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A Contribution to the Bryoflora of the Western Ghats in Karnataka State, India

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A Contribution to the Bryoflora of the Western Ghats in Karnataka State, India Polish Botanical Journal 58(2): 511–524, 2013 DOI: 10.2478/pbj-2013-0039 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE BRYOFLORA OF THE WESTERN GHATS IN KARNATAKA STATE, INDIA UWE SCHWARZ & JAN -PETER FRAHM 1 Abstract. Based on fieldtrips of the authors in 2012, a list of species collected in a small area of the Western Ghats (Coorg District, state of Karnataka) is presented. It includes 18 species of liverworts and hornworts as well as 76 species of mosses. 27 species of mosses are newly reported for the state of Karnataka, 6 species are new for Coorg province. Holomitrium javanicum Dozy & Molk. is reported as new to India. Campylopus sedgwickii Dix. described from Sri Lanka and so far only known from the type locality is a new synonym of C. recurvus Mitt. The list gives a rough inventory of the bryoflora in altitudes between 900 m and 1750 m and can be regarded as typical for the northern Western Ghats. Key words: India, bryophytes, Holomitrium javanicum, Western Ghats Uwe Schwarz, Prestige Grand Oak 202, 7th Main, 1st Cross, HAL IInd Stage, Indira Nagar, Bangalore 560038, India; e-mail: [email protected] Jan-Peter Frahm, Bonner Str., 56, D-53424 Rolandseck, Germany; e-mail: [email protected] INTROD U CT I ON The state of Karnataka is situated north of the Therefore we as foreign bryologists take the states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, which are known opportunity to add the results of a collecting trip for their rich bryophyte flora and long history of to a small region in the Western Ghats of Kar- bryological exploration. The species richness is due nataka. to the Western Ghats, a mountain ridge stretching The collections are deposited in the herbaria NNW – SSE along the west coast of the Indian of the authors (private herb. of Uwe Schwarz, hb. subcontinent. Frahm, BONN) Karnataka covers only a small portion of the Western Ghats and this might be the reason that THE S T U DY AREA this part is bryologically not as well known and the former bryological research focussed famous During the fieldtrip of the authors in November, regions such as the Nilghiri Mountains, Palni Hills, 2012, only a small part of the mountain areas of Kodaikanal and others. Karnataka in the Coorg (Madikeri, Kodagu) Dis- Although India is the tropical country with the trict had been visited, which, however, seem to be most intensive bryological exploration, highest typical and representative for the region. Coorg is number of bryologist and highest rate of bryological the SW District of Karnataka bordering Kerala. publications, many regions remain to be studied and The area is situated between 12.20°N and 12.22°N many bryophyte groups are in need of a taxonomical and 75.61°E and 75.67°E, about 18 km WNW revision. The fact that Manju and Rajesh (2011) of Virajpet (Fig. 1). A few additional locations reported 13 species as new to India and 4 for Kerala have been visited along the road from Mysore to State from a single nature preserve shows that the Madikeri, as well as from Madikeri to Virajpet. bryoflora of India is far from beeing explored. The highest point is Mt. Tadiandamol (1750 m). The study area (Fig. 2) covered the surroundings 1 Corresponding author of Kabbe Holiday Resort and of Honey Valley 512 POLISH BOTANICAL JOURNAL 58(2). 2013 Homestay. Both are situated within an extensive characterized by cool temperatures until February belt of coffee plantations in about 1000–1200 m and increasing temperatures until May. altitude. The higher regions above 1200 m to the The average temperature ranges between 19° summit region in 1500 m are covered by open and 23° degrees Celsius with rare extremes going meadows and fragments of low forests. The lower, up to 35° and down to 9° degrees. cultivated area bears a submontane bryoflora. Spe- The annual rainfall for the Coorg district is cies number and abundance of bryophytes are in- about 3500 mm with an average number of 118 creasing above 1000 m (lower montane belt) and rainy days per year. Misty weather in the morning another floristic change can be observed above during the cooler months contributes to the pre- 1200 m. Open banks along the roads show a high cipitation. Data indicating the difference of rain- variety of terrestrial species. fall between the lower and upper areas are not The area is drained by rivers flowing west- available. wards comprising the Cauvery River and its tribu- The soils of the district consist of lateritic taries. The closely located watershed to the east debris found in different stages of laterization. was not crossed. Loamy soils, suitable for cultivation can only be The district enjoys a seasonal tropical climate found along the rivers. The area between Madikeri with slight to medium humidity due to the prox- and Virajpet consists of granitic gneiss. Rock habi- imity to the coast. Monsoon season starts in June tats are usually found along cliffs of the mountains, and lasts till September, receiving a significant on isolated rocks in open areas and at the banks amount of rainfall till November. The dry season is of streams and tracks. Fig. 1. Location of the study area within India and Coorg District. For detailed map see Fig. 2. U. Schwarz & J.-P. FRAHM: A CONTRIBUTION to THE BRyOFLORA OF THE WESTERN Ghats 513 Fig. 2. Map of the study area. Dots – collection sites. STATE O F KNOWLEDGE kium velatum are mentioned in all three published sources. Both Brotherus (1899) and Raghavan Karnataka is a state of India for which no checklist and Wadhwa (1968) mentioned Brachymenium was available till 2013, though there are checklists nepalense, Bryum argenteum, Cryptopapillaria for the neighbouring states Kerala and Tamil Nadu. fuscescens, Funaria hygrometrica, Macromitrium Therefore a first checklist of the mosses was com- leptocarpum, M. sulcatum, Meteriopsis squrrosa, piled (Frahm et al. 2013) based on the few and Octoblepharum albidum and Vesicularia reticulata. scattered publications, which includes 152 species. Townsend (1988) contributed to the bryoflora of Brotherus (1899) gave an account of mosses which Karnataka publishing the results of a smal collec- were collected by T. L. Walker in 1897–1898 in tion from the Nandi Hills, approximately 100 km the Coorg District. It includes records from Mt. north of Bangalore. He reported 25 species that Tadiandamol in our study area. Raghavan and represent to a major degree species mentioned in Wadhwa (1968) gave an account of the mosses the other publications. of the Agumbe-Hulical Ranges, which are located General information on the bryoflora of India about 100 km north of the study area in Shimoga was obtained from the unpublished checklist of the district. Results of a collection by L. J. Sedgwick, bryophytes of India by Daniels, which gives no in- made in the Western Ghats about 300 km north to formation on the distribution within India. A more the study area were published by Dixon (1921). recent checklist was published by Dandotiya et al. These three publications list altogether 144 moss (2011), which includes distributional data, and lists species, subspecies and varieties. Entodon plicatus, all taxa reported from India including synonyms Hyophila involuta, Leucoloma taylorii and Pele- and not only the accepted names. 514 POLISH BOTANICAL JOURNAL 58(2). 2013 Recent checklists regarding the Southern India chii. It is the most frequent thalloid liverwort in were presented by Daniels (2010) for Tamil Nadu the area. The plants vary much in the width of and Manju et al. (2008) for Kerala, summarizing the thalli and the thallus margins (narrow plants the history of bryological exploration, all refer- have a reddish border). The pseudoperianth is ences and the geographical data. Additional data sometimes whitish, sometimes reddish, giving the were provided by Verma and Srivastava (2011) impression of different species. The species is, on the endemism of liverworts of the Western however, distinguished from others of the genus Ghats, Verma et al. (2011) on the mosses of the by conical carpophor and dioicous sex condi- Nilghiri Hills. Helpful for us was Manju et al. tions (Long 2006). Asterella khasiana (Griff.) (2008), Manju et al. (2011) as well as Manju and Grolle is reported from the Western Ghats (e.g., Rajesh (2011), who provided inventories of nature Manju et al. 2009), which should have a flat car- preserves of Kerala, and Alam et al. 2011, who pophor. The differences between both were not compiled a checklist of the mosses of Palni Hills, clear, since young carpophors are hemiglobose Tamil Nadu, which served as comparison for our and get flatter within the time. study area. Cephaloziella kiaeri (Austin) S. W. Arnell Lis T O F sp EC I E S Found intermixed with other bryophytes on soil and stone. The morphological diversity of plants The specimens cited are kept in the herbaria of from different collections indicates that the genus the authors. The list is far from being complete. is represented by more than one species in the Difficult groups such as Fissidens, Sematophyl- area. laceae and many liverwort genera as well as Lejeuneaceae are under-represented due to the Chandonanthus birmensis Stephani lack of appropriate literature for accurate species identification. Mt. Tandiandamol, on boulder in grassland The symbols used in the text are as follows: with Herbertus dicranus. *** New to India ** New to the state of Karnataka Cololejeunea hasskarliana (Lehm. & Lindenb.) * New to the province of Coorg Stephani Photographs of many species were provided Mt. Tadiandamol, on common epiphyll liver- by Frahm (2013). wort in remnant forest. It seems to be less frequent at lower altitudes. Anthocerotophyta Phaeoceros laevis (L.) Prosk. Dumortiera hirsuta (Sw.) Nees Frequent on roadside banks and open soil.
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