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Of 93 TABLE of CONTENTS ART and CULTURE TABLE OF CONTENTS ART AND CULTURE FESTIVALS DANCE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS PANTINGS SHIVLINGAS IN INDIA TEMPLES IN INDIA ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMEMT ANIMAL KINGDOM WILDLIFE AND THEIR IUCN STATUS GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS IN NEWS INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND PROTOCOLS GEOGRAPHY IN NEWS NATIONAL NEWS INTERNATIONAL NEWS ECONOMY NEWS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN NEWS SPACE DEFENCE MILITARY EXERCISE ORGANISATIONS/INSTITUTIONS/AGENCY SCHEMES PERSONALITY AWARDS/ACHIEVEMENTS/RANKINGS Page 1 of 93 Page 2 of 93 ART AND CULTURE A. FESTIVALS Thiru Onam The festival falls during the Malayalam month of Chingam (August- September). It is also the state festival of Kerala. It is reminiscent of Kerala’s agrarian past and is considered to be a harvest festival. Tendong Lho Rum Faat Celebrated annually in the month of August in Sikkim. An annual festival of the It is a three day festival and on the first day, the tribe worships ethnic Lepcha tribe of the Mount Tendong which is located in South Sikkim by offering Sikkim of prayers. Chapchar Kut Celebrated across the north-eastern state of Mizoram and also in the Mizo-inhabited areas in the neighbouring states. The traditional festival of the Mizos It is a spring festival celebrated every year in month of March. It is celebrated after completion of their Jhum operation(shifting agriculture by clearing jungle by burning and cultivating in remnants of burning). Losar Losar is Tibetan word for ‘new year’ and this festival is an important social and religious celebration in Ladakh. In Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir Traditional celebration of festival following the old tradition, people from Ladakh visit graveyards of ancestors and pray for peace for the departed souls. Hundred Drums Wangala Wangala Festival is an annual post-harvest festival of the Garos Festival tribes of North east India. It is a thanks giving ceremony for Misi Saljong, which is also known as Pattigipa Ra∙rongipa (The Great Giver) for blessing the people with rich harvest of the season. Jallikattu It is a bull taming sport played in Tamil Nadu on Mattu Pongal day as a part of Pongal celebrations i.e. harvest festival. In Sangam literature it is called ‘Yeru thazhuvuthal’ It is one of the oldest living ancient traditions practiced in the (means to embrace bulls). modern era. Jallikattu has been derived from the words ‘calli’ (coins) and ‘kattu’ (tie), which means a bundle of coins is tied to the bull’s horns. Page 3 of 93 Sajibu Cheiraoba Celebrated in Manipur to mark the beginning of a new year with cultural gusto and religious fervour. B. DANCES S.No. State Name of Dances Andhra Pradesh Kuchipudi, Kolattam, Dhimsa, Veeranatyam Arunachal BardoChham Pradesh Assam Bihu, Jumar, Bagurumba Bihar Paika, Kajari, Bidesia Chhattisgarh Panthi, RautNacha Gujarat Raas, tippani, Padhar, Garba Haryana Dhamal, Daph, Phag, Ghoomar, Jhumar, Loor Himachal KinnauriNati, Namgen Pradesh Jharkhand Karma Jammu & Kud, Dumhal,BhandPather, BachhaNagma, Hafiza dance Kashmir Karnataka Yakshagna, Bayalata, DolluKunitha, Veeragaase dance Kerala Mohiniattam,Kathakali,Padayani,Thirayattam,Theyyam,Thullal Madhya Pradesh Tertali, Charkula, Jawara, Matki dance, Phulpati dance, Maanch, Gaur Maharashtra PavriNach, Lavani, Dangi, Koli Manipur Thang Ta, DholCholom Page 4 of 93 Mizoram Cheraw dance Nagaland Chang Lo or SuaLua Odisha Ghumura, Chau, GotiPua, Nacni, Odissi, Dhap, Dalkhai, Punjab Bhangra, Jhumar, Karthi,MalwaiGiddha Rajasthan Ghoomar, Kalbelia, Bhavai, Chirami, Gair, TeraTali Sikkim Singh Chaam Tamil Nadu BharataNatyam, Devarattam, Kamandi, Kummi Telangana Perini Thandavam, Lambadi, Dappu Tripura Hojagiri Uttar Pradesh Charkula, Kathak, Karma, Dadra Uttarakhand BaradaNati, Botiya, Cancheri, Chhapelia Goa Dekhnni, Fugdi, Corridinho, Dashavatara Meghalaya Nongkrem, Shad Suk mynsiem West Bengal Gambhira, Kalikapatadi, Nanci, Alkap, Domni Some Famous Folk Dances Of North East States 1. Tripura Hajgiri: Hajgiri is a famous folk dance of Tripura. Hajgiri dance is performed by young girls who display a series of balancing skills and instruments of their kind. Garia: Garia dances are held for the wealth and welfare of the people; dances of the Reang community. Bizu: Bizu dances are performed by the Chakma community denoting the end of the Bengali calendar year. Page 5 of 93 2. Sikkim Lu Khangthamo: Lu Khangthamo is a Bhutia folk dance that is celebrated to thank all the Gods and deities of the three worlds (heaven, hell and earth). On occasions like house-warming and New Year celebrations, this dance is performed accompanied by pleasing songs and music. Rechungma: Rechungma is a kind of typical Sikkimese dance that is performed to show gratitude towards God for his continued blessings. It is usually arranged on occasions like childbirth, marriage and other social gatherings. TamangSelo: TamangSelo is a Nepali form of dance that depicts the 'Tamangs' community of the Nepalese. Limboo or Subba Folk Dance: Limboo or Subba is a traditional folk dance of the Sikkimese. In this dance, the dancers hang the 'Chyap-brungs', a musical instrument around their necks. The drum is beaten with a palm on one side and with a stick on the other side. This fancy trick creates two different sounds. 3. Meghalaya Nongkrem Dance: Nongkrem dance is part of a religious festival for thanksgiving to God Almighty for good harvest, peace, and prosperity of the community. It is held annually during October – November. Wangala Festival: A major festival of the Garos, celebrated during autumn, after the harvesting season. It culminates in the warrior's dance called the Dance of a Hundred Drums on the final day, which is a spectacular sight. Dorsegata Dance: Doregata dance festival is another dance in which, while dancing the women try to knock off the turbans of their male partners. If the women succeed, it is followed by peals of laughter. Lahoo Dance: The Lahoo dance is performed by both male and female for entertainment. Attired in their best costumes, usually two young men on either side of a woman hold arms together and dance in step. 4. Assam Bihu Dance - This is the most popular folk dance of Assam and as the name suggests, it is related to the Bihu festival, which is celebrated with much pomp and glory throughout the state. JumurNach - This is a typical folk dance performed by the tea community in the state, locally called ‘ChahBaganarJumurNach’ or the Jumur dance of tea garden. Boys and girls hold each other’s waist and dance to the tunes of the Jumur dance, with exact precision of foot work. Deodhani - Deodhani is a dance form associated with the worship of the snake goddess Manasa. This dance is performed by a girl who, in a trance-like inspired state, goes on dancing to the beats of the Ciphung (flute) and the Kham (drum). Page 6 of 93 Barpeta’sBhortalNritya - This form of dance is mainly a propagation of the Sankari culture of Assam and was originally developed by the well-known Satriya artist, NarahariBurhaBhakat. Dhuliya and Bhawariya - This is basically a form of theatrical performance, using masks, drums and cymbals. 5. Nagaland Chang Lo or SuaLua: This dance of the Chang tribe of Nagaland was performed to celebrate the victory over enemies in the earlier times. Nruirolians or cock dance: Which corresponds to the attribute of a cock, Gethinglim or cricket dance in which there is the to and fro movement of hands etc. Temangnetin: Men generally perform the dances which include the Temangnetin or the fly dance with the company of music and songs. Music played includes cymbals, beaten in regular intervals as the singers stand along one side or make a circle in order to provide space for the dancers performing at centre. Traditional Naga dance is performed by men during Hornbill festival, initiated by a message in order to conserve the Hornbill. Hornbill is Nagaland's state bird. C. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 1. Ghana Vadya- solid instruments e.g. Jhanj Player- Konark Temple 2. Tata Vadya- String instruments: Banam, Kamaicha, Santoor, Sarod, Sarangi, Sitar, Tanpura, Ravanhatta. 3. SushiraVadya- Wind Instruments: Flute, Algoza, Kuzhal, Nadeswaram, Shehnai, Sundari, Pepa, Been 4. AvanaddhaVadya- Percussion Instruments: Dhol, Damru, Tabla, Chenda, Nagada, Sambal, Pakhwaj, Mridangam, Duff, Khanjira, Kartal. D. INDIAN PAINTINGS Some traditional Indian paintings, like those of Ajanta, Bagh and Sittanvasal, depict a love for nature and its forces. Cave Painting Cave paintings of India date back to the prehistoric times. The finest examples of these paintings comprise of the murals of Ajanta, Ellora, Bagh, Sittanavasal etc. which reflect an emphasis on naturalism. Ancient cave paintings of India serve as a window to our ancestors, who used to inhabit these caves. Bhimbetka is a famous cave painting- Located in central India, Bhimbetka contains over 600 rock shelters decorated with prehistoric cave paintings. Executed mainly in red and white with the occasional use of green and yellow the paintings usually depict the lives and times of the people who lived in the caves. Animals such as bisons, tigers, lions, and crocodiles have also been Page 7 of 93 abundantly depicted in some caves. The oldest paintings are considered to be 12,000 years old. Madhubani Painting Madhubani painting originated in a small village, known as Maithili, in the state of Bihar state, India. Initially, the womenfolk of the village drew the paintings on the walls of their home, as an illustration of their thoughts, hopes, and dreams. With time, the paintings started becoming a part of festivities and special events, like marriage. MiniaturePainting Miniatures paintings are beautiful handmade paintings, which are quite colourful but small in size. The highlight of these paintings is the intricate and delicate brushwork, which lends them a unique identity. MughalPainting Mughal painting reflects an exclusive combination of Indian, Persian and Islamic styles. As the name suggests, these paintings evolved as well as developed during the rule of Mughal Emperors in India, between 16th century and 19th century.
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