Likvidácia Reholí a Ich Život V Ilegalite V Rokoch 1950 – 1989

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Likvidácia Reholí a Ich Život V Ilegalite V Rokoch 1950 – 1989 Likvidácia reholí a ich život v ilegalite v rokoch 1950 – 1989 Zborník z vedeckej konferencie Bratislava 5. – 6. mája 2010 Zostavil Pavol Jakubčin ÚSTAV PAMÄTI NÁRODA BRATISLAVA 2010 Vydanie publikácie podporili: Nadácia Konrada Adenauera Rada pre históriu Konferencie biskupov Slovenska Konferencia vyšších predstavených ženských reholí Konferencia vyšších rehoľných predstavených Likvidácia reholí a ich život v ilegalite v rokoch 1950 – 1989 Zborník z vedeckej konferencie Bratislava 5. – 6. mája 2010 Zostavil Pavol Jakubčin Vydal Ústav pamäti národa Námestie slobody 6 817 83 Bratislava 15 www.upn.gov.sk 1. vydanie Recenzenti Ivan A. Petranský, PhD. Prof. PhDr. T Dr. Peter Zubko, PhD. Zodpovedná redaktorka / Alžbeta Poparová Jazyková redaktorka / Zora Vanovičová Graf cká koncepcia obálok edície / Ján Pálf y Graf cká prava / Gabriela Smolíková Obálka / Pavel Kastl Sadzba, tlač a knihárske spracovanie / Robert Jurových, Nikara © Ústav pamäti národa 2010 Všetky práva vyhradené ISBN 978-80-89335-32-9 OBSAH Úvod . 8 I. Perzekúcia reholí Hlbšie príčiny likvidácie reholí Jozef Haľko. 10 Perzekcia katolíkov a zvlášť rehoľníkov v komunistickom Československu s prihliadnutím na vtedajšie právo Martin Šabo CSsR . 14 Príčiny prenasledovania členov rehoľnch spoločností vincentiek a lazaristov (od roku 1945) Lenka Bernátová . 45 Likvidácia kláštorov (misijných domov) Spoločnosti Božieho Slova v Nitre, Vidinej a Spišskom Štiavniku Tomáš Gerboc SVD . 58 Nútený odchod františkánov zo Skalice udovít Košík . 76 Akcia „REDE“ – prenasledovanie redemptoristov v rokoch 1961 – 1962 Daniel Atanáz Mandzák CSsR . .81 Projekt „Svedkovia viery“ Mária Greškovičová SSpS . 99 Slovenský rad pre veci cirkevné a jeho podiel pri likvidovaní rehoľnch spoločenstiev na Slovensku v roku 1950 Peter Kollár . 105 II. Život reholí v ilegalite Totalitn režim a jeho vplyv na život jezuitov Milan Hudaček SJ . 114 Štdium f lozof e a teolgie v Spoločnosti Ježišovej na Slovensku v rokoch 1950 – 1989 Ladislav Csontos SJ . 136 Dominikáni v ilegalite Rbert Letz . 145 Život v spoločenstve v slovenskej provincii školskch sestier sv. Františka počas komunistického režimu: rezistencia alebo transformácia? Miroslava Jusková OSF. 170 Kapucíni na Slovensku po Akcii K Tomáš Konc OFMCap . 181 Slovenskí rehoľníci v diaspre Jozef M. Rydlo . 190 Život pannonhalmskch benediktínov v meste Komárno v Československej republike a neskôr na Slovensku (1812 – 1945 – 1989) Asztrik Várszegi OSB . 205 A pannonhalmi bencések élete Komárom városában a Csehszlovák Köztársaságban majd Szlovákiában (1812 – 1945 – 1989) Várszegi Asztrik OSB . 210 K osudom historickch kláštorov v období perzekúcie reholí na Slovensku Marek Šeregi – Peter Buday. 215 III. Perzekúcia reholí v medzinárodnom kontexte Ostpolitik Svätej stolice a problematika rehoľných rádov v Československu Massimiliano Valente . 234 L’ Ostpolitik della Santa Sede e la questione degli ordini religiosi in Cecoslovacchia Massimiliano Valente . 244 Špecif ká štátov strednej a východnej Európy pri eliminovaní psobenia reholí Peter Mulík . 254 Perzekuce mužských ádů ve vybranch zemích st ední a východní Evropy v letech 1945 – 1960 se zvláštním zamě ením na Československo Vojtěch Vlček . 267 Autori . 284 Úvod Vedecká konferencia Likvidácia reholí a ich život v ilegalite v rokoch 1950 – 1989 sa uskutočnila v Bratislave v dňoch 5. až 6. mája 2010 pod záštitou excelencie arcibiskupa metropolitu Mons. Stanislava Zvolenského. Konferenciu zorganizoval Ústav pamäti ná- roda pri príležitosti 60. výročia Akcií K a R – násilných zásahov voči reholiam v Česko- slovensku. Jej spoluorganizátormi boli Rímskokatolícka cyrilometodská bohoslovecká fakulta Univerzity Komenského v Bratislave, Konferencia vyšších rehoľných predsta- vených na Slovensku a Konferencia vyšších predstavených ženskch reholí. Podujatie podporila aj Rada pre históriu Konferencie biskupov Slovenska a Nadácia Konrada Adenauera. Na konferencii sa aktívne zčastnili dve desiatky odborníkov zo Slovenska, Českej republiky, Maďarska a Talianska. Cieľom konferencie bolo priblížiť rôzne aspekty existencie reholí v komunistickom Československu od násilného prerušenia ich činnosti až po pád totalitného režimu v roku 1989. Predovšetkm však chcela poukázať na ich „ilegálne“ psobenie, ktoré ešte nebolo z pohľadu historiograf e dostatočne spracované. V predkladanom zborníku sa mžete bližšie zoznámiť s väčšinou z prednesených príspevkov. V nich sa autori pokúšaj objasniť príčiny brachiálnych opatrení totalitné- ho komunistického režimu voči rehoľnm spoločenstvám, približujú priebeh a okol- nosti jednotlivých zásahov a poukazuj na lohu, ktor pri nich zohrali niektoré štátne orgány a inštitcie. Taktiež sa venuj organizácii života a psobeniu rehoľníkov a rehoľ- níčok v podmienkach permanentného prenasledovania a šikanovania zo strany štátnej moci, pôsobeniu rehoľníkov a rehoľníčok v nútenom exile, ale aj osudom kláštorných budov, ktoré sa v rukách nových užívateľov dostali nezriedka do dezolátneho stavu. Po- zornosť je venovaná aj širším okolnostiam postavenia reholí v svislosti s tzv. Ostpolitik Svätej stolice a osudom reholí v okolitých štátoch Východného bloku. Do prípravy zborníka zasiahla aj jedna smutná udalosť. Jeho vydania sa nedožila jedna z autoriek, rehoľná sestra Mária Greškovičová, členka Misijnej kongregácie Slu- žobníc Ducha Svätého, ktorá 24. novembra 2010 odišla do večnosti. Zostavovateľ I. Perzekcia reholí Hlbšie príčiny likvidácie reholí Jozef Haľko Likvidáciu reholí v roku 1950 možno vnímať z rôznych hľadísk. Z vecného, keď opisujeme presne a do podrobností, ako sa barbarská noc uskutočnila. Širšie hľadisko je ideologické: aké bezprostredné pohnútky viedli prominentov režimu tak radikálne a jednoznačne zasiahnuť voči zasväteným osobám? Napokon je tu hľadisko ideové, f - lozof cké, azda najťažšie uchopiteľné, a preto aj najmenej zvažované. Ak dovolíte, rád by som sa pokúsil zvoľna pouvažovať o širších svislostiach, do ktorých drastické opat- renie ateizačnej moci v päťdesiatych rokoch zapadalo. Možno si spomínate na vyžut verbálny prefabrikát komunistickch kádrovčíkov, ktor s priam obsedantným nutkaním potrebovali do kádrových posudkov uvádzať, či je kádrovan jednotlivec „v kolektíve obľúbený“. V určitch svislostiach vznikal dojem, že sa netestovala ani tak obľbenosť, ako skôr podriadenosť onomu kolektívu. Lebo v ponímaní komunistického režimu bol kolektív najmenšou stavebnou časticou spoločenskej štruktry, v ktorej sa s jednotlivcom – ako neopakovateľnou jedinečnou osobnosťou – vlastne vôbec nerátalo. Zrod „človeka nového typu“, ktorého chceli vy- sstružiť komunistickí stratégovia, bol typologicky nov práve potlačením vlastnej individuality, a to cez podriadenie sa veľkoplošne regulovanej povinnej matrici. Spo- meňme v tchto svislostiach napríklad slová Mao-Ce-Tunga: „Indivíduum musí byť podriadené organizácii“! Neboli v tchto svislostiach rehoľné komunity akousi nežiaducou konkurenciou kolektivizačnej nivelizácii ľudskej individuality? Hoci navonok mohli rehoľné komu- nity tiež pripomínať „kolektívy“, vo vnútri v skutočnosti vytvárali – mali vytvárať – prostredie pre osobnostný rozvoj každého zasväteného: veď slobodne prišiel a cez rôzne stupne záväznosti voči komunite sa slobodne rozhodol zotrvať a žiť príslušn chariz- mu. Rehoľné komunity s najrukolapnejším dkazom mnohorakosti Božích darov, mnohorakosti povolaní a chariziem, no predsa a zásadne zjednotených okolo jediného ťažiska, jedinej osi, ktorou je Ježiš Kristus. Teda nie kolektív podriaden nátlaku ľudskej moci zvonka, ale spoločenstvo zomknuté okolo vnútorného, slobodne prijatého prin- cípu. Keďže však totalitárny komunizmus ašpiroval na ovládnutie ľudského svedomia, do jeho plánov rehoľné komunity ako hniezda duchovného precitania zapadať nijako nemohli. Jozef Haľko [11] Navyše, komunizmus sa ako každá totalita potreboval nielen vo svojej zaklada- teľskej fáze, ale sstavne negatívne vymedzovať voči minulosti: svoju antropologick protiprirodzenosť kompenzoval znevažovaním minulosti, ideologickm deformova- ním faktov, znásilňujcim prepisovaním dejín. Takto mal vzniknúť dojem, že pseu- do-eschatologická plnosť časov sa nasycuje až vo forme socialistického raja, ktor sa práve ide uskutočniť. Za najvrečnejší programov dokument politického mesianizmu marxistického razenia možno považovať text socialistickej internacionály, ktorá bola ist čas aj sovietskou hymnou. Pozorné čítanie tam formulovaných slov prezrádza, že sa zoskupuj okolo dvoch vznamových ťažísk: prvé - završuje sa zavrhnutiahodná minulosť („posledná borba vzplála“, „to bude výbuch posledný“, „rozboríme sveta sta- r základ“, „zabráňme minulosti návrat“) a druhé - uskutočňuje sa def nitívny triumf v prospech človeka („už nášho hnevu sopka žiari“, „otroci hor sa k víťazstvám“, „ľud bude vládnuť navždy sám“). Posledn slohu, ktor sme azda ani povinne nespievavali, dovoľte zacitovať kompletne: „Už vstáva robotník i roľník, už vstáva strana veliká, nov raz príde sveta život voľný, zem všetkým ľuďom slžiť má. Dlho nám krv pili supy čierne, havranov kŕdle zbesilé. Rozptli nové ráno tiene a slnce svitne žiarivé.“ Lenže rehole predstavovali tradíciu presahujcu čas, priestor i kultrne kontexty, predstavovali živ kontinuitu s minulosťou, aplikovan a živ - žit tradíciu: zasvätené osoby už len svojou prítomnosťou dokazovali a dokazuj prierazn vitalitu evanjelio- vého posolstva. Rehoľné komunity ako personalizovaný dkaz univerzálneho presahu starobylých, a predsa takch aktualizovateľných duchovných prdov: zo svojej naj- hlbšej podstaty nemohli nebyť rušivým elementom budovania svetlejších
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