Identitarian Spaces of the Goan Diasporic Communities
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Identitarian Spaces of the Goan Diasporic Communities Thesis Submitted to Goa University For the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In English by Ms. Leanora Madeira née Pereira Under the Guidance of Prof. Nina Caldeira Department of English Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa. India-403206 August, 2020 CERTIFICATE I hereby certify that the thesis entitled “Identitarian Spaces of Goan Diasporic Communities” submitted by Ms. Leanora Pereira for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English, has been completed under my supervision. The thesis is a record of the research work conducted by the candidate during the period of her study and has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma or certificate of this or any other University. Prof. Nina Caldeira, Department of English, Goa University. ii Declaration As required under the Ordinance OB 9A.9(v), I hereby declare that this thesis titled Identitarian Spaces of the Goan Diasporic Communities is the outcome of my own research undertaken under the guidance of Professor Dr. Nina Caldeira, Department of English, Goa University. All the sources used in the course of this work have been duly acknowledged in this thesis. This work has not previously formed the basis of any award of Degree, Diploma, Associateship, Fellowship or any other titles awarded to me by this or any other university. Ms. Leanora Pereira Madeira Research Student Department of English Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa. India-403206 Date: August 2020 iii Acknowledgement The path God creates for each one of us is unique. I bow my head to the Almighty acknowledging him as the Alpha and the Omega and Lord of the Universe. Gratitude is too lukewarm a word to describe the appreciation for my guide and mentor Dr. Nina Caldeira. This vision could not materialize without her genius and acumen. To my vision she added clarity of thought and direction. Even though she was loaded with responsibilities as Dean of Faculty and Head of Department, she humanely made time for me. To the skeleton of my findings she added the skin of finesse. Beyond doubt she is one of the best theorist Goa has ever had. Her patience and guidance have given this work the credibility it deserves. My deep gratitude to the Department of English, Goa University, while pursuing my Master’s and PhD degrees. Dr. Prof Kiran Budkuley, Dr. Prof Sripad Bhat, Dr. Prof Nina Caldeira, and Dr. Prof Rafael Fernandes have taken the English Department to unbeatable heights. Although, I have studied in three different boards/ Universities, and even worked in world renowned institutions, this team has constantly impressed and inspired me. I would never exchange this experience for anything in the world. Their proficiency, intellectualism, ability to impart knowledge, and above all their integrity is incomparable. This thesis would not be possible without the inputs of writers like Tony Fernandes (Canada), Ben Antao (Canada), Mel D’souza (Canada), Selma Carvalho, (UK), Victor Rangel Ribeiro (USA), Antonio Gomes (USA) and Damodar Mauzo (Goa). A special thanks to my V.C.’s Nominee Dr. Prema Rocha (St. Xavier’s College). Even though an intellectual, she is always conscientious about her responsibilities. Truly, she is a guiding force for students and professors alike. My greatest treasure is my family. I thank my husband for his constant support and my children for their prayers. My parents have always been my driving force and my strength. I thank them for their blessings. God Bless You all! iv Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introducing the Goan Diaspora 1 1.1 Understanding Diaspora 1 1.1.1 The Relevance of Diaspora in Cultural Studies 8 1.1.2 The Goan Diaspora 13 1.2 Identifying the different Identitarian Spaces 21 1.2.1 Culture 22 1.2.2 Literature 23 1.2.3 Associations 29 1.2.4 Cyberspace/ E-Space 31 1.3 Limitations and Further Scope of the study 32 Chapter 2: Cultural Identity 35 2.1 Who is a Goan and what is his Culture? 35 2.1.1 Benchmarks of Goan Culture 48 2.2 Cultural Métissage 60 Chapter 3: Goan Diasporic Literature 63 3.1 Writing through Imaginary Spaces: Homeland and the Myth of Return 63 3.1.1 Home Coming: The Poetics of Belonging 68 3.1.2 Double Dislocation and Dispossession 72 3.2 In Search of the Self: Of Roots and Sacred Memories 74 3.3 Diasporic Writing: A Postcolonial Perspective 79 v 3.3.1 Novel as a Chosen Genre 81 3.3.2 Heteroglossia: The Sound of Different Voices 82 3.3.3 The Diasporic Goan Novel: Recording History 91 3.3.4 Essentializing Provincial Goan Culture 99 3.3.5 Towards Hybridity and Heterogeneity 106 3.3.6 A Lost Inheritance: Colonial Culture and a Lifestyle 115 3.4 Goan Diasporic Writings 116 3.4.1 The Cross-fertilization of the English Language 118 3.4.2 English and the Goan Diasporic Literary Expression 120 Chapter 4: Bonding through Goan Associations 123 4.1 The need for creating Associations 123 4.2 Historicizing the Growth of Goan Associations 127 4.3 Associations and Acculturation 131 4.4 Goan Associations Worldwide 135 4.5 Critiquing the Goan Diasporic Associations 151 Chapter 5: Connecting on the Cyberspace/E-Space 154 5.1 Understanding Cyberspace 154 5.2 Re-Locating Place 157 5.3 Deterritorialization and ‘Long-Distance Nationalism’ 159 vi 5.4 Cyberspace as a Cohesive Agent 161 5.4.1 Cyberspace and the Goan Cultural Agenda 162 5.4.2 Cyberspace and the Konkani Language 163 5.4.3 Konkani Films 164 5.4.4 Goan Feasts and Traditions 165 5.4.5 Upholding Economic, Political and Social Causes 167 5.4.6 Important Websites 167 5.5 The Goan E-Society 173 Chapter 6 : The Goan Identitarian Space: A Constructed Reality 181 Works Cited 189 vii Madeira 1 Chapter 1: Introducing the Goan Diaspora 1.1 Understanding Diaspora The past few decades have witnessed an unprecedented burst of literature related to Diaspora and its global implications. Together with the publication of books, novels and journals, various conferences on Diaspora have also been held. People of almost all societies have part of their family or friends in Diaspora. Initially, Diaspora was a term associated with the Jewish Exodus. Later, it also included the Greek and Armenian Diaspora. In contemporary times, each community has a strong presence in Diaspora. Some prominent Diasporas are the Chinese, Italian, French, Caribbean, Spanish, etcetera. These various Diasporic communities have broadened the connotations of the term Diaspora. Closer to home, we have the Indian Diaspora which has the distinction of being the largest Diaspora in 2019. According to The Economic Times, dated September 18, 2019, the Indian Diaspora consists of a total of 17.5 million international migrants followed by Mexico (11.8) and China (10.7). Taking into consideration the cultural diversities in India, the Indian Diaspora is again divided into sub-groups such as the Tamil, Punjabi, Gujarati and Goan, to name a few. The late nineteenth century, twentieth century and the twenty-first century have all witnessed large scale emigration of indentured and contract laborers, traders, professional and skilled workers. The post 1960s witnessed a monumental rise in migratory movement. “The number of international migrants rose from 75 million in 1965 to 120 million in 1990. International migration contributed close to half the population growth in the developed countries and about 90 percent in Europe (United Nations, 1998: 96).” (Kadekar 2) The consequence of mass emigration has been the birth of Diasporic communities. Laxmi Narayan Kadekar emphasizes, “The present day global migration has produced transnational diasporic groups related by culture, ethnicity, language and religion” (3). The Goan Diaspora can be categorized into one such transcultural groups. Developments in travel and cyberspace have insured close interactions between the Goans in different communities around the globe and again between these global Goans and Goans at home. These transnational communications have created circulation of wealth, culture, technology, ideology and lifestyles. Diaspora as an emerging migratory experience creates a hybridized culture. Culture and cultural studies are both concerned with the development and evolution Madeira 2 of practices. A major part of Diasporic studies is also concerned with the evolution and development of new métissaged cultural practices. This establishes the significance of Diaspora as an important part of cultural studies. Conflicting between two or more cultures, lifestyles, socio-political upheavals and occupying a transnational space, Diasporics retain their heritage and sport their culture, thereby, creating a transnational Identitarian Space. The term ‘Identitarianism’ was used to describe a movement having its origin in France in the 1960s. Identitarianism is a term used to refer to a European New Right movement and its sympathizers. Identitarianism may have had its roots in France, but it spread to Scandinavia and other parts of Europe. Identitarianism advocates the preservation and development of ethnic and cultural identity as its central ideological principle. Therefore, it has its roots in Traditionalism. In his article “HNH explains… the Identitarian movement and the alt-right”, Joe Mulhall explains that Identitarianism “[I]s a metapolitical framework within which Identitarians work to influence political and socio-economic activity in an effort to protect and preserve racial, ethnic, and cultural identity.” (https://hopenothate.com/2017/10/31/hnh- explains-identitarian-movement-alt-) In the same article, Martin Sellner de facto spokesperson of Generation Identity says, “We want to preserve our national identity but in a way that is not chauvinistic, and in a way that is not considering others inferior or wanting to exterminate them. We want to preserve our ethno cultural identity, our traditions but not at the expense at others.” Identitarian Spaces are fluid spaces in which individuals can live their native identity.