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Home , Cranberry, Vaccinium, Vaccinium macrocarpon

Review Article Health Promoting Potential Benefits of Macrocarpon Ghazala Shaheen*, and Shabana Noreen

University College of Conventional Medicine. The Islamia University of Bahawalpur. Pakistan

ABSTRACT as a valued potential medicine to ward off a variety of conditions like infections and also for treatment and by Native

Americans there is a prolonged history of use. Cranberry is grown in

in drenched forests and open ponds and is a small evergreen

. Uropathogens are causing the urinary tract infections that are

mostly seen in women. are being used as a treasured

medicine for the treatment of urinary tract infections. Due to its huge

content of the flavonoids and phenolic acids cranberry grades highly

among in both antioxidant quality and quantity. It is helpful in

improving general health and giving protection against illness. Cranberry extract contains greater amount of and organic acids and due to these constituents it is a powerful anti- Address for oxidant. Therapeutically it has low toxicity and high biocompatibility Correspondence and potentially used for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. University College of Urinary tract infections are mostly seen in women and caused by Conventional Uropathogens, cranberries have been used traditionally and Medicine. The Islamia potentially for the treatment of urinary tract infections. Due to anti- University of oxidant effects of cranberry extract it has been used as protective Bahawalpur. Pakistan potential agent for human beings. E-mail: Ghazala.shaheen Keywords: Cranberry, Antioxidant, Infectious diseases, Urinary tract @iub.edu.pk infections.

INTRODUCTION Botanical name: Vaccinium powerful anti-oxidant. Therapeutically it has Macrocarpon, Family name: , low toxicity and high biocompatibility and Common name: American cranberry, large potentially used for the treatment and cranberry, History: fruit. Cranberries consist prevention of infectious diseases. Urinary of almost 80% water and 10% tract infections are mostly seen in women . Cranberry extract contains and caused by Uropathogens, cranberries greater amount of polyphenols and organic have been used traditionally and potentially acids and due to these constituents it is a for the treatment of urinary tract infections.

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Due to anti-oxidant effects of cranberry decreases biofilm formation on extract it has been used as protective uroepithelium cells6. The extract also arrests potential agent for human beings. Cranberry bacterial adherence to uroepithelium cells,7 extract is a powerful and potential anti- which is essential if bacteria is to cause oxidant, and significantly has decreased the infection. Quinic acid inhibits bacterial cell growth and proliferation of oral growth when present in urine8. squamous cell carcinomas1. 4) is a microbe that lives in the stomach of humans. It is Habitat responsible for the inflammation of the Cranberryas a valued potential stomach mucosa and is believed to be the medicine to ward off a variety of conditions cause for peptic ulcer, stomach cancer, like infections and also for treatment and by idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and Native Americans there is a prolonged mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue history of use. The pilgrims were introduced lymphoma. Cranberry extract is shown to to the by Native Americans, and we’ve suppress H. Pylori growth. Combination of had the pleasure of enjoying and using them extract with other food products or ever since. probiotics is important for more effective eradication of H. pylori9. It has also been description shown to prevent adherence of bacteria to Cranberry is grown in bogs in gastric cells10. Cranberry extract is drenched forests and open ponds and is a potentially active against Bacillus cereus small evergreen shrub. It needs wet, soggy, and Clostridium perfringens. acidic soil and is barely grown in home 5) An overgrowth of Candida gardens. The pink are followed by albicans would cause a fungal infection small reddish-black in June or July2. called candidiasis. A-type Cranberry (AC-PAC) prevent Traditional uses of Cranberry fruit biofilm formation and decreases adherence 1) Long established medicinal use of of C. albicans to oral epithelial cells. cranberry fruit by NativeAmericans was Prolonged disclosure of AC-PAC resulted in basically for the treatment of bladder separation of biofilms. AC-PAC also andkidney ailments3. reduced secretion of cytokines, hence 2) Cranberry extract can also be decreased inflammation. AC-PAC could be functioning in the colon. Metabolites of used in the inhibition and treatment of oral proanthocyanidins could bind to colonic candidiasis11. receptors and prevent binding of bacteria to 6) Given the identified safety of uroepithelium as well as keep from its cranberry and itseffectiveness in the multiplication4. treatment of urinary tract infections12. 3) Uropathogens are causing the 7) Cranberries is the main originator urinarytract infections that are mostly seen of . Quercetin wasfound to in women. Cranberries are being used as a preventtumor growth through assays and treasured medicine for the treatment of also foundthat it reduced the growth of urinary tract infections. Cranberry extract human breast adenocarcinoma, colon has antibacterial action against adenocarcinoma and chronic myelogenous Uropathogens such as Escherichia coli, leukemia cell lines13. Quercetin have the Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter capability to reduce the cancer cell lines aerogenes, and Klebsiellapneumonia5. It proliferation of breast, colon, pancreas,

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leukemia14,15. Proanthocyanins also grades highly among fruit in bothantioxidant produces ornithine decarboxylase prevention quality and quantity21. in the epithelial cellsby cranberry16. Cranberry extractsreportedly prevent 8) Cranberry also helps to reduce oxidative processes including oxidation of gum disease, diabetes, stomach pain, low-density Lipoproteins22,23, oxidative diarrhea, atherosclerosis, cholesterol etc. damage to neurons during Pregnant women are more decumbent to acceleratedischemia24, nandInflammatory urinarytract infection. is damage to the vascular endothelium25. These most approved and safe to use. antioxidant properties are likely to There has been no witness of contribute to cranberry's overall antitumor transfer of the effects of cranberryfrom the activity. mother who has absorbed cranberry during her pregnancy to her fetus17. 2) Antiproliferative activity of polyphenolic Extracts Cranberry Phytonutrients The polyphenolic compounds in Cranberries have a veryaffluent cranberry can be expected to play an chemical composition, they include the important role in chemoprevention. Studies following: Phenolic Acids: hydroxybenzoic of polyphenolic cranberry extracts have acidsincluding vanillic acids; hydroxyl given evidence. cinnamic acids including caffeic, coumaric, Cranberry extracts containing PACs cinnamic, and ferulicacids and other flavonoid sreportedly prevented Proanthocyanidins: hydroxybenzoic acid ODC activity linked to cell proliferationin sepicatechin ’s: cyanidins, mouse epithelial (ME-308) cells26. malvidins, and peonidins Flavonoids: Characterization of an active sub fraction quercetin, , kaempferol, showed the presence of dimers Triterpenoids : ursolic acid18-20. andoligomers of catechin/epicatechin, The vast majority of phytonutrients monomeric catechin,and quercetin cited above have been studied for their glycosides. Water-soluble cranberry antioxidant20, anti-cancer[18] properties. polyphenolicextracts prepared from The most important compounds within commercial cranberry powder reportedly cranberries that provide it with medicinal prevented multiplication of several human propertiesare proanthocyanidins which are a tumorcell lines27 including two oral (CAL27 powerful form of antioxidants. Cranberries and KB), fourcolon (HT-29, HCT-116, also consist of huge amount of C, SW480, and SW620), and three prostate which is an antioxidant. When the (RWPE-1, RWPE-2, and 22Rv1) cancer cell potentially active compounds of cranberry lines. In this study, anthocyanin and PAC are imported within the body they, instantly sub fractions stopped multiplication but begin to seek out free radicals and fightthem were less effective than the total off. polyphenolic extract.

Pharmacological Actions of Phenolic 3) Helicobacter pylori inhibition compounds in Cranberry H. pylori infection is greatly associated with the prevalence of gastric 1) Antioxidant properties of Cranberry cancer28 thus, prevention of these infections Due to its huge content of the may decrease cancer risk. Antibacterial flavonoids and phenolic acidscranberry adhesion studies demonstrated that in

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addition to preventing E. coli adhesion, DISCUSSION cranberry components also stop adhesion of H. pylori tohuman gastric mucus29. A Nature is the healer of all diseases. randomized, double-blind placebo- Cranberry extract has the powerful anti- controlled trial has given some clinical oxidant properties and used therapeutically support for this finding, with significantly for the treatment of infectious diseases. It lower levels of H. pylori infection observed has the phenolic photochemical and used in adults consuming cranberry juice30. traditionally for the treatment of urinary tract infections. Photochemical from whole 4) Inhibition of matrixmetalloproteinase cranberry fruit may have active actions from whole against cancers by limiting processes cranberry fruit may have active actions involved in tumor invasion and metastasis. against cancers by limiting processes The whole cranberry fruit possess the involved in tumor invasion and metastasis, potentially active phenolic photochemical especially the expression of the MMPs that perform the biological activities and it is involved in remodeling of the extracellular most powerful anti-oxidant. matrix[31]. Both whole cranberry polyphenolic extract and a cranberry PAC CONCLUSIONS fraction prevented the expression of MMPs Cranberry fruit is used traditionally MMP-2and MMP-9 in the DU145 prostate for the treatment of infectious diseases and it tumor cell line in adose-dependent specified has powerful anti-oxidant properties and way32. The crude extract was more effective, used for the treatment of cancer. Cranberry suggesting that other flavonoids in the fruit can be taken regularly with medicinal alsocontribute to the activity along with the values. Cranberry can inhibit infections and oligomers. it is anti-bacterial, antifungal, anti- inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic. It is Importance of cranberry in human health helpful in improving general health and Oligomeric proanthocyanidins, giving protection against illness. Phenolic naturally occurringantioxidants mostly phytochemicals have the potential to available in , vegetables, nuts, seeds, perform the biological activities. The dietary flowers and bark, have been reported to intake of cranberry fruit has positive impact containa broad spectrum of biological, 34 on the health of human beings . Fruits are pharmacological and therapeutic activities the natural anti-oxidants and used against free radicals and oxidative stress. traditionally for the treatment of various GSPE is highly bio-available and gives 35 diseases . Phenolic phytochemicals are significantly greater protection against free present in fruits and vegetables, which help radicals and free radical-induced lipid per to protect blood vessels and heart and oxidation and DNA damage than polyphenols prevent inflammation and C, E and b-carotene. GSPE was also shown 36 swelling . to demonstrate cytotoxicity towards human

breast, lung and gastric adenocarcinoma ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS cells, while promoting the growth and viability of normal human gastric mucosal We are very thankful to YAXX 33 cells . International. USA for providing us Cranberry () powder for research purpose.

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Figure 1: Cranberry Fruit

Figure 2: Cranberry Plant

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Figure 3: Quercetin

Figure 4: Anthocyanin’s

Figure 5: Proanthocyanidin

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