOP-224 Neuchatel** . NOP-51 Percy** . NOP-236 Neufmarche** . NOP-55 Periton . NOP-244 Nevers**. NOP-66 Pershale . NOP-246 Nevil . NOP-68 Pettendorf* . NOP-248 Neville** . NOP-70 Peverel . NOP-251 Neville** . NOP-78 Peverel . NOP-253 Noel* . NOP-84 Peverel . NOP-255 Nordmark . NOP-89 Pichard . NOP-257 Normandy** . NOP-92 Picot . NOP-259 Northeim**. NOP-96 Picquigny . NOP-261 Northumberland/Northumbria** . NOP-100 Pierrepont . NOP-263 Norton . NOP-103 Pigot . NOP-266 Norwood** . NOP-105 Plaiz . NOP-268 Nottingham . NOP-112 Plantagenet*** . NOP-270 Noyers** . NOP-114 Plantagenet** . NOP-288 Nullenburg . NOP-117 Plessis . NOP-295 Nunwicke . NOP-119 Poland*** . NOP-297 Olafsdotter*** . NOP-121 Pole*** . NOP-356 Olofsdottir*** . NOP-142 Pollington . NOP-360 O’Neill*** . NOP-148 Polotsk** . NOP-363 Orleans*** . NOP-153 Ponthieu . NOP-366 Orreby . NOP-157 Porhoet** . NOP-368 Osborn . NOP-160 Port . NOP-372 Ostmark** . NOP-163 Port* . NOP-374 O’Toole*** . NOP-166 Portugal*** . NOP-376 Ovequiz . NOP-173 Poynings . NOP-387 Oviedo* . NOP-175 Prendergast** . NOP-390 Oxton . NOP-178 Prescott . NOP-394 Pamplona . NOP-180 Preuilly . NOP-396 Pantolph . NOP-183 Provence*** . NOP-398 Paris*** . NOP-185 Provence** . NOP-400 Paris** . NOP-187 Provence** . NOP-406 Pateshull . NOP-189 Purefoy/Purifoy . NOP-410 Paunton . NOP-191 Pusterthal .
    [Show full text]
  • An Unhappy Knight: the Diffusion and Bastardization of Mordred in Arthurian Legends from Select Works of the Sixth Through the Fifteenth Centuries
    An Unhappy Knight: The Diffusion and Bastardization of Mordred in Arthurian Legends from Select Works of the Sixth through the Fifteenth Centuries by Emerson Storm Fillman Richards University of Florida Center for Medieval and Early Modern Studies Department of English Department of Geography 16 June, 2010 Richards 1 Table of Contents: I. Introduction to Thesis 2 II. Geographical Diffusion 6 i. Geographic Effect on Interpretation of Arthurian Literature 15 III. Temporal Diffusion 18 i. Historia Regum Britanniae, A Starting Point 20 ii. Diffusion between Geoffrey of Monmouth & Gervase of Tilbury 22 iii. Otia imperialia 24 IV. Conclusion: Redemption of Mordred 27 Appendix 31 Bibliography 34 Richards 2 I. Introduction To Thesis Every nation has endemic legends, yet some “endemic” legends are paradoxically transnational; one such multinational “endemic” story is the set of legends forming the narrative of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table. Despite a specific hearth in Wales, Arthurian legend has permeated European literature and culture. In order to further the understanding of the evolution of a medieval narrative tradition, specifically the Arthurian legend and the significance of the character Mordred to this series of legends, scholars must locate the different concerns, values and interests of the peoples that created the literature. The geographical movements, reasons for movement and subsequent locations of the authors, or performers, of Arthurian legend (as well as, any written and orally transmitted cultural artifact) are not only of interest, but necessary, to a complete scholarly understanding of the different Arthurian works and the contemporaneous time periods in which they were created.
    [Show full text]