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Sustaining Landscapes of Heritage Sustaining Landscapes of Cultural Heritage: The Case of Hampi, India Final Report to The Global Heritage Fund Produced by Morgan Campbell 2012 Sustaining Landscapes of Heritage This report is the result of the Global Heritage Fund’s 2011 Preservation Fellowship Program. Research was undertaken by Morgan Campbell, a PhD student of Urban Planning and Public Policy at Rutgers University, during the summer of 2012. Global Heritage Fund Morgan Campbell 625 Emerson Street 200 [email protected] Palo Alto, CA 94301 www.globalheritagefund.org Sustaining Landscapes of Heritage ii Dedication I am incredibly grateful to numerous people for a variety of reasons. My time in Hampi during the summer of 2012 was one of the most significant experiences in my life. First, I dedicate this work to the Global Heritage Fund for providing me with the support to pursue questions of participatory planning in Hampi’s World Heritage Area. I thank James Hooper, whose earlier research in Hampi provided me with a good foundation and Dan Thompson who was incredibly understanding and supportive. Second, I’m deeply indebted to Shama Pawar of The Kishkindra Trust in Anegundi. Easily one of the most dynamic people I’ve ever met, without her assistance—which came in the form of conversations, tangible resources, and informal mentoring—I would have never been able to undergo this research project. It was because of Shama that I was able to experience and learn from Hampi’s living heritage. This report is about people, people who live in a heritage landscape. The residents of Hampi’s World Heritage Area are spread across time and space, so that when I say residents, I am referring to those living in the present and those who have lived in the past. In a heritage landscape such as Hampi’s there are communities within villages and across villages, there are communities within communities and communities that might not be physically present but feel a deep connection to this incredible landscape. I was fortunate enough to develop my own community while living in Anegundi and I would like to briefly name some of the many people who enriched my daily life: Virupaksha for teaching us how to see and listen, Ragu the most helpful person I’ve ever met, Basava for his stories, Hulugappa for his quiet, meditative nature, Hampana and Nagaraj for their songs, Shashikala for making the office such a joyful place, Puja Mitra for her knowledge and perspective, Siraja for his unique marketing skills, Radhika, Mayank, Shantanu, Sarthak, Pooja, and Sergiusz for their conversations and friendship. To all these people, I can recall each of your unique smiles and laughs on any given day. Last, I’d like to thank a handful of people who helped shape my research and allow me to better understand the context of the study: Raghu from EQUATIONS, Jan and Laxmi Naik-Duclos, Nalini Thakur, Subhash Chandra, Dr. Poojary, Sudarashan Varma, Bobby, Shamila and Thakur, and lastly Nikki Panappa for literally saving my butt in Bangalore. -Morgan Campbell (November 2012) Sustaining Landscapes of Heritage iii Table of Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... 1 Significance and Importance ....................................................................................... 7 Ancient history ............................................................................................................. 8 20th century history ..................................................................................................... 11 UNESCO designation ................................................................................................ 13 Creation of HWHAMA ................................................................................................ 14 Demolition of Hampi Bazaar ...................................................................................... 15 Research Question and Methodology ....................................................................... 17 Research question ..................................................................................................... 18 Initial approach ........................................................................................................... 19 On the ground ............................................................................................................ 20 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 25 Limitations .................................................................................................................. 26 Heritage SWOT ............................................................................................................ 28 Strengths .................................................................................................................... 28 Weaknesses .............................................................................................................. 30 Opportunities .............................................................................................................. 34 Threats ....................................................................................................................... 38 Focus on Tourism ....................................................................................................... 40 Recommendations to GHF ......................................................................................... 48 Moving Forward........................................................................................................... 55 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 58 Appendix ...................................................................................................................... 60 Works Cited ................................................................................................................. 66 Sustaining Landscapes of Heritage iv Executive Summary Hampi is both enriched and trapped by its historical past. Before its present-day description as an open-air museum of ruins, it was the capital city of the Vijayanagara Empire and, before it was a major city, it was home to Hanuman, the Kishkinda kingdom, and other Hindu epics. Although it is the ruins from the Vijayanagara Empire that helped Hampi achieve UNESCO World Heritage status in 1986, a quick glance at the environment in which these ruins are situated—from the vista of precariously balanced boulders to the lush banana plantations and rice paddy fields—suggests that Hampi’s status as a site of universal significance is the result of a complex interweaving of natural and built landscapes. However, any visitor of the World Heritage Site (WHS) will explain that the true significance of Hampi is not just the relationship between landscapes but the relationship between landscapes and people. The purpose of this report is to explore this relationship. Sustaining Landscapes of Heritage 1 View of Virupaksha Temple at a distance The challenges affecting Hampi are concrete, everyday affairs that stem from intersections between: 1) the natural and built environment 2) the past, present, and future 3) scales of power and decision-making. Examining these intersections leaves one with many deep ideological questions that are best summarized as tensions between heritage preservation and human development. Taking cue from the Global Heritage Fund’s (GHF) report, Saving Our Vanishing Heritage, my intention is to speak directly to GHF’s effort to Promote New Models for Sustainable Preservation in heritage landscapes. In the proceeding pages I present suggestions as to what sustainable preservation represents in the context of Hampi. These suggestions are based on field research that was conducted in summer of 2012 thanks to a generous fellowship from the Global Heritage Fund. My underlying argument is that sustainable preservation is best realized through participatory methods of planning—a method in which the voice of local stakeholders is heard and represented in all decisions regarding preservation and development of the heritage landscape. A model of this method exists in the form of Dr. Nalini Thakur’s 2004 Sustaining Landscapes of Heritage 2 Integrated Management Plan (IMP) for Hampi, a 600-page document that speaks to the preservation of Hampi’s cultural landscape through a democratic planning process. Unfortunately, little effort has been made to implement this Plan. One goal of my research was to better understand why. When UNESCO declared Hampi a World Heritage Site it included the word ‘living’ in the designation. In other words, Hampi is not only the physical ruins of a medieval empire, it is a landscape and process of heritage that is constantly replenished by living in the minds and actions of individuals residing within this landscape. This, I will argue, is the true significance of the site; it is the greatest strength but, according to your position, it may be considered a threat to the long-term preservation of the heritage landscape. Hampi is located in the eastern-central geographic area of the Indian state Karnataka. Badami, Aihole, and Pattakanal—other historic sites of Indian culture—are slightly north of Hampi, while Bangalore is approximately 350 kilometers to the south. Hampi is located in the southern Indian state of Karnataka near the border of Andhra Pradesh. The
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