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Die Relevanz Des Maimonides Für Jüdischen Fundamentalismus in Israel

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Die Relevanz Des Maimonides Für Jüdischen Fundamentalismus in Israel Die Relevanz des Maimonides für jüdischen Fundamentalismus in Israel Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München vorgelegt von Eva Winkelmeier geboren 22.12.1976 in München Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Henning Ottmann Prof. Dr. Michael Brenner Dekan der sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Hans-Bernd Brosius Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: Freitag, 9. Juli 2010 1 Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis .....................................................................................................1 I. Einleitung .........................................................................................................5 1. Zur Fragestellung .............................................................................................. 5 2. Aufbau der Arbeit .............................................................................................. 7 3. Eingrenzung des Themas ................................................................................. 8 4. Forschungsstand ............................................................................................... 8 II. Der Jüdische Fundamentalismus ................................................................ 11 1. Einleitung ........................................................................................................ 11 2. Fundamentalismus allgemein ......................................................................... 13 2.1. Geschichte .................................................................................................. 13 2.1.1. Die Religion im Wandel der Zeit oder Offenbarung versus Vernunft? ......... 13 2.1.2. Fundamentalismus im Wandel der Zeit ....................................................... 16 2.2. Fundamentalismus – eine Definition ........................................................... 17 2.2.1. Der Kampf ................................................................................................... 18 2.2.2. Die Zukunftsvision ....................................................................................... 19 2.2.3. Der Gebrauch der Moderne ........................................................................ 21 2.2.4. Vom Feind ................................................................................................... 22 2.2.5. Begriffsabgrenzungen ................................................................................. 23 2.3. Fazit ............................................................................................................ 25 3. Relevante Erläuterungen zu Land und Religion .............................................. 26 3.1. Volk, Land und Tora .................................................................................... 26 3.2. Der jüdische Messianismus ........................................................................ 29 3.3. Die jüdische Orthodoxie .............................................................................. 33 3.4. Fundamentalismus im Judentum – ein spezieller Fall? ............................... 34 4. Die Ultra-Orthodoxie und der jüdische Fundamentalismus ............................. 37 4.1. Die Geschichte der Ultra-Orthodoxie .......................................................... 38 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis 4.2. Der Chassidismus ....................................................................................... 38 4.3. Der Mitnaggdismus ..................................................................................... 42 4.4. Gemeinsam gegen den Zionismus ............................................................. 44 4.5. Die Wehrhaftigkeit der Ultra-Orthodoxie ..................................................... 46 4.6. Die Ultra-Orthodoxie in der Politik ............................................................... 49 5. Die radikalen Nationalreligiösen: die Kook- Bewegung und Gusch Emunim .. 53 5.1. Die Philosophie des Abraham Itzchak HaCohen Kook ............................... 54 5.2. Die Bedeutung von Eretz Israel .................................................................. 61 5.3. Zwi Yehuda, das Erbe seines Vaters und die Geburtsstunde von Gusch Emunim ....................................................................................................... 63 5.4. Der Status der nicht-jüdischen Bevölkerung ............................................... 67 5.5. Politik oder Betstube? ................................................................................. 68 5.6. Die Geburtsstunde von Gusch Emunim ...................................................... 73 5.7. Die „Geburtswehen des Messias“? ............................................................. 76 5.8. Gewalt im Lager der radikalen Nationalreligiösen ....................................... 78 6. Die fundamentalistischen Elemente im Kahanismus ....................................... 82 6.1. Meir Kahanes Sozialisierung in den USA ................................................... 82 6.2. Die Jewish Defense League ....................................................................... 83 6.3. Aktionismus in Eretz Israel .......................................................................... 85 6.4. Kach............................................................................................................ 88 6.5. Hass und Rassismus .................................................................................. 89 6.6. Demokratie und Demografie – oder: die „Araberfrage“ ............................... 93 6.7. Messias oder Apokalypse ........................................................................... 95 6.8. Das Ende Kahanes und Kahane Chai ........................................................ 98 7. Goldstein und Amir – Zwei herausragende Attentäter ..................................... 99 8. Fazit .............................................................................................................. 100 8.1. Zusammenfassung ................................................................................... 100 8.2. Ist die Ultra-Orthodoxie fundamentalistisch? ............................................ 106 8.3. Entstehungsgründe für jüdischen Fundamentalismus .............................. 111 III. Maimonides ................................................................................................. 114 1. Maimonides: Leben und Werk ...................................................................... 114 3 2. Rezeptionsgeschichte ................................................................................... 120 3. Kulturelle Einflüsse und die Frage der jüdischen Identität............................. 122 3.1. Grundlagen der aristotelischen Lehre ........................................................... 123 3.2. Die Bedeutung des jüdischen Gesetzes ....................................................... 129 3.3. Der Intellekt als Qualitätsmaßstab für den Menschen ................................... 133 4. Maimonides und jüdische Fragen ................................................................. 141 4.1. Maimonides` Menschenbild und die Einzigartigkeit des jüdischen Volkes .... 141 4.2. Andere als Feindbild? ................................................................................... 144 4.3. Das messianische Zeitalter – eine politische Konzeption .............................. 145 4.4. Der Messias .................................................................................................. 150 4.5. Der Krieg im messianischen Zeitalter ............................................................ 154 4.6. Das Prinzip des Ger Toschav ........................................................................ 155 4.7. Die Bedeutung Eretz Israels ......................................................................... 157 4.8. Zum Stellenwert der Gewalt .......................................................................... 159 4.9. Exkurs zur Todesstrafe .................................................................................. 160 5. Fazit: Der Versuch der Vereinigung von Offenbarung und Vernunft .............. 161 IV. Forschungsergebnisse und Schlussanalyse ...........................................173 1. Die radikalen Nationalreligiösen und Maimonides ........................................ 173 1.1. Kook und Maimonides ................................................................................... 173 1.2. Direkte Bezüge aus den Schriften der radikalen Nationalreligiösen .............. 175 1.3. Kahane und Maimonides .............................................................................. 181 2. Vernunft und Offenbarung - ein Gegensatz? Versuch einer abschließenden Maimonides-Interpretation ............................................................................ 184 Literaturverzeichnis ..............................................................................................202 Werke Maimonides‘ ............................................................................................... 202 Religiöse Schriften Maimonides‘ ............................................................................ 202 Literatur ................................................................................................................. 203 Internet .................................................................................................................. 209 4 Inhaltsverzeichnis Zur Fragestellung 5 I. Einleitung 1. Zur Fragestellung Seit Benjamin Netanjahu im März 2009 in
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