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International Journal of Scientific Research and Review ISSN NO: 2279-543X

DIVERSITY OF PTERIDOPHYTES AND THEIR MEDICINAL USES IN MULLAYYANAGIRI OF CHIKKAMAGALURU TALUK, – STATE,

Dr. Fatima- Tu-Zahora-Jabeen,1 Nandashree B.M.2*

1 Department of Botany, Government first grade college, B.H. Road, Tumakuru-572102, Karnataka, India 2 Department of PG studies in Botany, I.D.S.G. Govt. College, Chikmagaluru-577102, Karnataka, India *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Pteridophytes are the vascular cryptogams, flourished well during Devonian Mississippian and Pensylvanian periods of the late Paleozoic can easily regarded as the "Age of Pteridophyta". A seasonal survey was carried out in Mullayanagiri, highest peak in Karnataka. Total 29 belonging to 22 genera and 14 families were collected at various sites in Mullayyanagiri at elevation of 6300.17 feet from the mean sea level and are arranged according to the division they belongs. Species belonging to the four divisions such as Lycopodiophyta, Polypodiophyta, Pteridophyta and Tracheophyta were occurred. The division Pteridophyta showed marked dominace with 25 species fallowed by Tracheophyta with 2 species where as the divisions Lycopodiophyta and Polypodiophyta represented by only one species each in the study area. Osmunda regalis L. was rare species in the region and it was found on stream banks. The density of Adiantum raddianum C. Presl. was observed more (5.7) fallowed by Cheilanthes farinosa (Forssk.) Kaulf., whereas less relative density was observed in Pteris quadriaurita Retz. (Table-1). High abundance was found to be observed in Adiantum raddianum C.Presl. (7.12) and in Cheilanthes farinosa (Forssk.) Kaulf. (6.87) wheras the Oleandra wallichii (Hook.) C. Presl showed least abundance (1.5). The pteridophytes of various habitats such as terrestrial, epiphytes and lithophytes are found in Mullayyanagiri region. The majority of species recorded as terrestrial with 17 numbers, followed by lithophytic with 9 and epiphytic with 3 individuals. All the species had been identified and classified up to species level. These pteridophytes were used in treatment of stomach disorders, rheumatism, asthma and fever. The present paper focuses on the different species of pteridophytes and their medicinal uses.

Key words:

Pteridophytes, Chikkamagaluru taluk, Karnataka, Importance Value Index.

INTRODUCTION

Pteridophytes are the earliest of the plants ever evolved on the earth heralding the presence of a well developed vascular system -xylem for water and phloem for food transport respectively and hence, are referred as vascular cryptogams have successfully invaded the land. The migration of life from aquatic to aerial habitats is a long and colossal struggle, that captivate our imagination, Change in environment lead to the appearance of chromosomal aberrations that brought about variations, which lead to the development of an efficient absorptive system in the early land plants, probably a rhizomatous structure provided with rhizoids. Later vascularization that is development of vascular elements took place and definite root, stem and leaf like appendages appeared. About 12,000 species of pteridophytes occur in the world floras of which more than 1200 species of ferns and fern allies likely to occur in Indian (Manickam and Rajkumar, 1999; Chandra, 2000 and Dixit,2000) were they are mainly distributed in the Eastern as and Western of two of the 25 Global hotspots of (Khoshoo-1995). The are one of the important centres of plant diversity and richness of fern flora of the world. The region is remarkable with a variety of vegetation types, climatic zones and . About 350 species of ferns and fern allies have been reported from this region. The unique physiography with mountainous terrain and narrow gorges and valleys with heavy rainfall and tropical humid climate have blessed this region with an environment most congenial to luxuriant plant growth, (Nampy and Madhusoodhanan, 1998).

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Pteridophytes are used in Indian system of medicine (Homeopathic, Ayurvedic and Unani), as insecticides, antibiotics, food and also as ornamental plants. In addition they play an important role in the ecological niches of forest ecosystem as integral part of biochemical cycling of minerals and also help as ecological indicators for understanding the particular habitat. Except a very few species, pteridophytes prefer undisturbed shaded habitats in the interior of wet rain forest. It is our response to conserve the habitat of pteridophytes to maintain ecological balance and to conserve them for the prosperity. As there is no information regarding the distribution of pteridophytes in Mullayyanagiri region of Chikkamagaluru taluk, this study may provide an idea of pteridophytic diversity and its medicinal uses in this region.

OBJECTIVES

1. Survey of pteridophytes by quadrat method. 2. Preparation and preservation of plant materials by herbarium techniques and 3. Identification and documentation along with their medicinal uses.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Mullayyanagiri is the highest peak of Karnataka situated at the south-west of geographical centre of the state. Mullayyanagiri is located at 13°23′26″N 75°43′18″E in the Chandra Dhrona Hill Ranges of the Western Ghats of Chikkamagaluru Taluk. With a height of 1,925 metres (6,316 ft), it is one of the highest peak between the Himalayas and the Nilgiris. This tallest mountain is located in the Range that lies in the Western Ghats, in the Chikkamagalur District of Karnataka. The survey of pteridophytes was carried out in Mullayanagiri region from August 2016 to March 2017 to make complete record of different habitats of species and their occurrence. A total of 10 transects each measuring 20×10m were laid down in Mullayanagiri region at different sites from foothills to peak. All the terrestrial, epiphytic and lithophytic species of pteridophytes were recorded. Diagnostic features of all the species were studied and relevant field notes such as Date , Number of plants- a serial number or collectors name and number, Name of plant, Province , Locality, Altitude, Habitat, Description, were made on fresh plant material. Identification of specimens were done by referring available literature and pteridophytic floras like flora of , and flora of Hassan, ferns of British India, flora of China. Data on various pteridophytic species incidence in different quadrate were collected and analyzed. Importance Value Index is used to determine the overall importance of each species in the community structure. In calculating this index, the percentage values of the relative frequency, relative density and relative dominance are summed up together and this value is designated as the Importance Value Index of the species. Preparation of plant material is done by using herbarium techniques like, Collection, Drying, Poisoning Mounting, Stitching, Labelling and Deposition. Diseased and infected twigs were avoided as for as possible, and collections are given with the field numbers. The herbarium were deposited in the Depatrment of P.G. studies in Botany, I.D.S.G. Govt. college, Chikkamagaluru. Species were arranged alphabetically and categorized into rare, common, very common, on the basis of their occurrence in the study area.

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Quadrates laid down in Mullayyanagiri at different sites

Sl QUADRATES LAID DOWN . NAME OF THE SPECIES N Density Frequency

o. Abundance Of Occurrence Relative Density Total Total Number Of Total Number Of Quadrate Studied Relative Relative Frequency Relative Dominance IndividualsOf Species Total Total Basal Area (cm)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Importance Value Index Total NumberTotal Of Quadrates 1 Adiantum incisum Forssk. 4 - 6 - 8 2 3 - 5 - 10 28 6 2.8 4.66 60 0.6 4.61 3.65 1.40 9.66 2 Adiantum lunulatum Burm.f. 5 8 6 - - 3 5 7 9 4 10 47 8 4.7 5.87 80 1 7.74 4.87 2.34 14.95 3 Adiantum raddianum C.Presl. 8 7 9 9 4 - 5 6 9 - 10 57 8 5.7 7.12 80 1 9.39 4.87 2.34 16.6 4 Asplenium adiantum-nigrum Hoffm. 1 1 2 - 3 - 1 - - 1 10 9 6 0.9 1.5 60 1 1.48 3.65 2.34 7.48 5 Asplenium aethiopicum (Burm.f.) Bech. 2 1 1 3 2 - - - 1 1 10 11 7 1.1 1.57 70 1 1.81 4.26 2.34 8.41 6 Asplenium unilateral Lam. 2 - - - - 2 1 1 - - 10 6 4 0.6 1.5 40 1.5 0.98 2.43 3.52 6.93 7 Athyrium anisopterum Christ 3 3 1 - - - - 1 2 - 10 10 5 1 2 50 1 1.64 3.04 2.34 7.02 8 Blechnum orientale L. 3 2 6 3 4 - 2 - 2 - 10 22 7 2.2 3.14 70 3 3.62 4.26 7.04 14.92 9 Bolbitis appendiculata (Willd.) Iwatsuki 2 4 6 2 - - - 2 1 1 10 18 7 1.8 2.57 70 1 2.96 4.26 2.34 9.56 10 Cheilanthes farinosa (Forssk.) Kaulf. 6 9 9 8 6 - - 8 6 3 10 55 8 5.5 6.87 80 1.5 9.06 4.87 3.52 17.45 11 Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw. 3 6 2 5 8 4 9 - 2 1 10 40 9 4 4.44 90 1 6.58 5.48 2.34 14.4 12 Doryopteris concolor (Langsd. &Fisch.) Kuhh 3 5 4 8 9 1 - 5 7 9 10 51 9 5.1 5.66 90 1.5 8.40 5.48 3.52 17.4 13 Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J.Sm. 2 - 1 - - 2 - - - - 10 5 3 0.5 1.66 30 3 0.82 1.82 7.04 9.68 14 Dryopteris filix mas (L.) Schott 1 2 - - - 3 4 - - - 10 10 4 1 2.5 40 2 1.64 2.43 4.69 8.76 15 Lepisorus nudus (Hook.)Ching 1 2 - 3 - - - 1 - - 10 7 4 0.7 1.75 40 0.5 1.15 2.43 1.17 4.75

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QUADRATES LAID DOWN Sl. NAME OF THE SPECIES No. Density Frequency Abundance Of Occurrence RelativeDensity Total Total Number Of Total Number Of Quadrate Quadrate Studied Relative Frequency RelativeDominance Individuals OfSpecies Total Basal Area (cm)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Importance Value Index Total NumberTotal Of Quadrates 16 Lycopodium cernuum L. 6 - 4 3 - - 4 1 1 10 19 6 1.9 3.16 60 1 3.13 3.65 2.34 9.12 17 Microsorum membranaceum (D.Don) Ching 2 - - - - - 1 - - - 10 3 2 0.3 1.5 20 1 0.49 1.21 2.34 4.04 18 Niphobolus angustatus T.Moore 2 1 ------2 1 10 6 4 0.6 1.5 40 1 0.98 2.43 2.34 5.75 19 Odontosoria chinensis (L.) J. Sm. 2 - - - 2 4 3 - - - 10 11 4 1.1 2.75 40 1 1.81 2.43 2.34 6.58 20 Oleandra wallichii (Hook.) C.Presl - - - - 2 - - - - 1 10 3 2 0.3 1.5 20 1.5 0.49 1.21 3.52 5.22 21 Osmunda regalis L. - - - 2 8 6 2 - - 3 10 21 5 2.1 4.2 50 3.5 3.45 3.04 8.21 14.7 22 Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link 1 - - - 6 - - - 6 3 10 16 4 1.6 4.00 40 2.5 2.63 2.43 5.86 10.92 23 Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 2 4 3 6 5 - 6 2 1 4 10 33 9 3.3 3.66 90 4 5.43 5.48 9.38 20.29 24 Pteridium revolutum (Blume) Nakai 3 2 6 4 - - - - 1 - 10 16 5 1.6 3.20 50 3.5 2.63 3.04 8.21 13.88 25 Pteris biaurita L. 2 4 3 5 6 4 8 - 9 3 10 44 9 4.4 4.88 90 2 7.24 5.48 4.69 17.41 26 Pteris quadriaurita Retz. 2 ------10 2 1 0.2 2 10 1 0.32 0.60 2.34 3.269 27 Pteris vittata L. 1 5 3 2 - - - - 1 2 10 14 6 1.4 2.33 60 1.5 2.30 2.43 3.52 8.25 28 Tectaria coadunata (Wall.ex Hook.& Grev.) C.Chr. 4 6 3 8 - 2 1 - - 10 24 6 2.4 4 60 1 3.95 2.43 2.34 8.72 29 Trigonospora caudipinna (Ching) Sledge 2 5 3 - - - - 2 6 1 10 19 6 1.9 3.16 60 1.5 3.13 2.43 3.52 9.08

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RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION

Total 29 species belonging to 22 genera and 14 families were collected at various sites in Mullayyanagiri at elevation of 6300.17 feet from the mean sea level and are arranged according to the division they belongs. Species belonging to the four divisions such as Lycopodiophyta, Polypodiophyta, Pteridophyta and Tracheophyta were occurred. The division Pteridophyta showed marked dominace with 25 species fallowed by Tracheophyta with 2 species where as the divisions Lycopodiophyta and Polypodiophyta represented by only one species each in the study area. Osmunda regalis L. was rare species in the region and it was found on stream banks. Total 607 individuals of pteridophytes were recorded during the survey from May 2016 to Feb 2017 at different elevation of the mountain. About 216 individuals were recorded from the foot hills of the mountain and 391individuals from higher elevation. The diversity of pteridophyte flora at foot hill of Mullayyanagiri was low whereas the diversity of pteridophytes was high at the middle of the peak and higher elevation this is because of many patches of relatively open areas occurred (Beatriz et.al., (1994). During the study it was came to know that, relative density of Adiantum raddianum C. Presl. was found to be 9.39 and Cheilanthes farinosa (Forssk.) Kaulf. (9.06) and low relative density in Pteris quadriaurita Retz. (0.32). Relative frequency was high in Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw. And Doryopteris concolar (Langsd. & Fisch.) Kuhh (5.48) less in case of Pteris quadriaurita Retz. (0.60). Relative dominance was high in Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (9.38) and Pteridium revolutum (Blume) Nakai (8.21) where as it is less in Lepisorus nudus (Hook.)Ching (1.17). Importance Value Index of Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn is found to be (20.29). So it show high Importance Value Index. Next to this Cheilanthes farinosa (Forssk.) Kaulf. showed (17.45), but Pteris quadriaurita Retz. showed Importance Value Index of (3.269). It was observed from the present documentation, families Pteridaceae, Aspleniaceae and Polypodiaceae exhibited highest diversity in terms of number of genera and species. On the other hand, families Athyriaceae, Blechnaceae, Oleandraceae, Tectariaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Sinopteridaceae and Thelypteridaceae consisted of only a single genus and a single species. Of the fern allies, Lycopodiaceae consisted of only a single genus and a single species.

The pteridophytes of various habitats such as terrestrial, epiphytes and lithophytes are found in Mullayyanagiri region. The majority of species recorded as terrestrial with 17 numbers, followed by lithophytic with 9 and epiphytic with 3 individuals. All the species had been identified and classified up to species level. The Pteridaceae was the dominant family with nine species. Similarly studies on occurance of pteridophytes at studied by Sumesh et al.,(2012) from other of Western Ghats.

The number and percentage of pteridophytes collected in Mullayyanagiri region was listed according to growth habit. It was came to know that 17 species or 58.62% of the total pteridophytes are terrestrial, 9 species or 31.03% of the pteridophytes are lithophytic and only 3 species or 10.34% of the pteridophytes are epiphytic.

Pteridophytes show medicinal utility and many of them are being used medicinally from ancient time (Kumar & Kaushik, 1999). The tribal communities, ethnic groups and folklore throughout the world are utilizing plant parts like rhizome, stem, fronds, pinnae and spores in various ways for the treatment of various ailments since ancient time. Adiantum lunulatum Burm.f. is used in blood related diseases, in epileptic fits and in curing rabies. Blechnum orientale L. is used as anthelmintic, antiviral, contraceptive and tonic.

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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Major families of pteridophytes

CONCLUSION Pteridophytes are the most important group in plant kingdom, sometimes dominants component of many plant communities. From the present study it is noted that Mullayyanagiri region of Western ghats harbour rich diversity of pteridophytes belonging to four subdivision divisions of the pteridophytes. Some of the species are very common and few of them are restricted to particular region. Now a days the species of Pteridophytes are facing threats due to adverse climatic change, anthropogenic activities like tourism, expansion of roads and most of the herbal practitioners nearby area are collect pteridophyes from the study area due to their great medicinal importance. If immediate uncompromising moves are not taken to conserve them, they are bound to become extinct and the economic and endemic species of pteridophytes will soon be completely wiped out from the Mullayanagiri. Hence, conservation of pteridophytes is must to maintain the diversity by declaring pteridophytes sanctuaries or biosphere reserves so that the rare species of ferns and fern allies should be protected from merciless collection and destruction in the hills. Cultivation and propagation of pteridophytes be given special attention to save these unique groups of plants, to maintain ecological balance and to conserve them for the prosparity.

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