Lotta Comunista – the Bolshevik Model 1965-1995 P
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5 Contents p. 13 Preface 21 Chapter One A PRELUDE : CRISES AND WARS OF THE SIXTIES 23 Years of waiting and consolidation 26 Internationalist political battles 27 « Four-party game » in Asia 28 Vietnam amidst the USA, the USSR, China and Japan 29 The unification of Indochina 31 “The Main Enemy Is at Home !” 33 “The Indonesian Counter-revolution” 36 The Cold War and its false consciousness 38 The United States and the “domino theory” 39 Japan and the Vietnam War 41 Nationalist Hanoi 42 Moscow and Beijing 44 Beijing and Hanoi 47 The Six-Day War 49 Coordinates for half a century 50 Political weapons for our new generation 55 Chapter Two THE CLASH BETWEEN CHINA AND THE USSR 57 “The Maoist Theory of the United Front” 58 Washington and Beijing 60 Germany and China 65 A 1976 clarification 67 Chapter Three 1968 : THE POLITICAL IMBALANCE AND OUR TACTIC IN THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM CRISIS 70 The invasion of Prague and Germany 73 The change of the ’60s 76 Political imbalance and tactic in the educational system 79 Moral factor and national character 81 The crisis of imbalance 6 Lotta Comunista – The Bolshevik Model 1965-1995 p. 82 The “Theses” on our tactic in the educational system 84 The international analysis of the “Theses” about the educational system 87 Chapter Four THE PROSPECTS OF TRADE UNIONISM 90 Reformism and trade unionism 92 Insufficient drive 94 « Accelerated time » and « decelerated time » 95 Mediterranean restructuring 97 Reformism from above 98 The weight of the “moral factor” 99 Reactionary counterblow 102 Balance sheet of a season 105 Chapter Five OUR GREAT SCHOOLS 108 The talks on method 109 Science and philology 111 Our schools on strategy 114 The times of Trotsky and Bordiga 116 World development from Marx to Lenin 118 Lack of continuity 119 The chain welded again 120 Our school on politics and the state 126 Lenin’s “Notebooks on Imperialism” 128 The « military question » and strategy 132 The Italian « moral factor » 134 The political struggle and von Clausewitz’s « friction » 135 The « moral factor » of a generation 139 Chapter Six THE RESTRUCTURING CRISIS 142 Our organisational battle 143 The 1971 slowdown 145 The Italian imbalance and the European constraint 148 Our political campaign in defence of wages 150 Tactical clash in big capital 152 The 1974 referendum 154 Unstoppable parasitism 156 Private and state groups Contents 7 p. 159 The restructuring crisis 161 Engels’ thesis on the prolonged crisis 162 “A Particular Crisis” 164 August 1975 166 Italy the weak link? 166 The PCI, « part of the state two-party system » 167 Paradoxical strengthening 168 Crossroads for theory, analysis and political struggle 169 A cornerstone battle 170 “The Decisive Struggle” 174 “The General Task” 176 « Enlarging in order to shrink » 178 Tasks for two three-year periods 179 Method and prediction 181 The conquest of the « plan-party » 183 Chapter Seven THE BATTLE OF GENOA 186 Political battles of restructuring 187 The reflux towards the PCI 189 An experience of history 190 “Genoa, the Spearhead” 192 Genoa and European restructuring 193 Genoa and state capital 196 The “groups” and our tactic among the students 200 The Hall of Residence 202 The reconstruction of internationalism 203 Ansaldo and the integrated salary scheme 210 The deep strata and the limits of trade unionism 212 A smear campaign 213 The PCI’s contradictions 215 « Energy-political » strength 217 Cervetto on the front line 221 Chapter Eight THE BATTLE OF MILAN 224 A debate with the Bordigists 225 The Milanese “Programma” crisis 226 « A reality that has also been one of our foundation stones » 229 A balance sheet of our development in Milan 8 Lotta Comunista – The Bolshevik Model 1965-1995 p. 233 An aggression and smear campaign 236 An indispensable experience 238 The alignments for the years to come 241 « Slander, the weapon of the counter-revolution » 247 Chapter Nine THE POLITICAL IMBALANCE AND TERRORISM 250 Extra time 251 The imbalance in the ’70s 252 The political imbalance and Italian decay 254 Parasitism and imperialist maturation 257 North and South in the European cycle 258 The wearing-down of the PCI 260 Petty-bourgeois intellectual terrorism 262 “The Marxist Theory of Force” 264 Peasant and shopkeeper terrorism 268 Transformation of the petty bourgeoisie 270 The long development and the new powers 271 Scientific sociology on terrorism 273 Chapter Ten THE BATTLE OF TURIN 276 A branch in Turin 276 Young students and presences in factories 278 The Franco-German axis and German liberism 280 The new power relations and the EMS 281 Scepticism and resistance in the USA 282 The end of the “Andreotti-Berlinguer” governments 283 Economic wars and restructuring battles 286 Plurality of economic groups and plurality of powers 288 The chemical war and « monetary power » 289 The world car industry battle 291 Two lines at Fiat 292 “The Economist” and « inflationary restructuring » 294 Italian imperialism’s « battle of Turin » 295 The PCI in the trap of maximalism 297 Europe at the Mirafiori gates 299 “What Is to Be Done?” in the battle of Turin 302 Genoa, « Italy’s Putilov » 304 Triveneto and Lombardy, Reggio and Bologna Contents 9 p. 306 Don Pietro and 1968 308 La Spezia, Tuscany, Rome and Southern Italy 311 The grindstone of the « Bolshevik model » 313 Chapter Eleven THE NEW CONTENTION 315 The about-turn of the end of the ’70s 317 The USSR from expansion to decline 318 The CIA and Afghanistan 320 Brzezinski at the Khyber Pass 320 Afghanistan, Europe, Iran and the “Carter Doctrine” 322 The Marxist analysis of the « new contention » 324 Rise and decline in multipolarism 326 The times of American decline 327 The political battle over the « new contention » 329 The coup in Poland 330 Our theoretical battle 333 Marx and Engels and international politics 334 « Historical collisions provoked from outside » 337 « Global balances and partial balances » 339 « Going back to basing the question on the system of states » 341 Strategy and « breakdown of order » 342 « The law of motion of the imperialist alliances » 344 A theory to develop and hand down 346 The « moral factor » and the Italian imbalance 348 Cervetto’s rectifications 351 Liberism and state capitalism in the new areas 352 Responsibility to our second generation 355 Chapter Twelve THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE EIGHTIES 358 Social restructuring 360 Economic, social and political change 361 “Craxism” and the new strata 363 Our tactic in the 1985 referendum 365 « Intermediate strata » and « American script » 366 Sources of French statistics 368 The « multi-income family » 371 « Social mobility » 372 Immigration and « social mobility » 10 Lotta Comunista – The Bolshevik Model 1965-1995 p. 375 The bureaucratic transformation of the petty bourgeoisie 376 The biology of the social transformation 379 New forms of the labour aristocracy 381 « Multi-income family » and fall in the birth rate 386 “The Civilisation of Life” 387 The family of imperialist maturity 392 Twenty years’ analysis of the transformation 393 The transformation and our party battle 395 “Technician-producers” 396 “A party of scientific order” 397 Our third generation 399 Forty years of social mobility 401 The social identification mark of the « multi-income family » 403 Women’s proletarianisation and the class struggle 408 Political laws of our Leninist organisation 411 Chapter Thirteen THE END OF THE USSR AND THE NEW STRATEGIC PHASE 414 State capitalism in the USSR and unitary imperialism 415 The USSR and the world market 418 The USSR and the global balance 421 The effects of a world war without a war 423 From 300,000 to 500,000 dead 425 A war doomed to defeat from the outset 428 New lessons from the crisis 430 The 1991 war and our internationalist battle 433 « Political passivity » in the Italian imbalance 436 As in the sixteenth century 438 Arrigo Cervetto’s demise 443 Chapter Fourteen ANOTHER TWENTY YEARS 446 The internationalisation crisis 447 The 1997 Asian crises 450 Monetary federation and European imperialism 453 « Wars of European unification » and « Euro-Atlantic duopoly » 457 Sergio Motosi, Lorenzo Parodi, Roberto Casella 462 A balance sheet of the « new contention » 464 Undesired outcome and « new strategic phase » 467 11 September and George W. Bush’s « political war » Contents 11 p. 470 The rectifications of the war 474 The war and our internationalist battle 476 The « new strategic phase » 479 Continental powers and sovereignty 482 The « crisis in global relations » 487 CONCLUSIONS 497 Bibliographical Notes 531 Chronological Tables 547 Index of Personal Names 561 Biographical Profiles .