INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER ORGANIZATION

ITTO

PROJECT PROPOSAL

TITLE: CRITERIA FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF MANGROVE AND FLOOD FORESTS IN THE CENTRAL COASTAL PLAINS OF VERACRUZ, MEXICO: A COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT TOOL

SERIAL NUMBER: PD 349/05 Rev.2 (F)

COMMITTEE: REFORESTATION AND FOREST MANAGEMENT

SUBMITTED BY: GOVERNMENT OF MEXICO

ORIGINAL LANGUAGE: SPANISH

SUMMARY

Coastal flood forests and mangrove forests in Mexico have traditionally been subject to inadequate management. The Gulf of Mexico region is no exception to this rule, mainly due to the lack of knowledge on these ecosystems, particularly with regard to their management, restoration, structure and functioning, as well as the economic, ecological and social benefits that can be derived from them and associated mechanisms such as payment for environmental services. Thus, the objective of this project proposal is to develop criteria with the participation of the local communities for the management of mangrove and flood forests in the central coastal plains of Veracruz, Mexico, so as to ensure the sustainable use of these ecosystems. To this end, an environmental and socioeconomic diagnosis will be conducted in the coastal plains where mangrove forests, coastal flood forests and replacement ecosystems (popal, tifal (herbaceous marshes) and flooded grasslands) are found in the region between Tuxpan and Boca del Río, in Veracruz, Mexico. In addition, the goods and services provided by these ecosystems will be valued by contrasting the technical information available with local community perceptions. The compatibility between the current use of these ecosystems and their natural potential will be assessed, identifying harvesting, conservation and restoration areas. Pilot production projects will be implemented and management plans will be developed for the sustainable use, conservation and restoration of these wetlands. The implementation of the project will be based on document research, field surveys, field monitoring, interviews with key stakeholders, meetings and community workshops. The results of this project will provide sound scientific elements for the sustainable management of coastal flood forests and mangrove forests throughout the Gulf of Mexico and Mexican Caribbean regions under similar conditions. Furthermore, the project will provide essential policy instruments to meet the national target established by the National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR) for the reforestation and management of 942,047 hectares of mangrove and flood forests in the country under sustainability criteria.

EXECUTING AGENCY: INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY

COOPERATING GOVERNMENTS: --

DURATION: 36 MONTHS

APPROXIMATE STARTING DATE: UPON APPROVAL

BUDGET AND PROPOSED Source Contribution SOURCES OF FINANCE: in US$ ITTO 387,296 Gov’t of Mexico 637,225

TOTAL 1,024,521

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I: CONTEXT

1. Origin 2. Sectoral Policies 3. Programmes and Operational Activities

PART II: THE PROJECT

1. Project Objectives 1.1 Development Objective 1.2 Specific Objective

2. Justification 2.1 Problem to be addressed 2.2 Intended situation after project completion 2.3 Project Strategy 2.4 Target Beneficiaries 2.5 Technical and scientific aspects 2.6 Economic aspects 2.7 Environmental aspects 2.8 Social aspects 2.9 Risks

3. Outputs

4. Activities

5. Project Logical Framework

6. Work Plan

7. Budget 7.1 Project budget by component 7.2 Project budget by year and by source

PART III. OPERATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

1. Management structure 2. Monitoring, Reporting and Evaluation Activities 3. Future Operation and Maintenance

PART IV. TROPICAL TIMBER FRAMEWORK

1. Compliance with ITTA Objectives 1994 2. Compliance with ITTO Action Plan.

ANNEXES:

A. Profile of the Executing Agency B. Curricula Vitae of the Key Staff

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PART I. CONTEXT

1. Origin

Mexico has approximately 524,600 hectares of mangrove forests, 57,713 hectares of which are located in Veracruz, on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Coastal flood forests are usually found in the coastal plains of the Gulf of Mexico. These formations are associated to mangrove forests but cover areas further inland with very low salinity levels which are flooded during most of the year. Together with mangrove forests, these formations make up a continuum along a salinity gradient and are located at the freshwater end, in areas that are not affected by tidal exchange. These are very productive, diverse ecosystems, which have frequently been logged for the harvesting of timber or for conversion to agricultural and pastoral uses. The area covered by this type of ecosystem has not been estimated to date, and the extent of the disturbed area is also unknown. Even though mangrove and flood forests are found along almost the entire coastline of Mexico, the interest in developing conservation and management policies to meet these ecosystems’ needs has only arisen in the last few years.

Mangrove forests in the state of Veracruz comprise four different species - Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa and Conocarpus erecta. These are well structured communities that reach between 20 and 30 meters in height. Flood forests are made up of several species, the most significant being Pachira aquatica, Annona glabra, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Coccoloba liebmanni, several Ficus species, and Tabebuia rosea, among others. They reach heights of 15-20 metres and are frequently found in flood plains. These forests remain flooded for 8 to 12 months a year. Water levels can exceed 1 meter.

Since 1998, a Community Management Plan has been implemented in the coastal area of the Municipality of Actopan with the participation of the local population. This led to a better understanding of management and conservation problems in mangrove forests and flood forests and the potential that these ecosystems hold for the local communities.

Subsequently, since 2002, SEMARNAT – CONACYT and CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency) have been financing projects on wetlands ecology and carbon sequestration in La Mancha, Veracruz. These research studies made it possible to initiate a line of work on mangrove forests and flood forests with a view to analysing productivity patterns, invasive plant species impact, germination, establishment of native tree species and wetlands restoration mechanisms, and on the basis of this information, generate a management system for the coastal region that will ensure the sustainable management of these ecosystems. This process is currently being developed for the Municipality of Actopan.

Thus, Mexico has a great opportunity, within the context of ITTO, to secure funding for the development of criteria for the management of mangrove and flood forest ecosystems in the central plains of Veracruz. The proposed approach will be based on the integrated management of coastal areas taking into account the interactions between all coastal ecosystems. It should be pointed out that only this year has Mexico started to participate in the Organization as a producer member.

2. Sectoral policies

Mexican institutions directly involved in the protection of these ecosystems or related policies include the National Forest Commission (CONAFOR), the Federal Bureau for Environmental Protection (Procuraduría Federal de Protección al Ambiente) and the National Water Commission, which are attached to the Secretariat for the Environment and Natural Resources.

There are mangrove forest protection laws within the framework of the General Law for Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection (LGEEPA) (DOF. 13-XII-96) and the Penal Code for the Federal District and Federal Civil Court Code, which establish the imposition of administrative and penal sanctions on those convicted of having committed environmental crimes against mangrove forests in violation of current laws, standards and regulations (Art. 416, Art. 418).

2 Other sectoral instruments include the Law for Sustainable Forest Development, Law on National Water Resources and its Regulations, General Wildlife Law, LGEEPA Regulations for Environmental Impact Assessment and Ecological Land Use Management, and Mexican official standards NOM-059- SEMARNAT-2001 and NOM-022-SEMARNAT-2003 regarding protected species and mangrove forest preservation, conservation and restoration, respectively.

Mexican Official Standard NOM-022-SEMARNAT-2003 is aimed at the protection of coastal wetlands, particularly mangrove forests. The amendment and addition of item 4.43 provides for a compensation payment for these ecosystems. However, there are no technical criteria available to determine the value of this compensation payment.

3. Programmes and operational activities

The President of the Republic has declared forest and water resources as national security elements. Therefore, the National Programme for the Environment and Natural Resources 2001-2006 establishes that arresting and reverting environmental degradation is a priority action of national security. Furthermore, the National Forest Programme 2001-2006 establishes that there is great potential at the national level for the development of an environmental services market. In this context, CONAFOR has developed policies to support the payment of environmental services, particularly in relation to watershed protection, carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation, and mangrove ecosystems are covered by these policies.

In the State of Veracruz in particular, CONAFOR has supported the protection, rehabilitation and restoration of mangrove areas. It should be emphasised that other mangrove and flood forest protection efforts are also being implemented, e.g. the establishment of the Technical Consultative Committee for the Conservation and Management of Wetlands in Veracruz. The objective of this Committee, which is made up of representatives from the government and academic sectors, is to present alternatives and strategies for mangrove management and conservation.

In addition, Mexico is supporting the incorporation of priority wetlands for their conservation as RAMSAR sites. Currently, there are 51 wetlands of this nature (4 of them located in Veracruz) and the National Commission for Natural Protected Areas is working to increase that number in Mexico.

This year, CONAFOR has launched a tender process for the payment of environmental services from various forest ecosystems, including mangrove forests. The priority given to mangrove forests and flood forests by all sectors in the country has opened up a viable window for the development of an integrated project for the conservation, restoration and sustainable management of these ecosystems as a national and/or international model.

PART II: THE PROJECT

1. Project objectives

1.1 Development objective:

Contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of mangrove forests and coastal flood forests in the Gulf of Mexico.

1.2 Specific objective:

Develop ecological and socioeconomic criteria with the participation of the local communities in order to identify the natural potential of mangrove and flood forest ecosystems and to develop production projects and management plans within the framework of land-use planning for the central coastal plains of Veracruz, Mexico.

3 2. Justification

2.1 Problem to be addressed

The problem to be addressed is the lack of criteria for the community management of mangrove forests and flood forests in the central coastal plains area of Veracruz, Mexico, which is a widespread problem throughout the tropical coastal regions of the country.

The project area is located in the central region of the Gulf of Mexico. It covers three of the seven geo-morphological regions of the Veracruz coastline: i. Tuxpan-Nautla (Tuxpan to Barra Santa Ana), ii. Laguna Verde-La Mancha (Santa Ana to Punta Mancha) and iii. Veracruzana (La Mancha to Punta Anton Lizardo). It includes 14 municipalities and 305 km of coastline. This area was selected because Veracruz is the third most populated state in the country, its inhabitants have a strong coastal tradition, almost two thirds of the water streams that flow down from the Mexican Altiplano run through the coastal plains of this region, making mangrove forests and flood forests two of the most important ecosystems. However, Veracruz is one of the three states with the most serious environmental degradation problem in the country (see map).

One of the causes of this problem is the limited technical and community knowledge about the structure, operation and valuation of environmental services provided by mangrove forests and coastal flood forests. It should be mentioned, however, that there are isolated, descriptive studies on mangrove and flood forest flora and vegetation for this area (Vazquez-Yanez 1971, Orozco and Lot 1976, Novelo 1978, Lot and Novelo 1990, Travieso-Bello 2000), a study of the production of litter in mangrove areas (Rico-Gray and Lot 1983) and a study on the establishment and germination of two species in flood forests (Infante 2004). Furthermore, there are descriptive studies of the bird life of some areas considered by the National Biodiversity Commission as Important Areas for the Conservation of Bird Life (Ortiz-Pulido et al. 1995, Gonzalez and Ortiz-Pulido 2000) and the coastal lagoons of the region have been classified in another study (Castaneda and Contreras 1997, Contreras 2000, Contreras et al 2002). However, the available information is generally qualitative in nature, does not take into account ecological aspects and, therefore, is insufficient for the valuation of goods and services, for the management of the area, and for the development of management plans for these ecosystems.

Furthermore, the lack of knowledge about the compatibility of the current use of mangrove forests and coastal flood forests and the natural potential of these ecosystems for the development of production activities is also one of the causes of the aforementioned problem. Mangrove and flood forests are the most threatened wetlands in the study area as a result of the expansion of the cattle-raising frontier and the development of infrastructure (roads, harbours, oil and gas pipelines, and irrigation canals, among others), and this can lead to alterations to the structure and operation of these ecosystems. However, very little work has been done on the impact of these activities on these ecosystems (Travieso-Bello et al; Hernandez-Trejo on-going) and the government has very limited capacity for the enforcement of legislation protecting these ecosystems.

In addition, there are very few economic alternatives that could motivate the communities to manage mangrove and flood forests, as the economic benefits accrued to local communities from mangrove and flood forests are indirect benefits such as contributing to maintain the local fishing industry and being a national tourism attraction in some areas. In contrast, the predominant production activities that are prominent in the study area are agriculture and cattle-raising, which are both incompatible with the conservation of these ecosystems.

The above elements clearly demonstrate the need to implement an environmental and socioeconomic diagnostic study with the participation of the local communities, as well as ensuring the valuation of environmental goods and services provided by mangrove and flood forests using reliable field data. This would make it possible to define criteria for the management of mangrove and flood forests in the central coastal plains of Veracruz and then formulate management plans and mechanisms for the implementation of policies agreed on with the users of these ecosystems (harvesting, conservation and restoration), under an

4 approach that should ensure the integrated management and sustainable development of the coastal region.

PROBLEM-TREE

Deforestation, inappropriate use of mangrove and coastal flood forests by the local communities and loss of goods and services from these ecosystems.

There are no criteria available for the management of mangrove and coastal flood forests

by the local communities in the central coastal plains region of Veracruz, Mexico.

Limited technical and Lack of knowledge about the Limited economic alternatives to community knowledge about compatibility between the motivate the local communities the structure, operation and current use of mangrove and to manage mangrove and valuation of environmental coastal flood forests and the coastal flood forests. services provided by natural potential of these mangrove and coastal flood ecosystems for the forests implementation of production activities

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2.2 Intended situation after project completion

The following will have been achieved after project completion:

a) An environmental and socioeconomic diagnosis on mangrove and flood forests in the central plains of Veracruz, jointly implemented with the local communities that are users of the resources found in these ecosystems. b) A mechanism for the valuation of environmental services provided by mangrove and flood forests that can be easily incorporated into the CONAFOR system for the payment of environmental services, thus promoting the conservation and restoration of these ecosystems. c) A management proposal for the central coastal plains of Veracruz with special emphasis on mangrove and flood forests, based on the vision of forest users and the technical work carried out, including appropriate management policies for each area (utilisation, restoration and conservation). d) Organization and training of community groups to develop at least six sustainable pilot production projects, which will generate income, provide incentives for the restoration and conservation of these ecosystems, and serve as demonstration projects for the rest of the region. e) Management plans agreed on with user groups for the utilization, conservation and restoration of coastal flood forest and mangrove areas where the projects are to be implemented. f) A summary document on sustainable management projects currently being implemented in Latin America and Southeast Asia to serve as the basis for the launching of an open internet discussion forum on the web page of the Institute of Ecology A. C. where issues related to the experiences and lessons learned from ITTO- financed mangrove projects may be discussed.

Project sustainability over time is guaranteed because of two reasons. Firstly, it falls within the framework of the national policies of CONAFOR (payment for environmental services and sustainable forest management activities), which ensures that there will be programs and support provided in the areas of training and credit facilities for users. Secondly, the incorporation of organized and trained users and the implementation of sustainable production projects will provide the social and economic basis for the management of these ecosystems by the local communities.

2.3 Project strategy

The problem of the lack of criteria for the community management of mangrove and flood forests in the central coastal plains region of Veracruz, Mexico will be tackled as follows: firstly, the project will undertake an environmental and socioeconomic diagnosis of the study area through documentary, field and laboratory research, interviews with key stakeholders and community diagnosis workshops. This will identify from the very beginning the perceptions, interests, needs, potential and limitations of local users and will provide a technical perspective of the problem. The project work team has already tested the methodologies that will be applied in the environmental and socioeconomic study. The project will use representative areas in the region for the specific studies so as to ensure reduced costs for the project and that the information obtained can be extrapolated to the study region.

The project will then value environmental services, including carbon sequestration, using the Palm model, with the participation of the University of Waterloo, in Ontario, Canada, which has extensive experience in this field. Biodiversity resources will be estimated using field data obtained on vegetation structure and productivity, as well as on the wealth and abundance of plant and bird species. Local fishing stocks will be estimated on the basis of information provided by users in interviews and community workshops. The information obtained will be used for the formulation of a model that will integrate a socioeconomic valuation of the environmental goods and services provided by these ecosystems, taking into account local community perceptions.

6 On the basis of the diagnosis and the valuation of environmental goods and services, the project will assess the natural potential of the territory for the development of production activities and will compare this with the current land use practices through the use of GIS. Thus, the project will identify compatible, partially compatible and incompatible management practices. This information will be used to manage the area and to formulate policies for its ongoing management. The utilization of resources will be based on low-impact, viable production activities (fishing, tourism, harvesting of non-timber products), and the conservation of areas that are important for maintaining the structure and operation of these ecosystems and the restoration of degraded areas. It should be pointed out that some members of the work team have experience in this type of analysis in coastal areas (PLAYDERA 2000; Travieso-Bello, in print).

The adoption of management practices by local communities, local authorities and the federal government will be promoted through validation workshops where the proposal will be duly adjusted. Furthermore, local groups will be organised and trained for the implementation of pilot sustainable development production projects which will serve as demonstration experiences for the region and facilitate the administration of financing for the implementation of management activities.

Production projects will focus on viable low-impact production activities, the valuation of environmental services and the administration of payments for the conservation of these ecosystems and the goods and services they provide. Furthermore, other production projects to be implemented include the establishment of a community nursery for the production of mangrove and flood forest seedlings to be used for the restoration of degraded areas. Management plans will be formulated for each of the areas where the production projects will be implemented. These projects will generate income for the local communities, promote activities that are compatible with the conservation of these ecosystems and foster their restoration, improving the quality of life of the population and guaranteeing the sustainability of resources for present and future generations. Thus, the implementation of management activities and production projects will promote sustainable development and law enforcement in the region, as well as facilitating the implementation of other government programs such as the system of payment for environmental services promoted by CONAFOR.

The experiences of other ITTO-financed projects on mangrove forests will also be taken into account through: a) the development of a forum on the web page of the Institute of Ecology, where experiences and lessons learned in the implementation of these projects can be discussed. To this end, a workshop/seminar will be organised for the review and discussion of Latin American and Southeast Asian mangrove projects with project participants and post-graduate students from the Institute. On this basis, a background discussion document will be prepared and placed on the web-based forum for its discussion with other groups; b) in addition, two project members will visit Honduras, Panama and Guatemala to directly gather information on their experiences; c) direct contacts will also be established with six projects attending the Participatory Environmental Management Meeting – Lessons Learned through Practical Experience, to be held on 23 – 28 September 2005 in Costa Rica and organised by the Participatory Environmental Management Foundation – FUNGAP Antigua Group. The results of the project “Successful Participatory Environmental Management Experiences in Wetlands of the Americas” will be discussed at that meeting, which will provide valuable information on participatory environmental management and sustainable mangrove management issues.

The following institutions will participate in the implementation of this project: the National Autonomous University of Mexico and the Autonomous Metropolitan University, both with experience in wetland ecology; the University of Waterloo, which has conducted studies on the quantification of environmental services such as carbon sequestration; and the non- government organization PRONATURA A.C., Veracruz, which has implemented several projects in the state on the conservation of coastal ecosystems with a strong social participation component. These institutions will be coordinated by the Institute of Ecology, which has extensive experience in the ecology and management of coastal resources as well as rural community work.

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2.4 Target beneficiaries

The main target beneficiaries will be the local communities (ejidos and fishing cooperatives) and municipalities of the coastal region between Tuxpan and Boca del Rio, Veracruz. Project outputs will be used by the communities themselves or by the municipal, state and federal government authorities, to implement projects and management alternatives that will guarantee the conservation of these ecosystems. The adjoining area of influence (an area extending for 10 km around the mangrove and flood forests) covers 2,352 km2. The area has 920 localities and a population of 741,096. There are eight municipal administrative centres in this area. The following table shows the list of users (ejidos, community groups and municipal governments) that will benefit from the project:

Municipalities Ejidos or groups that will work with the project and will be beneficiaries. Tuxpan Reserva comunitaria Barra de Galindo

Cazones El Coyol, Las Palmas Papantla- Rancho Nuevo Volador, Punte de Piedra Tecolutla Cruz de los Esteros, Riachuelos Martínez de la El Cabellal, Tres Bocas Torre Nautla Nautla, Altillo-Barra de Palmas Vega de Alatorre Lechugillas, Santa Bárbara, Rancho Nuevo Alto Lucero Santa Ana Actopan Palmas de Abajo, San Isidro, Cooperativa Tinajitas-El Viejón Ursulo Galván Ursulo Galván, Chachalacas La Antigua La Pureza Veracruz y Boca Protected Natural Area of the Veracruz Reef System and groups of fishermen of the del Río Mandiga mangrove area.

Project outputs will be used by the local communities themselves and by the relevant authorities of the municipal, state and federal governments, to develop sustainable management projects for coastal flood forests and mangrove forests, which will guarantee a source of income for the local communities as well as the conservation and restoration of these ecosystems within the framework of the integrated management of the coastal region. Project outputs will be disseminated through participatory workshops, training activities and the implementation of pilot production projects under appropriate management plans, which will in turn become demonstration areas for the rest of the region. Furthermore, the project will produce technical documents for dissemination, scientific publications and an internet forum, to increase the scope of dissemination activities and thus the overall impact of the project.

The direct benefits to be accrued to the participating communities are the opportunity to develop sustainable production projects in mangrove and flood forest areas, training for the implementation of those and other future projects, the establishment of pilot projects as part of the same proposal, the development of management plans for their mangrove and flood forest areas, and the incorporation of their projects into a state-level framework of land use planning for coastal wetlands, thus guaranteeing the sustainability of these projects.

2.5 Technical and scientific aspects

This project falls within the framework of the sustainable forest management and integrated management of coastal areas (Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998). The project proposes a complex geo- ecological and physical-geographic approach to obtain the taxonomic classification of landscapes, in other words, it will comprise all components including limnology, topography, soils, hydro-climatic conditions and biota. This approach will be complemented with Hasse’s natural potential approach (1986), which integrates landscape components and evaluates them for specific activities. Both approaches have been implemented in Mexico for different regions such as the watershed area of the Filobobos River in Veracruz (PLADYRA 2000), the Lerma-Chapala watershed area (Priego et al. 2003), different watershed areas of the State of Chihuahua (Gutierrez, 2004), and

8 more than 18 ecological management areas (Salinas, 2004) established throughout the national territory.

The work with the communities will be based on perception methods about natural resources (White, 1977; Ardila, 1980; Lazos and Pare), participatory ecological management (Montiel 2000) and environmental projection (Pesci, 2002). These approaches have already been applied in the State of Veracruz by the work team. Furthermore, the lessons learned from other ITTO-financed mangrove projects have also been taken into account including the results of projects implemented in Colombia (PD 171/91) and India PD 157/91) about the importance of planning multiple field activities to generate a greater positive environmental impact; the restoration of degraded mangrove areas, as they can offer many environmental and socio- economic benefits; and the use of integrated coastal areas management and sustainable development approaches.

A literature review will be carried out and a seminar will be organised with the participation of researchers, technicians and students involved in the project, as well as other post-graduate students from the Institute of Ecology A.C. This seminar will be proposed as a post-graduate workshop. Post-graduate professors and nearby institutions will be invited to give lectures and participate in the discussions. The seminar will mainly involve the review of literature (database search of international publications at the library of the Institute of Ecology, IUCN, UNESCO and GLOMIS, among others) relating to three major topics: sustainable management experiences, economic valuation of mangroves and wetlands, and market alternatives for environmental services. The following works have so far been identified for the review: Discussion of experiences and techniques described in the following documents: Aragón, Barrios and De León (1994), Baran (2000), Benítez et al. (2000), Chau (1998), CBNRM –Gasana and Borobia (2003), Geoghegan and Smith (2002), Glaser and Diele (2004), Instituto Nacional de Mujeres (2002), ISME, Kakuma (2004), Lara-Domínguez et al., Macintosh and Ashton (2004), Primavera and Agbayani, (1996), Ronnback (1999), Saenger and Vilma (1995), Seymour (2005), Vannucci (2004), Zheng et al. (1995).

Environmental services: Acharya (2000), Acharya and Barbier (2000), Agüero (1999), Bann (1997. and undated), Barbier (1994, 2000 y 2003), Barbier et al. (1997), Barbier and Strand (1998), Barbier et al. (2002), Batie and Wilson (1978), Constanza et al, (1989), Dixon (1989), Edward (2000), Economic Valuation of Environmental Impacts: A Workbook (1996), Grasso (1998), Groot et al. ( 2002), Herrador and Dimas (2000), Kauffman et al. (undated), Lara- Domínguez et al. (1998), Pagiola et al. (1999), Pagiola et al. (2004), White et al. (2001), World Bank (2003), Zelek and Shively (2003).

Environmental services market: Ferraro and Kiss (2002), Herrador and Dimas (2000), Jaramillo (2003), Mobilizing Funding For Biodiversity Conservation (2001), Pagiola et al. (2002), Pagiola et al. (2003), Pagiola et al. (2004),

The project will firstly interpret aerial photographs and classify satellite images for the period 1970-2005, will gather field data on relief, hydrology, soil, vegetation and land use (Spiridonov 1981, Zonneveld 1995, Mateo 2002) and will draft a physio-geographic map. This will be completed with socio-economic information obtained through documentary research, interviews with key stakeholders and community workshops.

The project will characterise the vegetation composition, structure and productivity of mangroves, coastal flood forests and their replacement ecosystems (popal, tifal (herbaceous marshes) and flooded grasslands) in accordance with existing traditional methodologies, and will analyse the effects of mycorrhiza (Phillips and Hayman 1970, Daniels and Skipper 1982, Gonigle et al. 1990). This information will be used to estimate carbon sequestration rates for each ecosystem using the Palm model (Palm et al. 1999; Palm 2000). Standardised APHA (1988) techniques will be used for water quality analysis. Field data will be gathered on the wealth and abundance of plant and bird species, in accordance with the Marrugan model (1988). It should be pointed out that the work team has extensive experience in plant ecology and biodiversity studies and will collaborate in this project with the University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, with which it has signed cooperation agreements and where multiple studies on carbon sequestration in wetlands have been carried out.

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A simulation model will be constructed to integrate the environmental goods and services provided by mangroves and coastal flood forests, so as to be able to analyse different degradation scenarios and land use changes. The results obtained will provide information on the environmental (and probably economic) cost attached to degradation trends in the provision of environmental services by wetland areas. This will be applied to three wetland case studies carried out in the region. This model will provide a valuation of environmental services and will therefore facilitate the procedures to be followed by the local communities when applying for payment for these services with CONAFOR.

The construction of this model is based on the Total Economic Value concept, which integrates both economic and social values such as conservation values, existence values, consumption and production options and social values (Constanza, 1991). There are a number of similar studies that have been developed for wetland areas (Constanza et al. 1989; Dixon 1989; Barbier et al. 1997; Lara et al. 1998; Aguero 1999), which will also be used as the basis for this project.

Then, based on the diagnosis and on the environmental services provided by mangroves and coastal flood forests, the project will analyse the compatibility between current land-use practices and the natural potential of these ecosystems, thus identifying compatible, partially compatible and incompatible land uses. This information, together with the legal framework currently in force in the Republic of Mexico (LGEEPA regulations on ecological management, among others), will facilitate the development of management policies for each of the landscape units, which will then be validated and agreed to by the local communities and competent authorities through validation workshops. This will guarantee the adoption of management practices by the users of these resources and by decision-makers and will thus facilitate the implementation and administration of management operations.

The organisation and training of community groups for the implementation of pilot sustainable development production projects will be carried out by combining theoretical and practical components, thus guaranteeing the smooth and successful implementation of these projects. Furthermore, these projects will provide additional knowledge about mangrove and flood forests in the region, will constitute a source of income and will lead to the development of management plans for the utilisation, conservation and restoration of these ecosystems. In addition, the project will establish a commitment with producer groups for the rehabilitation of degraded areas, which in the long term will provide greater economic benefits to the communities and thus improve their quality of life.

Finally, the Internet forum to be established will ensure the wide dissemination of the project at both the national and international levels and will facilitate the exchange of experiences and lessons learned between ITTO-financed mangrove forest projects, thus ensuring the success of these projects.

The project will have the cooperation of the non-government organisation PRONATURA A.C. Veracruz, throughout all stages of project implementation. This organisation has extensive experience in the characterisation of coastal ecosystems and in working with local communities and has collaborated with INECOL in the implementation of other projects.

2.6 Economic aspects

There are insufficient data available to estimate the project’s cost-benefit ratio. However, it is possible to take as an example the recent extension work carried out in Puerto Manzanillo (Manzanillo Harbour), on Mexico’s Pacific Coast. In this project, the federal government (SEMARMAT) asked the Integrated Port Authority of Manzanillo to make a payment of $10,000,000.00 pesos (US$ 87,719) as compensation for the loss of 90 hectares of mangrove forests in the San Pedrito Lagoon. This is equivalent to $10.00 pesos (less than US$1) per square meter of mangrove forest. This amount is much less than the prices being paid for urban building blocks of land in the city of Manzanillo. A 10 x 10 m block of land suitable for building has a minimum value of at least $ 25,000.00, or in other words, the minimum price per square meter of a block of land in this area is $250.00. Furthermore, an article was published in the La Jornada newspaper on 14 December 2004 about a block of land that was

10 acquired by the FONATUR Golf & Resorts company in the Mayan Riviera. The land was sold to the company for the following price: “20% of the block of land in question was valued at $ 91 per square meter because it is a flood-prone area that must be filled before it can be used; a further 40% of the land that was classified as “usable” was valued at 130 pesos per square meter, and the remaining 40% of the block of land was not even valued by NAFIN because it was a “mangrove area”.

The above indicates that there are no criteria available for the valuation of goods and services provided by mangrove forests and coastal flood forests and underscores the need to implement management plans that will ensure the implementation of the appropriate policy for each specific area. Furthermore, the experience gained from other ITTO-supported mangrove projects have demonstrated the advantages of land-use planning and management so as to achieve the sustainable management and conservation of these ecosystems.

The project is therefore considered to be feasible as it will generate criteria for the management of mangrove forests and coastal flood forests through the economic-ecological valuation of these ecosystems and the analysis of their natural potential, which will help avoid future restoration costs associated with the inappropriate management of these ecosystem resources. Furthermore, in some areas the project will implement sustainable pilot production projects with corresponding management plans, and this will prevent the non-sustainable management of these ecosystems and their degradation, while at the same time generating income and social benefits through organisation and training activities. At a later stage, producer groups will be able to train other community groups and disseminate information about the production projects they have implemented. These experiences can then be used as models which can be extrapolated to areas with similar environmental and socio-economic conditions. This will save training and information dissemination resources and will promote sustainable development in the Gulf of Mexico and the Mexican Caribbean region.

2.7 Environmental aspects

The implementation of the project will not have a negative impact on the environment. On the contrary, it will have a highly positive impact, both directly and indirectly. The direct positive impact will be that a group of forest users will perceive mangrove and flood forests to be resources that can be sustainably used and can generate income and improve their quality of life, and this will therefore motivate them to preserve and restore these ecosystems. Thus, a common use resource will be under clear conservation and management rules and regulations. Furthermore, other sectors, like the fisheries sector, will indirectly benefit from the project, as it will guarantee the sustainability of mangrove and flood forests that provide filtration for the water flowing into the lagoon system, prevent flooding, provide protection against storms and hurricanes, provide nutrients, constitute a source of food and protect species of commercial interest, among other benefits.

2.8 Social aspects

The total population of the study area is 1,203,670, distributed as follows: Tuxpan - 126,475; Cazones - 23,813; Papantla, 170,123; Tecolutla, 25,680; Martínez de la Torre, 118,815; Nautla, 9,774; Vega de Alatorre, 18,714; Alto Lucero, 27,124; Actopan, 39,306; Ursulo Galván, 27,636; La Antigua, 23,370; Veracruz, 457,119; and Boca del Río, 135,721. Most of these are rural municipalities that rely on natural resources for their livelihood, with the exception of three municipalities where there are three major cities established (Tuxpan, Boca del Rio and Veracruz) which are adjacent to mangrove and flood forests.

A direct general benefit for all of these communities will be the conservation of the mangrove and flood forests that provide important environmental services such as carbon sequestration, flood control, water filtration, coastal protection and sources of nutrients for the lagoon system and the sea in general.

The valuation of environmental services provided by mangrove and flood forests as well as the land-use management actions will contribute to regulate appropriate land use practices, decision-making on investments and the settlement of environmental conflicts. Furthermore, they will facilitate the administration and procedural steps required for ensuring support and

11 financing for the implementation of sustainable utilisation and resource conservation projects, including, for example, the payment of environmental services.

Furthermore, the organisation and training of community groups in the development and implementation of pilot production projects and management plans will establish the social and economic basis for sustainable development in the region, and these ecosystems will be perceived as sources of social and economic benefits, thus encouraging the population to ensure the conservation of these resources.

2.9 Risks

Project risks can be divided into two categories. Firstly, the risks involved in the implementation of research activities and the generation of outputs and secondly, risks that could affect the application of the outputs, or in other words, the implementation of forest management activities.

The research project has very few risks in view of the following facts:

a) The project’s scientific team has extensive experience and numerous publications in relation to the issues to be addressed, which guarantees successful results. b) Several of the methodologies that will be used have already been tested in other regions, such as La Mancha and Veracruz, thus ensuring their applicability. c) The project has close links with the local communities in several of the project areas of operation and this will help to achieve progress within the scheduled timeframes. d) The local communities are interested in the implementation of the project. e) There are no serious internal conflicts between local communities related to land tenure or the use of flooded forest resources, except for the urbanization process that is taking place in the mangrove areas of Boca del Río. f) The project falls within Mexico’s existing legal framework and current government programs.

On the other hand, any attempt to manage a given territory affects the local interests of users and landowners. Therefore, conflicts may arise during the process and they may become more obvious during the implementation of management activities.

There is a possibility of experiencing adverse weather conditions or natural disasters such as storms and hurricanes that could adversely affect the implementation of the project.

3. OUTPUTS

3.1 Specific objective: Develop ecological and socioeconomic criteria with the participation of the local communities in order to identify the natural potential of mangrove and flood forest ecosystems and to develop production projects and management plans within the framework of land-use planning for the central coastal plains of Veracruz, Mexico.

Output 1.1. Environmental and socioeconomic diagnosis and valuation of environmental services provided by mangrove forests, flood forests and replacement ecosystems (popal and tular formations (herbaceous marshes) and flooded grasslands) in the central coastal plains of Veracruz, Mexico.

Output 1.2. Compatibility analysis between the current use of mangrove and flood forests and their natural potential for production activities as the basis for management policy allocations

Output 1.3. Pilot production projects for the sustainable use of mangrove forests and coastal flood forests.

4. Activities:

4.1 Output 1.1. Environmental and socioeconomic diagnosis and valuation of environmental services provided by mangrove forests, flood forests and replacement ecosystems (popal and

12 tular formations (herbaceous marshes) and flooded grasslands) in the central coastal plains of Veracruz, Mexico.

Activity 1.1.1. Interpretation of aerial photographs and classification of satellite images from 1970-2005; conduction of field surveys to assess topography, hydrology, soils, vegetation and land-use (structure, species composition, diversity) and bird fauna, with the participation of local community representatives; preparation of maps at a scale of 1:50 000; and incorporation of statistical data for the region from state and federal government agencies.

Activity 1.1.2. Measuring surface and underground plant production capacity; assessing the impact of mycorrhiza on mangrove forests, coastal flood forests and replacement ecosystems (popal and tular formations (herbaceous marshes) and flooded grasslands); estimating carbon sequestration; and assessing water quality in six major bodies of water associated with these ecosystems.

Activity 1.1.3. Implementation of diagnostic workshop and interviews with key stakeholders in six communities near major mangrove forests and flood forests in the central coastal plains of Veracruz to assess community perceptions on problems, goods and services (local fisheries, ecotourism, etc.) related to mangrove forests and coastal flood forests in the region.

Activity 1.1.4. Development of an integrated mathematical model describing environmental services derived from mangrove forests, coastal flood forests and replacement ecosystems, taking into account community perceptions.

Output 1.2. Compatibility analysis between the current use of mangrove and flood forests and their natural potential for production activities as the basis for management policy allocations

Activity 1.2.1. Assessing the natural potential of mangrove areas and coastal flood forests based on the technical and community diagnosis for the implementation of viable low impact production activities (fishing, tourism, non-timber products harvesting) and contrasting the results with the current use of these ecosystems, identifying compatible and incompatible practices.

Activity 1.2.2. Identification of mangrove areas and coastal flood forests for the implementation of viable low-impact production (utilisation) activities and prioritisation of areas for ecosystem conservation and restoration.

Activity 1.2.3. Implementation of workshop for the validation and adjustment of management units and policies (conservation, restoration and harvesting) in each of the six communities neighbouring major mangrove forests and flood forests in the Tuxpan-Boca del Río region.

Output 1.3. Pilot production projects for the sustainable use of mangrove forests and coastal flood forests.

Activity 1.3.1. Organisation of community groups for the establishment of pilot production projects on ecotourism, nurseries and payment of environmental services such as biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration in mangrove areas and coastal flood forests.

Activity 1.3.2. Development of Internet forum to discuss lessons learned in ITTO projects on mangrove forests.

Activity 1.3.3. Training of organised community groups for the implementation of pilot production projects and restoration of degraded areas.

Activity 1.3.4. Development of management plans in coordination with production groups for the harvesting, conservation and restoration of mangrove areas and coastal flood forests in project areas.

13 5. Project logical framework

PROJECT ELEMENTS INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION ASSUMPTIONS Development objective:  Sustainable management of forested  Document on sustainable forested  There is a legal framework in the Contribute to the conservation and wetlands (mangrove forests and flood wetland management mechanisms country for the achievement of sustainable use of mangrove forests and forests) along 305 km of coastline in  Area of forested wetlands rehabilitated. sustainable forest management and coastal flood forests in the Gulf of the Gulf of Mexico. ITTO Objective 2000 as well as Mexico.  Areas of forested wetlands in 3 geo- ITTO Mangrove Work Plan 2002- morphological regions rehabilitated. 2006. Specific objective:  Environmental and socioeconomic  GIS  Local communities, municipal and Develop ecological and diagnosis and valuation of  Community workshop proceedings federal government agencies, socioeconomic criteria with the environmental services from  Technical documents (reports, professionals and technicians are participation of the local mangrove forests and coastal flood proposals, guides, manuals) interested in the development of communities in order to identify the forests in the Tuxpan-Boca del Río  Mathematical model criteria for the management of natural potential of mangrove and region.  Production projects mangrove forests and coastal flood  Management policy zoning based on forests flood forest ecosystems and to  Management plans natural land potential in the Tuxpan-  Internet discussion forum (INECOL’s develop production projects and Boca del Río region. management plans within the web page)  Pilot production projects including Articles published and under framework of land-use planning for  management plans for the Tuxpan- preparation the central coastal plains of Boca del Río region. Veracruz, Mexico. Output 1.1. Environmental and  1 biophysical database and 1  GIS  Favourable climatic conditions socioeconomic diagnosis and valuation socioeconomic database completed  Databases and no natural disasters in the of environmental services provided by by the 3rd quarter of Year 1  Maps work area mangrove forests, flood forests and  1 geographic information system  Progress reports  Local communities’ willingness to replacement ecosystems (herbaceous (GIS) including biophysical and  Record of workshop participants and participate in the project marshes, flooded grasslands) in the socioeconomic data completed by workshop proceedings  No serious internal conflicts central coastal plains of Veracruz, the 4th quarter of Year 1  Testimonials by local community between local communities Mexico.  10 thematic maps and 1 physical- members (interview transcripts) related to land tenure or the use geographic landscape map for the  Progress reports of flooded forest resources, Tuxpan-Boca del Río region at a  Ecosystem diagnosis document except for the urbanization scale of 1:50,000 completed by the  Mathematical model on process in Boca del Río 4th quarter of Year 1 environmental services  Political changes do not affect the  6 community diagnostic workshops  Proposal on environmental services results of the project completed by the 3rd quarter of valuation (document) to be submitted Year 1 to the government  1 database on productivity, carbon  Methodological guide sequestration and mycorrhiza impact  Articles sent to selected journals completed by the 1st quarter of Year 3  1 database on water quality completed by the 3rd quarter of Year 3

14 PROJECT ELEMENTS INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION ASSUMPTIONS  1 Mathematical model on environmental services of wetlands under study completed by the 2nd quarter of Year 3  4 six-monthly progress reports  1 diagnosis document for these ecosystems submitted by the 4th quarter of Year 1  1 proposal for the valuation of environmental services provided by mangrove forests and coastal flood forests in the region submitted to CONAFOR and SEMARNAT by the 4th quarter of Year 3  1 methodological guide for the valuation of environmental services completed by the 4th quarter of Year 3  3 articles sent to selected journals by the 1st quarter of Year 3 Output 1.2. Compatibility analysis  1 land-use compatibility map  Record of workshop participants and  No serious internal conflicts between the current use of mangrove completed by the 2nd quarter of workshop proceedings between local communities and flood forests and their natural Year 3  Maps related to land tenure or the use potential for production activities as the  1 management policy zoning  Progress reports of flooded forest resources basis for management policy (harvesting, restoration and  Technical document on management  Political changes do not affect the allocations conservation) map completed by the  Drafts of scientific article results of the project 2nd quarter of Year 3  The legal framework for wetland  6 validation community workshops in management is maintained six communities neighbouring major  The interest of local communities, mangrove forests and coastal flood municipal authorities and federal forests in the Tuxpan-Boca del Rio government agencies in wetland region completed by the 2nd quarter management, conservation and of Year 3 restoration is maintained  1 six-monthly progress report  1 technical document containing a management proposal completed by the 4th quarter of Year 3  1 draft scientific article under preparation by the 4th quarter of Year 3

15 PROJECT ELEMENTS INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION ASSUMPTIONS Output 1.3. Pilot production projects for  12 interviews with key stakeholders  Interview records  No serious internal conflicts the sustainable use of mangrove completed by the 4th quarter of  Minutes of organisational meetings between local communities forests and coastal flood forests. Year 1 (2 in each of the 6  Record of workshop participants and related to land tenure or flooded communities neighbouring major workshop proceedings forest resources mangrove forests and coastal flood  Production projects implemented  Political changes do not affect the forests in the Tuxpan-Boca del Río  Management plans results of the project region completed by the 4th quarter  Discussion forum on INECOL’s web  The interest of local communities of Year 2 page and municipal and federal  12 meetings for the organisation of  Manual on organisation and training authorities in wetland community groups completed by the of pilot production groups management, conservation and 2nd quarter of Year 2 (2 in each of the restoration is maintained. 6 communities neighbouring major mangrove forests and coastal flood forests in the Tuxpan-Boca del Rio region)  6 production projects related to ecotourism, nurseries and/or payment of environmental services, including relevant management plans, completed by the 4th quarter of Year 3  6 management plans for mangroves and flood forests developed by the 4th quarter of Year 3  12 theoretical-practical training workshops completed by the 1st quarter of Year 3  Ongoing sharing of experiences with ITTO-financed mangrove projects from the 1st quarter of Year 2 onwards  1 Manual on organisation and training of pilot production groups completed by the 4th quarter of Year 3

16 6. Work plan

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Activities Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Activity 1.1.1. Interpretation of aerial photographs and classification of satellite images from 1970-2005; conduction of field surveys to assess topography, hydrology, soils, vegetation and land-use (structure, species composition, diversity) and bird fauna, with the participation of local community representatives; preparation of maps at a scale of 1:50 000; and incorporation of statistical data for the region from state and federal government agencies Activity 1.1.2. Measuring surface and underground plant production capacity; assessing the impact of mycorrhiza on mangrove forests, coastal flood forests and replacement ecosystems (popal and tular formations (herbaceous marshes) and flooded grasslands); estimating carbon sequestration; and assessing water quality in six major bodies of water associated with these ecosystems Activity 1.1.3. Implementation of diagnostic workshop and interviews with key stakeholders in six communities near major mangrove forests and flood forests in the central coastal plains of Veracruz to assess community perceptions on problems, goods and services (local fisheries, ecotourism, etc.) related to mangrove forests and coastal flood forests in the region Activity 1.1.4. Development of an integrated mathematical model describing environmental services derived from mangrove forests, coastal flood forests and replacement ecosystems, taking into account community perceptions Activity 1.2.1. Assessing the natural potential of mangrove areas and coastal flood forests based on the technical and community diagnosis for the implementation of viable low impact production activities (fishing, tourism, non-timber products harvesting) and contrasting the results with the current use of these ecosystems, identifying compatible and incompatible practices Activity 1.2.2. Identification of mangrove areas and coastal flood forests for the implementation of viable low-impact production (utilisation) activities and prioritisation of areas for ecosystem conservation and restoration Activity 1.2.3. Implementation of workshop for the validation and adjustment of management units and policies (conservation, restoration and harvesting) in each of the six communities neighbouring major mangrove forests and flood forests in the Tuxpan-Boca del Río region Activity 1.3.1. Organisation of community groups for the establishment of pilot production projects on ecotourism, nurseries and payment of environmental services such as biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration in mangrove areas and coastal flood forests Activity 1.3.2. Development of Internet forum to discuss lessons learned in ITTO projects on mangrove forests Activity 1.3.3. Training of organised community groups for the implementation of pilot production projects and restoration of degraded areas Activity 1.3.4. Development of management plans in coordination with production groups for the harvesting, conservation and restoration of mangrove areas and coastal flood forests in project areas

17

WORK PLAN AND PARTICIPATING PERSONNEL FROM THE EXECUTING AGENCY AND PERSONNEL HIRED WITH ITTO FUNDS

Institutional personnel working for the executing agency Personnel hired with ITTO funds Institutions I. Institute of II. UNAM III. IV. Univ. V. Ecology UAM Waterloo Pronatura Number 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Activity 1.1.1. Photointerpretation, field truthing and sampling, mapping Activity 1.1.2. Sampling to assess composition and structure of communities, carbon sequestration, water quality Activity 1.1.3. Community perceptions and diagnostic workshop and interviews Activity 1.1.4. Management model and criteria Activity 1.2.1. Potential for production activities and comparison with current land uses Activity 1.2.2. Prioritisation of production activities, conservation areas and restoration Activity 1.2.3. Workshop for validation and adjustment of management units and policies Activity 1.3.1. Organisation of community groups for the establishment of production projects Activity 1.3.2. Seminar and forum for the review of experiences from ITTO mangrove projects Activity 1.3.3. Training of production groups Activity 1.3.4. Development of management plans

18

I.1. Institute of Ecology. P. Moreno-Casasola I.2. Institute of Ecology. J. López Portillo I.3. Institute of Ecology. L. Ruelas I.4. Institute of Ecology. G. Salinas EXECUTING AGENCY PERSONNEL II.1. National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). A. Priego Santander II.2. National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM).. F. Flores Verdugo II.3. National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM).. J Alvarez Sanchez III.1. Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM). F Contreras IV.1. University of Waterloo. B Warner IV.2. University of Waterloo. R Aravena V. PRONATURA. Elisa Peresbarbosa 1. National Consultant – Coordination and general support. A.C. Travieso PERSONNEL TO BE HIRED WITH 2. National Consultant - Anthropology. K.Paradowska ITTO FUNDS 3. National Consultant – Geographic Information Systems. R. Monroy 4. National Consultant – Aerial Photography. G. Sánchez Vigil 5. National Consultant - Modelling. O. Pérez Maqueo 6. National field technician 1 7. National field technician 2

The anthropologist is part of the work team. This consultant has several years of experience in anthropological work with rural communities, environmental issues, participatory methods and local community work. Recent experience has shown the need to have a review conducted by an expert on local conditions and visions so as to understand the perceptions of the communities on their areas and the use of their resources. This consultant will participate in and coordinate the following activities: Activity 1.1.3 - Community perceptions and diagnostic workshop and interviews, Activity 1.2.3 - Workshop for validation and adjustment of management units and policies, and Activity 1.3.1 - Organisation of community groups for the establishment of production projects, and will also participate in activities 1.3.2, 1.3.3 and 1.3.4. The Anthropologist will also be involved in the implementation of the socioeconomic study, the development of questionnaires and methodologies for interviews and their application in the field, and the coordination of participatory workshops to be implemented during the project, including compilation of workshop results.

PRONATURA is a non-governmental organisation with extensive experience in community work. It is currently implementing a joint project with The Nature Conservancy in Veracruz to identify conservation items in the coastal area. The information generated by this group will be used as an input for our GIS and management plans, and the project will also work with them in the organisation and structuring of production projects and the training of community members.

19 Project organizational chart

The chart below shows the organizational flow and interactions between project activities. Shaded boxes indicate activities to be jointly implemented with local communities and mangrove and flood forest users

1.1.1. Photointerpretation, 1.1.2 Sampling to assess community 1.1.3 Community perceptions and 1.1.4 Management model and field truthing and sampling, composition and structure, carbon diagnostic workshop and interviews criteria design mapping sequestration, water quality

1.3.2 Seminar for the review of ITTO mangrove projects and other Technical and community diagnosis documents

1.2.1 Potential for production 1.2.2 Prioritisation of production activities, activities conservation areas and restoration

Contrastive analysis with current land uses

1.1.4 Development and adjustment of management model and criteria

1.3.3 Development of production 1.2.3 Validation workshop projects and training

Less detailed work will be carried out with the More detailed work will be carried out with the Organization of community work

communities of the following municipalities: communities of the following municipalities: teams Cazones, Papantla, Marinez de la Torre, Nautla, Tuxpan, Tecolutla, Vega de Alatorre, Actopan, Alto Lucero, Ursulo, Galvan, La Antigua Veracruz, Boca del Río 1.3.4 Development of management plans

20 7. Budget

Outputs Inputs Unit Quarter Budget Total /Activities Description No. Unit Cost Year Component Amount Source Output 1.1. Environmental and socioeconomic diagnosis and valuation of environmental services provided by mangrove forests, flood forests and replacement ecosystems (popal and tular formations (herbaceous marshes) and flooded grasslands) in the central coastal plains of Veracruz, Mexico

Project Director 90 days 58.07 Q1 to Q4 Y1 11.1 5,226 E

National experts (5 EXPERTS) 695 days 43.55 Q1 to Q4 Y1 11.2 30,267 E National consultant – Geographic Information Systems 12 months 2221.25 Q1 to Q4 Y1 12.1 26,655 I

National consultant – aerial photographs 2 weeks 1045.3 Q1 Y1 12.2 2,091 I National technician (GIS) 6 months 1045.3 Q2 to Q3 Y1 17.2 6,272 I National technician (FIELD) 18 months 1306.62 Q1 to Q4 Y1 17.3 23,519 I DSA - Field 145 days 34.8432 Q1 to Q4 Y1 31.1 5,052 I DSA - City 90 days 69.6864 Q1 to Q4 Y1 31.3 6,272 I Activity 1.1.1. Interpretation of aerial National air travel 6 522.648 Q1 to Q4 Y1 32.1 3,136 I photographs and classification of satellite images from 1970-2005; Premises (institution’s facilities) overall 13446 Q1 to Q4 Y1 41.1 13,446 E conduction of field surveys to assess Premises (field station) overall 13000 Q1 to Q4 Y1 41.3 13,000 E topography, hydrology, soils, Vehicle (to be used also for other activities) 1 20034.8 Q1 to Q4 Y1 43.1 20,035 I vegetation and land-use (structure, species composition, diversity) and Computer equipment 1 2613.24 Q1 to Q4 Y1 44.2 2,613 I bird fauna, with the participation of Computer equipment 3 2666.66 Q1 to Q4 Y1 44.2 8,000 E local community representatives; preparation of maps at a scale of Software 2 609.756 Q1 to Q4 Y1 44.3 1,220 I 1:50 000; and incorporation of Capital items (redox potential meter) 1 871.08 Q1 to Q4 Y1 44.5 871 I statistical data for the region from state Capital items (nucleators) 1 435.54 Q1 to Q4 Y1 44.6 436 I and federal government agencies Literature (libraries, databases and scientific collections) overall 20000 Q1 to Q4 Y1 45.1 20,000 E Chemicals overall 2177.7 Q1 to Q4 Y1 51.1 2,178 I IKONOS images 10 1306.62 Q1 to Q4 Y1 51.3 13,066 I Field materials overall 2,178 Q1 to Q4 Y1 51.4 2,178 I Aerial photographs 40 photographs 43.554 Q1 to Q4 Y1 51.6 1,742 I Services and spares 1 871.08 Q1 to Q4 Y1 52.1 871 I Gasoline - vehicle 24 trips 52.2648 Q1 to Q4 Y1 53.1 1,254 I Gasoline - overflight 2 1132.4 Q1 Y1 53.2 2,265 I Stationery and computer materials overall 4355.4 Q1 to Q4 Y1 54.1 4,355 I Publications 1 article 696.864 Q4 Y1 56.1 697 I

21 TOTAL 216,716

Project Director 100 days 58.07 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 11.1 5,807 E National experts (5 EXPERTS) 1520 days 43.55 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 11.2 66,196 E Q2 Y1, Q4 Y1, Q2 International consultant (Univ. of Waterloo) 180 days 120.5 16.1 21,690 E Y2, Q4 Y2 Labour 130 days 17.4216 Q2 Y1 to Q4 Y2 13.1 2,265 I MSc fellow 24 months 566.202 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 14.2 13,589 I PhD fellow 18 months 755 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 14.2 13,590 E National technician 24 months 1045.3 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 17.3 25,087 I National technician (FIELD) 12 months 1045.3 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 17.3 12,544 E DSA - field (WATER QUALITY) 46 days 34.8432 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 31.1 1,603 E DSA - field 125 days 34.8432 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 31.1 4,355 I DSA – city (WATER QUALITY) 24 days 69.6864 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 31.3 1,672 E Activity 1.1.2. Measuring surface and DSA - city 30 days 69.6864 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 31.3 2,091 I underground plant production capacity; Q2 Y1, Q4 Y1, Q2 International DSA 30 days 113.24 31.4 3,397 E assessing the impact of mycorrhiza on Y2, Q4 Y2 mangrove forests, coastal flood forests Q2 Y1, Q4 Y1, Q2 National travel 2 trips 522 32.2 1,044 I and replacement ecosystems (popal Y2, Q4 Y2 and tular formations (herbaceous Q2 Y1, Q4 Y1, Q2 marshes) and flooded grasslands); International travel 4 trips 740.418 33.1 2,962 E Y2, Q4 Y2 estimating carbon sequestration; and assessing water quality in six major Premises (institution’s facilities) overall 10000 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 41.1 10,000 E bodies of water associated with these Premises (Laboratory) overall 30000 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 41.2 30,000 E ecosystems Premises (Field station) overall 60000 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 41.3 60,000 E Boat 1 3048.78 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 43.2 3,049 I Capital items (scales) overall 1742.16 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 44.10 1,742 I Motor 1 1742.16 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 44.1 1,742 I Capital items (depth gauge - piezometer) 1 4355.4 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 44.7 4,355 I Capital items (current meter) 1 2177.7 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 44.8 2,178 I Capital items (multiparameter) 1 6097.56 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 44.9 6,098 I Chemicals overall 1742.16 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 51.1 1,742 E Glassware overall 1742.16 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 51.2 1,742 E Multiparameter electrodes 18 130.662 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 51.4 2,352 I Field material overall 2178 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 51.4 2,178 I Gasoline for vehicle 38 trips 52.2648 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 53.1 1,986 I Publications 2 article 696.864 Q1 Y3 56.1 1,394 I TOTAL 308,449

22

Project Director 30 days 58.07 Q2 to Q3 Y1 11.1 1742.1 E Activity 1.1.3. Implementation of diagnostic workshop and interviews National experts (2 EXPERTS) 100 days 43.55 Q2 to Q3 Y1 11.2 4,355 E with key stakeholders in six National consultant - Anthropologist 6 months 1306.62 Q1 to Q3 Y1 12.4 7,840 I communities near major mangrove DSA – Workshop participants 40 days 52.2648 Q1 to Q3 Y1 31.2 2,091 I forests and flood forests in the central DSA - City 30 days 69.6864 Q1 to Q3 Y1 31.3 2,091 I coastal plains of Veracruz to assess community perceptions on problems, Premises (Field station) overall 4000 Q1 to Q3 Y1 41.3 4000 E goods and services (local fisheries, Computer equipment 1 3000 Q1 to Q3 Y1 44.2 3000 E ecotourism, etc.) related to mangrove Digital camera 1 1306.62 Q1 to Q3 Y1 44.4 1,307 I forests and coastal flood forests in the region Gasoline 12 trips 52.2648 Q1 to Q3 Y1 53.1 627 I Stationery and computer materials overall 1306.62 Q1 to Q3 Y1 54.1 1,307 I TOTAL 28,358

Project Director 37 days 58.07 11.1 2,149 E National Expert 40 days 43.55 11.2 1,742 E Activity 1.1.4. Development of an integrated mathematical model National consultant - Modelling 5 months 1306.62 12.3 6,533 I describing environmental services derived from mangrove forests, coastal DSA - City 45 days 69.6864 31.3 3,136 I flood forests and replacement Premises (institution’s facilities) 4000 41.1 4000 E ecosystems, taking into account community perceptions Computer equipment 2 2000 44.2 4000 E

Stationery and computer materials overall 1306.62 54.1 1,307 I TOTAL 22,866

Output 1.2. Compatibility analysis between the current use of mangrove and flood forests and their natural potential for production activities as the basis for management policy allocations Activity 1.2.1. Assessing the natural Project Director 10 days 58.07 Q1 to Q2 Y3 11.1 581 E potential of mangrove areas and National experts (5 EXPERTS) 150 days 43.55 Q1 to Q2 Y3 11.2 6,533 E coastal flood forests based on the technical and community diagnosis for National consultant – Geographic Information Systems 3 months 1480.84 Q1 to Q2 Y3 12.1 4,443 I the implementation of viable low impact production activities (fishing, DSA - City 22 days 69.6864 Q1 to Q2 Y3 31.3 1,533 I tourism, non-timber products National travel 1 522.648 Q1 to Q2 Y3 32.1 523 I harvesting) and contrasting the results with the current use of these Computer equipment 1 2613.24 Q1 to Q2 Y3 44.2 2,613 I ecosystems, identifying compatible and incompatible practices Stationery and computer materials overall 871.08 Q1 to Q2 Y3 54.1 871 I

TOTAL 17,096

23

Project Director 10 days 58.07 Q1 to Q2 Y3 11.1 581 E National experts (4 EXPERTS) 180 days 43.55 Q1 to Q2 Y3 11.2 7,839 E

National Consultant – Geographic Information Systems 2 months 1480.84 Q1 to Q2 Y3 12.1 2,962 I Activity 1.2.2. Identification of mangrove areas and coastal flood Q1 to Q2 Y3, Q2 International Consultant (Univ. of Waterloo) 90 days 120.5 16.1 10,845 E forests for the implementation of viable Y2, Q4 Y2 low-impact production (utilisation) DSA - City 55 days 69.6864 Q1 to Q2 Y3 31.3 3,833 I activities and prioritisation of areas for ecosystem conservation and International DSA 19 days 113.24 Q1 to Q2 Y3 31.4 2,152 E restoration International travel 1 trip 740.418 Q1 to Q2 Y3 33.1 740 E Premises (institution’s facilities) overall 7000 Q1 to Q2 Y3 41.1 7,000 Computer equipment 1 3000 Q1 to Q2 Y3 44.2 3,000 Stationery and computer materials overall 435.54 Q1 to Q2 Y3 54.1 436 I TOTAL 39,387

Project Director 20 days 58.07 Q1 to Q2 Y3 11.1 1,161 E National experts (3 EXPERTS) 95 days 43.55 Q1 to Q2 Y3 11.2 4,137 E

National Consultant – Geographic Information Systems 1 months 1480.84 Q1 to Q2 Y3 12.1 1,481 I

Activity 1.2.3. Implementation of National consultant - Anthropologist 2 months 1306.62 Q1 to Q2 Y3 12.4 2,613 I workshop for the validation and adjustment of management units and National technician (FIELD) 3 months 1306.62 Q1 to Q2 Y3 17.3 3,920 I policies (conservation, restoration and DSA – Workshop participants 30 days 52.2648 Q1 to Q2 Y3 31.2 1,568 I harvesting) in each of the six communities neighbouring major DSA - City 30 days 69.6864 Q1 to Q2 Y3 31.3 2,091 I mangrove forests and flood forests in the Tuxpan-Boca del Río region Gasoline for vehicle 3 trips 52.2648 Q1 to Q2 Y3 53.1 157 I Stationery and computer materials overall 871.08 Q1 to Q2 Y3 54.1 871 I courier Communications 8 34.8432 Q1 to Q2 Y3 55.1 279 I services Book in printed and digital formats 1 9,582 Q2 Y3 56.2 9,582 I TOTAL 27,860

24

Output 1.3. Pilot production projects for the sustainable use of mangrove forests and coastal flood forests Project Director 43 days 58.07 Q4 Y1 to Q2 Y2 11.1 2,497 E

Activity 1.3.1. Organisation of National expert 20 days 43.55 Q4 Y1 to Q2 Y2 11.2 871 E community groups for the National consultant - Anthropologist 6 months 1306.62 Q4 Y1 to Q2 Y2 12.4 7,840 I establishment of pilot production projects on ecotourism, nurseries and Undergraduate fellowship (BSc) 6 months 150 Q4 Y1 to Q2 Y2 14.2 900 I payment of environmental services DSA – Workshop participants 60 days 52.2648 Q4 Y1 to Q2 Y2 31.2 3,136 I such as biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration in mangrove DSA - City 30 days 69.6864 Q4 Y1 to Q2 Y2 31.3 2,091 I areas and coastal flood forests Gasoline for vehicles 12 trips 52.2648 Q4 Y1 to Q2 Y2 53.1 627 I Stationery and computer materials overall 800 Q4 Y1 to Q2 Y2 54.1 800 I TOTAL 18,761

Project Director 55 days 58.07 Q1 to Q2 Y2 11.1 3,194 E

National technician (IT EXPERT) 1 months 1306.62 Q1 to Q2 Y2 17.3 1,307 I Activity 1.3.2. Development of Internet forum to discuss lessons learned in Premises (institution’s facilities) overall 6000 Q1 to Q2 Y2 41.1 6,000 E ITTO projects on mangrove forests Computer equipment 1 2000 Q1 to Q2 Y2 44.2 2,000 E

Stationery and computer materials overall 800 Q1 to Q2 Y2 54.1 800 I

TOTAL 13,300

Project Director 50 days 58.07 Q2 Y2 to Q1 Y3 11.1 2,904 E National experts (2 EXPERTS) 310 days 43.55 Q2 Y2 to Q1 Y3 11.2 13,501 E National consultant - Anthropologist 3 months 1306.62 Q2 Y2 to Q1 Y3 12.4 3,920 I

Activity 1.3.3. Training of organised National technician (CONAFOR trainer) 12 months 1450 Q2 Y2 to Q1 Y3 12.4 17,400 E community groups for the Undergraduate fellowship (BSc) 6 months 150 Q2 Y2 to Q1 Y3 14.2 900 I implementation of pilot production projects and restoration of degraded DSA – Workshop participants 60 days 52.2648 Q2 Y2 to Q1 Y3 31.2 3,136 I areas DSA - City 15 days 69.6864 Q2 Y2 to Q1 Y3 31.3 1,045 I Premises (Field station) 13000 Q2 Y2 to Q1 Y3 41.3 13,000 E Literature (libraries, databases and scientific collections) overall 15000 Q2 Y2 to Q1 Y3 45.1 15,000 E Gasoline for vehicle 12 trips 52.2648 Q2 Y2 to Q1 Y3 53.1 627 I

25 Stationery and computer materials overall 1000 Q2 Y2 to Q1 Y3 54.1 1,000 I Manual in printed and digital formats 1 4,000 Q2 Y3 56.2 4,000 I TOTAL 76,432

Project Director 95 days 58.07 Q2 to Q4 Y 3 11.1 5,517 E National experts (2 EXPERTS) 220 days 43.55 Q2 to Q4 Y 3 11.2 9,581 E National consultant - Anthropologist 3 months 1306.62 Q2 to Q4 Y 3 12.4 3,920 I Activity 1.3.4. Development of National technician 3 months 1306.62 Q2 to Q4 Y 3 12.4 3,920 I management plans in coordination with DSA – Workshop participants 40 days 52.2648 Q2 to Q4 Y 3 31.2 2,091 I production groups for the harvesting, DSA - City 25 days 69.6864 Q2 to Q4 Y 3 31.3 1,742 I conservation and restoration of mangrove areas and coastal flood Premises (Field station) overall 13770 Q2 to Q4 Y3 41.3 13,770 E forests in project areas Literature (libraries, databases and scientific collections) overall 8554 Q2 to Q4 Y3 45.1 8,554 E Computer equipment 1 1777 Q2 to Q4 Y3 44.2 1,777 E Gasoline for vehicle 6 trips 52.2648 Q2 to Q4 Y 3 53.1 314 I Stationery and computer materials overall 1200 Q2 to Q4 Y 3 54.1 1,200 I TOTAL 52,385 GRAND TOTAL 821,611

Dollar value: $11.48

A vehicle is requested because the truck owned by the Institute of Ecology A.C. also services other Institute researchers and therefore it is only available for limited periods of time. Most project activities will take place in the field and therefore it will be essential to have a secure and appropriate means of transport. A small boat and motor are also requested as these forests are flooded during at least 8 months of the year and have difficult access. The boats of local fishermen are timber boats that are rather heavy to carry and have limited capacity which hinders the work in the field.

26 Table 2 – PROJECT BUDGET BY SOURCE AND BY COMPONENT

Component SOURCE 10 30 40 50 TOTAL Activity Output 1.1. Environmental and socioeconomic diagnosis and valuation of environmental services provided by mangrove forests, flood forests and replacement ecosystems (popal and tular formations (herbaceous marshes) and flooded grasslands) in the central coastal plains of Veracruz, Mexico I 58,537 14,460 25,174 28,606 126,777 Activity 1.1.1. E 35,494 54446 89,940 Subtotal 1 94,030 14,460 79,620 28,606 216,717 I 40,941 7,491 19,164 7,909 75,505 Activity 1.1.2 E 119,825 9,634 100000 3,484 232,944 Subtotal 1 160,766 17,125 119,164 11,394 308,449 I 7,840 4,181 1,307 1,934 15,261 Activity 1.1.3 E 6,097 7,000 13,097 Subtotal 1 13,937 4,181 8,307 1,934 28,358 I 6,533 3,136 1,307 10,976 Activity 1.1.4. E 3,891 8000 11,891 Subtotal 1 10,424 3,136 8,000 1,307 22,866 SUBTOTAL (I) 113,850 29,268 45,645 39,756 228,519 SUBTOTAL (E) 165,307 9,634 169,446 3,484 347,871 TOTAL 1.1. 279,157 38,902 215,091 43,240 576,390 Output 1.2. Compatibility analysis between the current use of mangrove and flood forests and their natural potential for production activities as the basis for management policy allocations I 4,443 2,056 2,613 871 9,983 Activity 1.2.1 E 7,113 7,113 Subtotal 2 11,556 2,056 2,613 871 17,096 I 2,962 3,833 436 7,230 Activity 1.2.2. E 19,265 2,892 10000 32,157 Subtotal 2 22,226 6,725 10,000 436 39,387 I 8,014 3,659 10,889 22,561 Activity 1.2.3 E 5,299 5,299 Subtotal 2 13,313 3,659 0 10,889 27,860 SUBTOTAL (I) 15,418 9,547 2,613 12,195 39,774 SUBTOTAL (E) 31,677 2,892 10,000 0 44,569 TOTAL 1.2. 47,095 12,439 12,613 12,195 84,342 Output 1.3. Pilot production projects for the sustainable use of mangrove forests and coastal flood forests I 8,740 5,226 1,427 15,393 Activity 1.3.1. E 3,368 3,368 Subtotal 3 12,108 5,226 0 1,427 18,761 I 1,307 800 2,107 Activity 1.3.2 E 3,194 8000 11,194 Subtotal 3 4,500 0 8,000 800 13,300 I 4,820 4,181 5,627 14,628 Activity 1.3.3. E 33,804 28000 61,804 Subtotal 3 38,624 4,181 28,000 5,627 76,432 I 7,840 3,833 1,514 13,186 Activity 1.3.4. E 15,098 24101 39,199 Subtotal 3 22,937 3,833 24,101 1,514 52,385 SUBTOTAL (I) 22,706 13,240 0 9,368 45,314 SUBTOTAL (E) 55,464 0 60,101 0 115,565 TOTAL 1.3 78,169 13,240 60,101 9,368 160,879

SUBTOTAL (I) 1.1+1.2+1.3 151,974 52,056 48,258 61,319 313,607 SUBTOTAL (E) 1.1+1.2+1.3 252,447 12,526 239,547 3,484 508,004 TOTAL (I+E) 404,421 64,582 287,805 64,803 821,611 Table 3 - CONSOLIDATED YEARLY PROJECT BUDGET

BUDGET COMPONENTS TOTAL YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3

10 Project Personnel 11. National experts 176,379 71,640 58,503 46,236 12. National consultants 91,616 36,586 27,422 27,608 13. Other labour 2,265 871 871 523 14. Fellowships and training 28,977 8,226 12,524 8,227 16. International consultants 32,535 10,845 10,845 10,845 17. National technicians 72,649 39,199 20,122 13,328 Component Total 404,421 167,367 130,287 106,767 30 Duty Travel

31. DSA 56,175 22,047 13,510 20,618

32. International travel 3,702 1,481 1,481 740

33. Transport costs 4,705 3,659 523 523

Component Total 64,582 27,187 15,514 21,881

40 Capital Items

41. Premises 172,216 50,446 56,000 65,770 43. Vehicles 23,084 23,084 0 0 44. Capital equipment 46,951 33,561 6,000 7,390 45. Literature 45,554 20,000 10,000 15,554 Component Total 287,805 127,091 72,000 88,714 50 Consumable Items 51. Raw materials 27,177 27,177 0 0 52. Spares 871 871 0 0 53. Fuel 7,856 6,341 836 679 54. Office supplies 12,947 6,462 3,107 3,378 56. Publications 15,952 697 0 15,255 Component Total 64,803 41,548 3,943 19,312 60 Miscellaneous 62. Auditing 6,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 Component Total 6,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 70 Executing Agency Management Costs 123,241 41,080 41,080 41,081 Component Total 123,241 41,080 41,080 41,081

SUBTOTAL 950,852 406,273 264,824 279,755 80 ITTO Administration, Monitoring and Evaluation 81. Monitoring and review costs 30,000 82. Evaluation costs 15,000

83. Programme Support Costs 28,689 Component Total 73,689 100 GRAND TOTAL 1,024,541

28 Table 4. OVERALL PROJECT BUDGET BY ACTIVITY + NON-ACTIVITY BASED EXPENSES

50. 60. 10. Project 30. Duty 40. Capital Consumable Miscel- Quarter GRAND OUTPUTS/ACTIVIIES + non-activity based expenses Personnel Travel Items Items laneous /Year TOTAL Output 1.1. Environmental and socioeconomic diagnosis and valuation of environmental services provided by mangrove forests, flood forests and replacement ecosystems (popal and tular formations (herbaceous marshes) and flooded grasslands) in the central coastal plains of Veracruz, Mexico

Activity 1.1.1. Interpretation of aerial photographs and classification of satellite images from 1970-2005; conduction of field surveys to assess topography, hydrology, soils, I 58,537 14,460 25,174 28,606 Q1 to Q4 Y1 126,777 vegetation and land-use (structure, species composition, diversity) and bird fauna, with the participation of local community representatives; preparation of maps at a scale of 1:50 000; and incorporation of statistical data for the region from state and federal E 35,494 54,446 Q1 to Q4 Y2 89,940 government agencies

Activity 1.1.2. Measuring surface and underground plant production capacity; assessing I 40,941 7,491 19,164 7,909 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 75,505 the impact of mycorrhiza on mangrove forests, coastal flood forests and replacement ecosystems (popal and tular formations (herbaceous marshes) and flooded grasslands); estimating carbon sequestration; and assessing water quality in six major bodies of water associated with these ecosystems E 119,825 9,634 100000 3,484 Q2 Y1 to Q1 Y3 232,944

Activity 1.1.3. Implementation of diagnostic workshop and interviews with key I 7,840 4,181 1,307 1,934 Q2 to Q3 Y1 15,261 stakeholders in six communities near major mangrove forests and flood forests in the central coastal plains of Veracruz to assess community perceptions on problems, goods and services (local fisheries, ecotourism, etc.) related to mangrove forests and coastal flood forests in the region E 6097.1 7,000 Q2 to Q3 Y1 13,097

I 6,533 3,136 1,307 Q3 Y2 to Q2 Y3 10,976 Activity 1.1.4. Development of an integrated mathematical model describing environmental services derived from mangrove forests, coastal flood forests and replacement ecosystems, taking into account community perceptions E 3,891 8,000 Q3 Y2 to Q2 Y3 11,891

Subtotal 1 (I ) 113,850 29,268 45,645 39,756 0 228,519 Subtotal 1 (E ) 165,307 9,634 169,446 3,484 0 347,871 Subtotal 1 (I+E) 279,157 38,902 215,091 43,240 0 576,390

29 50. 60. 10. Project 30. Duty 40. Capital Consumable Miscel- Quarter GRAND OUTPUTS/ACTIVIIES + non-activity based expenses Personnel Travel Items Items laneous /Year TOTAL Output 1.2. Compatibility analysis between the current use of mangrove and flood forests and their natural potential for production activities as the basis for management policy allocations

Activity 1.2.1. Assessing the natural potential of mangrove areas and coastal flood I 4,443 2,056 2,613 871 Q1 to Q2 Y3 9,983 forests based on the technical and community diagnosis for the implementation of viable low impact production activities (fishing, tourism, non-timber products harvesting) and contrasting the results with the current use of these ecosystems, identifying compatible and incompatible practices E 7,113 Q1 to Q2 Y3 7,113

I 2,962 3,833 436 Q1 to Q2 Y3 7,230 Activity 1.2.2. Identification of mangrove areas and coastal flood forests for the implementation of viable low-impact production (utilisation) activities and prioritisation of areas for ecosystem conservation and restoration E 19,265 2,892 10,000 Q1 to Q2 Y3 32,157

Activity 1.2.3. Implementation of workshop for the validation and adjustment of I 8,014 3,659 10,889 Q1 to Q2 Y3 22,561 management units and policies (conservation, restoration and harvesting) in each of the six communities neighbouring major mangrove forests and flood forests in the Tuxpan- Boca del Río region E 5,299 Q1 to Q2 Y3 5,299

Subtotal 2 (I ) 15,418 9,547 2,613 12,195 0 39,774 Subtotal 2 (E ) 31,677 2,892 10,000 0 0 44,569 Subtotal 2 (I+E) 47,095 12,439 12,613 12,195 0 84,342 Output 1.3. Pilot production projects for the sustainable use of mangrove forests and coastal flood forests

Activity 1.3.1. Organisation of community groups for the establishment of pilot production I 8,740 5,226 1,427 Q4 Y1 to Q2 Y2 15,393 projects on ecotourism, nurseries and payment of environmental services such as biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration in mangrove areas and coastal flood forests E 3,368 Q4 Y1 to Q2 Y2 3,368

I 1,307 800 Q1 to Q2 Y2 2,107 Activity 1.3.2. Development of Internet forum to discuss lessons learned in ITTO projects on mangrove forests E 3,194 8,000 Q1 to Q2 Y2 11,194

30 50. 60. 10. Project 30. Duty 40. Capital Consumable Miscel- Quarter GRAND OUTPUTS/ACTIVIIES + non-activity based expenses Personnel Travel Items Items laneous /Year TOTAL

I 4,820 4,181 5,627 Q2 Y2 to Q1 Y3 14,628 Activity 1.3.3. Training of organised community groups for the implementation of pilot production projects and restoration of degraded areas E 33,804 28,000 Q2 Y2 to Q1 Y3 61,804

I 7,840 3,833 1,514 Q2 to Q4 Y 3 13,186 Activity 1.3.4. Development of management plans in coordination with production groups for the harvesting, conservation and restoration of mangrove areas and coastal flood forests in project areas E 15,098 24,101 Q2 to Q4 Y 3 39,199

Subtotal 3 (I ) 22,706 13,240 0 9,368 0 45,314 Subtotal 3 (E ) 55,464 0 60,101 0 0 115,565 Subtotal 3 (I+E) 78,170 13,240 60,101 9,368 0 160,879 NON-ACTIVITY BASED EXPENSES I Q1Y1 to Q4 Y3 0 Auditing E 6,000 Q1Y1 to Q4 Y3 6,000 Subtotal 4 (I ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 4 (E ) 0 0 0 0 6,000 6,000 Subtotal 4 (I+E) 0 0 0 0 6,000 6,000

ITTO Subtotal (I ) 151,974 52,056 48,258 61,319 0 313,607 Ex. Agency/Government Subtotal (E ) 252,447 12,526 239,547 3,484 6,000 514,004 TOTAL 404,421 64,582 287,805 64,803 6,000 827,611

(I ) - ITTO Contribution (E ) - Executing Agency/Host Government Contribution

31 Table 5. YEARLY PROJECT BUDGET BY SOURCE – ITTO CONTRIBUTION

/ Annual Disbursements TOTAL YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 Budget Components 10 Project Personnel 151,974 77,217 37,087 37,670 30 Duty Travel 52,056 22,822 11,150 18,084 40 Capital Items 48,258 45,645 0 2,613 50 Consumable Items 61,319 38,064 3,943 19,312 60 Miscellaneous 0 0 0 0 70 Executing Agency Management Costs 0 0 0 0 SUBTOTAL 1 313,607 183,748 52,180 77,679 80 ITTO Administration, Monitoring and Evaluation 81. Monitoring and review costs 30,000 82. Evaluation costs 15,000 SUBTOTAL 2 358,607 83. Programme support costs 28,689 ITTO TOTAL 387,296

Table 6. YEARLY PROJECT BUDGET BY SOURCE – EXECUTING AGENCY/GOVERNMENT CONTRIBUTION

/ Annual Disbursements TOTAL YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR3 Budget Components 10 Project Personnel 252,447 90,150 93,200 69,097 30 Duty Travel 12,526 4,365 4,364 3,797 40 Capital Items 239,547 81,446 72,000 86,101 50 Consumable Items 3,484 3,484 0 0 60 Miscellaneous 6,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 Executing Agency Management Costs (15% of total project 123,241 41,080 41,080 41,081 70 budget by activity) EXECUTING AGENCY /HOST GOVERNMENT TOTAL 637,245 222,525 212,644 202,076

32 Table 7. CONSOLIDATED YEARLY PROJECT BUDGET BY FINANCING SOURCE

Budget Components TOTAL YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 10 Project Personnel 11. National experts 176,379 71,640 58,503 46,236 ITTO 0 0 0 0 EXECUTING AGENCY/GOVERNMENT 176,379 71,640 58,503 46,236 12. National consultants 91,616 36,586 27,422 27,608 ITTO 74,216 36,586 14,372 23,258 EXECUTING AGENCY/GOVERNMENT 17,400 0 13,050 4,350 13. Other labour 2,265 871 871 523 ITTO 2,265 871 871 523 EXECUTING AGENCY/GOVERNMENT 0 0 0 0 14. Fellowships and training 28,977 8,226 12,524 8,227 ITTO 15,388 3,697 7,994 3,697 EXECUTING AGENCY/GOVERNMENT 13,589 4,529 4,530 4,530 16. International consultants 32,535 10,845 10,845 10,845 ITTO 0 0 0 0 EXECUTING AGENCY/GOVERNMENT 32,535 10,845 10,845 10,845 17. National technicians 72,649 39,199 20,122 13,328 ITTO 60,105 36,063 13,850 10,192 GOVERNMENT 12,544 3,136 6,272 3,136 Component Total - ITTO (I ) 151,974 77,217 37,087 37,670 Component Total - Ex. Agency/Government (E ) 252,447 90,150 93,200 69,097 Component Total (I + E) 404,421 167,367 130,287 106,767 30 Duty Travel 31. DSA 56,175 22,047 13,510 20,618 ITTO 47,351 19,163 10,627 17,561 EXECUTING AGENCY/GOVERNMENT 8,824 2,884 2,883 3,057 32. International travel 3,702 1,481 1,481 740 ITTO 0 0 0 0 EXECUTING AGENCY/GOVERNMENT 3,702 1480.84 1480.84 740.418 33. Transport costs 4,705 3,659 523 523 ITTO 4,705 3,659 523 523 EXECUTING AGENCY/GOVERNMENT 0 0 0 0 Component Total - ITTO (I ) 52,056 22,822 11,150 18,084 Component Total - Ex. Agency/Government (E ) 12,526 4,365 4,364 3,797 Component Total (I + E) 64,582 27,187 15,514 21,881 40 Capital Items 41. Premises 172,216 50446 56000 65770 ITTO 0 0 0 EXECUTING AGENCY/GOVERNMENT 50446 56000 65770 43. Vehicles 23,084 23,084 0 0 ITTO 23,084 23,084 0 0 EXECUTING AGENCY/GOVERNMENT 0 0 0 0 44. Capital equipment 46,951 33,561 6,000 7,390 ITTO 25,174 22,561 0 2,613 EXECUTING AGENCY/GOVERNMENT 21,777 11000 6000 4777 45. Literature /Information material 45,554 20000 10000 15554 ITTO 0 0 0 0 EXECUTING AGENCY/GOVERNMENT 45,554 20000 10000 15554 Component Total - ITTO (I ) 48,258 45,645 0 2,613 Component Total - Ex. Agency/Government (E ) 67,331 81,446 72,000 86,101 Component Total (I + E) 287,805 127,091 72,000 88,714

33 Budget Components TOTAL YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 50 Consumable Items 51. Raw materials 27,177 27,177 0 0 ITTO 23,693 23,693 0 0 EXECUTING AGENCY/GOVERNMENT 3,484 3,484 0 0 52. Spares 871 871 0 0 ITTO 871 871 0 0 EXECUTING AGENCY/GOVERNMENT 0 0 0 0 53. Fuel 7,856 6,341 836 679 ITTO 7,856 6,341 836 679 EXECUTING AGENCY/GOVERNMENT 0 0 0 0 54. Office supplies 12,947 6,462 3,107 3,378 ITTO 12,947 6,462 3,107 3,378 EXECUTING AGENCY/GOVERNMENT 0 0 0 0 56. Publications 15,952 697 0 15255 ITTO 15,952 697 0 15,255 EXECUTING AGENCY/GOVERNMENT 0 0 0 0 Component Total - ITTO (I ) 61,319 38,064 3,943 19,312 Component Total - Ex. Agency/Government (E ) 3,484 3,484 0 0 Component Total (I + E) 64,803 41,548 3,943 19,312 60 Miscellaneous 62. Auditing 6,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 Component Total - ITTO (I ) 0 0 0 0 Component Total - Ex. Agency/Government (E ) 6,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 Component Total (I + E) 6,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 70 Executing Agency Management Costs 123,241 41,080 41,080 41,081 Component Total - ITTO (I ) 0 0 0 0 Component Total - Ex. Agency/Government (E ) 123,241 41,080 41,080 41,081 Component Total (I + E) 123,241 41,080 41,080 41,081 ITTO SUBTOTAL (I ) 313,607 183,748 52,180 77,679 Ex. Agency /Government SUBTOTAL (E ) 637,245 222,525 212,644 202,076 SUBTOTAL (I + E) 950,852 406,273 264,824 279,755 80 ITTO Administration, Monitoring and Evaluation 81. Monitoring and review costs 30,000 82. Evaluation costs 15,000 83. Programme support costs 28,689 Component Total (I ) 73,689 100 GRAND TOTAL 1,024,541

34 PART III: OPERATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

1. Management structure

The technical coordination of this project as well as the administration of project resources will be under the responsibility of the Institute of Ecology, which has already concluded agreements with other institutions participating in the project, including the National Autonomous University of Mexico, the Metropolitan Autonomous University and the University of Waterloo. Work with the communities in the municipalities of the central coastal plains of Veracruz will be carried out with two different levels of detail. More detailed biophysical and monitoring work will be carried out in the six main communities that are adjacent to mangrove and flood forest areas in the Tuxpan-Boca del Río region, while only biophysical characterisation work will be conducted in the remaining communities. Social work and activities related to the development of community projects and management plans will be equally conducted in all participating communities. The intensity of this work will depend on the actual response of the communities concerned.

Institute of Ecology, A. C.

Metropolitan National Autonomous PRONATURA – University of Autonomous University of Mexico Veracruz (Non- Waterloo University governmental organisation)

More detailed work will be carried Less detailed work will be carried out with the communities of the out with the communities of the following municipalities: following municipalities: - Tuxpan - Cazones - Tecolutla - Papantla - Vega de Alatorre - Marinez de la Torre - Actopan - Nautla - Veracruz - Alto Lucero - Boca del Río - Ursulo, Galvan - La Antigua

2. Monitoring, reporting and evaluation

Once ITTO support has been provided, project progress reports will be submitted every six months. These reports will preferably be prepared before the Council sessions.

The project completion report will be submitted within 3 months of project completion.

Three technical reports will also be submitted on the following dates: first quarter of Year 2, first quarter of Year 3 and three months after project completion with a description of project results.

35 It is recommended that steering committee visits for monitoring and review be carried out in the second quarter of the first and second years, in conjunction with an annual meeting of all project technical committee members.

An ex-post evaluation is recommended as the project is aimed at the management of mangrove forests and flood forests and the implementation of sustainable pilot production projects with corresponding management plans so its results will only be seen after 3-5 years.

3. Future operation and maintenance

This project seeks to develop criteria for the management of mangrove forests and flood forests in the central coastal plains of Veracruz, Mexico. These criteria will then serve as a management tool for these ecosystems and will therefore constitute the basis for producers and authorities to make decisions on resource management. Furthermore, sustainable pilot production projects will be implemented with the participation of the local communities to strengthen and promote the funding and implementation of management systems.

36

PART IV: THE TROPICAL TIMBER FRAMEWORK

1. Compliance with ITTA 1994 objectives

This project will contribute to promote and support research and development with a view to improving forest management and efficiency of wood utilization by conducting studies on the composition, structure and functioning of forested wetlands as well as the quantification of environmental services provided by these ecosystems. In addition, the compatibility of current land uses and natural land potential for production activities will be analysed to serve as the basis for the development of criteria for the sustainable management of mangrove forests and coastal flood forests in the central coastal plains of Veracruz, identifying suitable areas for various types of uses and for the conservation and restoration of these ecosystems.

Furthermore, through community participation in the sustainable management of mangrove forests and coastal flood forests and the organisation and training of community groups for the implementation of sustainable pilot production projects, it will be possible to take into consideration local community interests for the generation of income and encourage local communities and government institutions to adopt management practices and support reforestation and rehabilitation activities in degraded areas, all of which will promote the implementation of management practices.

In general terms, project outputs should be framed within the integrated management of the coastal region considering the multiple interactions between coastal ecosystems. Furthermore, project outputs will contribute to the process of sustainable development, promoting the conservation of coastal ecosystems for present and future generations.

More specifically, the project will contribute to the following ITTO objectives: a) Objective c (To contribute to the process of sustainable development); b) Objective f (To promote and support research and development with a view to improving forest management and efficiency of wood utilization as well as increasing the capacity to conserve and enhance other forest values in timber producing tropical forests); c) Objective j (To encourage members develop tropical timber reforestation and forest management activities as well as rehabilitation of degraded forest land, with due regard for the interests of local communities dependent on forest resources); and d) Objective l (To encourage actions aimed at sustainable utilization and conservation of timber producing forests and their genetic resources and at maintaining the ecological balance in the regions concerned).

2. Compliance with ITTO Yokohama Action Plan

This project is consistent with ITTO Yokohama Action Plan 2002-2006 in the field of REFORESTATION AND FOREST MANAGEMENT. It will specifically support the following:

GOAL 1: “Support activities to secure the tropical timber resource base” through the following actions: 4. Promote the conservation, rehabilitation and sustainable management of threatened forest ecosystems, inter alia mangroves, in collaboration with relevant organizations. 5. Assess opportunities for, and promote development of, non-timber forest products and forest services which can improve the economic attractiveness of maintaining the forest resource base.

GOAL 2: “Promote sustainable management of tropical forest resources” through the following actions:

2. Develop and promote the implementation of guidelines for the management of secondary tropical forests, the restoration of degraded tropical forests and the rehabilitation of degraded forest land. 6. Monitor and assess the social, economic and environmental costs and benefits of sustainable management of natural forests.

37 10. Encourage members and assist them, where appropriate, to implement research and development activities in the management of secondary tropical forests, restoration of degraded tropical forests and rehabilitation of degraded forest land, taking into consideration ITTO guidelines.

In addition, the project is consistent with the ITTO Mangrove Work Plan 2002-2006, particularly in the areas of conservation and sustainable management (Area 1), socioeconomic aspects (Area 3), mangrove ecosystem functions and health (Area 4), and cooperation and capacity building (Area 5). The aspects of each area related to this project are detailed below:

Area 1: Conservation and sustainable management

 Assess existing, and if applicable develop new, methodologies and guidelines for assessing qualitative and quantitative aspects of mangroves

 Encourage members and assist them where appropriate to:

- implement sustainable mangrove management and establish protected mangrove areas, including buffer zones surrounding and influencing such areas - prepare and implement mangrove management plans - rehabilitate degraded mangroves.

Area 3: Socio-economic aspects  Encourage members and assist them where appropriate to:

- carry out work to assess the contribution of mangroves to, and impacts of mangrove degradation on, local communities and to generate sustainable socio- economic benefits from mangroves for local communities - conduct valuation studies of wood and non-wood goods and services from mangrove areas.

Area 4: Mangrove ecosystem functions and health

 Encourage members and assist them where appropriate to:

- undertake studies and projects to improve understanding of mangrove forest ecosystem structure, growth and function.

Area 5: Cooperation and capacity building

 Encourage members and assist them where appropriate to:

- increase mangrove management capacity for extension workers, government officials and local community leaders - Encourage and support cooperative relations between all stakeholders (e.g. national and international bodies, local communities, private sector, environmental NGOs) with responsibility for the conservation and sustainable utilization of mangrove ecosystems through networking, workshops, etc.

38 ANNEXES

A. Profile of the executing agency

Expertise of the executing agency

The Institute of Ecology A.C. (INECOL) was established on 7 August 1975 as part of the National System of Public Research Centres of the National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT), which brings together institutions concerned with scientific and technological research. Since 1989, its headquarters have been located in Xalapa, Veracruz. This is a basic and applied research institution focused on biology. Its academic staff comprises biologists and is complemented with agricultural engineers, chemists, geographers and foresters, among others. The institute is a public agency that develops scientific knowledge, generates public opinion, and trains ecology and biodiversity professionals for the conservation of the natural heritage and social and economic development in the country.

INECOL has led to the establishment of regional centres in the states of Michoacán, Durango and more recently, Chihuahua. In addition, smaller field research facilities have also been established, including the Piedra Herrada Station in Michilía, the Desert Laboratory in Mapimí, both in the state of Durango, and the Coastal Research Centre of La Mancha (CICOLMA) in Veracruz.

The establishment of INECOL was prompted by the need to conduct research on natural resource use, conservation and biodiversity in Mexico, which in turn was related to the need to have baseline studies and scientifically sound responses to address ecological problems associated with the use of natural resources. This position, which is still in force, has facilitated the accumulation of a great deal of experience.

The Institute’s current activities are focused on five research areas: ecology and physiology, animal behaviour, systemics, natural resource management, and biotechnology.

INECOL has provided support through scientific knowledge, professional expertise, guidance and services, including the implementation of environmental impact assessments and ecological management studies, to both the Federal Government and state governments such as Veracruz, Oaxaca, Nayarit, Durango, Michoacán, Chihuahua, Querétaro, Guanajuato and Jalisco, as well as CONACYT and many other public and private sector agencies.

Furthermore, INECOL contributes to the strengthening of technical and scientific education and training in the areas of biology and ecology at the national, state and regional levels, through the implementation of research projects and the provision of post-graduate programmes. Post-graduate activities started in 1994 and the Institute now offers 5 programmes, i.e. Master’s Degree and PhD in Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Master’s Degree and PhD in Systemics; and Master’s Degree in Wildlife Management (four of them recognised by CONACYT’s excellence programmes), as well as Joint Environmental Science Programme of the System of Public Centres – CONACYT, currently under development.

For the implementation of this project, the executing agency will work in close cooperation with the University of Waterloo, which has extensive experience in wetland ecology and carbon sequestration quantification, as well as with the non-governmental organisation PRONATURA A.C., Veracruz, which has implemented a number of projects in the state of Veracruz on the conservation of coastal ecosystems with a strong social participation component.

39 Organizational chart

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL

EXTERNAL EVALUATION COMMITTEE DIRECTOR GENERAL

INTERNAL COUNCIL

ACADEMIC TECHNICAL POST-GRADUATE SECRETARIAT SECRETARIAT DIVISION

Post-graduate Academic Committee

Biodiversity Evolutionary Soil Functional Applied Entomology Biodiversity and Bajio Units and Animal Biology Biology Ecology Ecology Dept. Systemics Dept. Flora Coordination Ecology Dept. Dept. Dept. Dept. Dept. Dept.

Mycology Unit Applied Forest Environmental Coastal Ecology and Entomology Resources Biotechnology Ecosystems Natural Unit Unit Unit Unit Resources Unit

40 Main projects and studies carried out by INECOL and donor agencies that supported them

The Institute of Ecology has implemented numerous research and service projects, a sample list of which is given below:

1. Ecological basis for management in Costa Alegre, Jalisco. Institute of Ecology A.C. – SEMARNAP/World Bank. 2. Structure and functioning of conservation wetlands and wetlands invaded by introduced species: A diagnosis and management proposal for the maintenance of environmental services as part of coastal land-use management. SEMARNAT-CONACYT. 3. Carbon Stores, Sequestration, Protection and Management of Coastal Swamp Forests and Wetlands of Mexico. Canadian International Development Agency, University of Waterloo. 4. A Participatory model for natural resource management. North American Wetlands. 2002-2003. 5. Consolidation of sustainable production projects in the coastal region. SEMARNAT. 2002. Moreno-Casasola, P. et al. 2002. Management Plan for the Natural Protected Area of Xochimilco and San Gregorio Atlapulco. CORENA – Government of the Federal District – Institute of Ecology A.C. 6. Restoration of cactaceous and other endemic plants in the Tehuacan-Cuicatlan Biosphere Reserve (third phase) for the access roads required in L.T. Temascal I.I. Oaxaca, state of Oaxaca. Federal Electricity Commission. 7. Development of Programme for the Management, Protection, Conservation and Restoration of Carpinus carolineana and Establishment of Guidelines for the Protection, Restoration, Conservation and Development of Natural Resources as a Compensatory Measure in Areas Affected by the Construction of L.T. Coatepec Las Trancas Junction-Xalapa II, State of Veracruz. Federal Electricity Commission. 8. Assessment of avocado (Persea americana) (“Hass avocado”) status as a potential host plan for fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) (Genus: Anastrepha) at various altitudinal levels and harvesting seasons in Michoacan. Association of Avocado Producers and Exporters of the State of Michoacan, A.C. 9. Biodiversity Conservation, Restoration and Sustainable Use in Fragmented Forest Landscapes. European Union. 10. Horned Guan Density Distribution in Mexico. Saint Louis Zoological Park.

Infrastructure of the executing agency

INECOL comprises 8 Departments and 6 Units. Its departments in both the ecology and systemics areas carry out research in relation to forests, rainforests and mangrove forests. These include the Departments of Functional Ecology, Soil Biology, Applied Ecology, Biodiversity and Systemics, as well the Forest Resources, Coastal Ecosystems and Ecology and Natural Resources Units.

The Institute’s facilities include the following: Soil Laboratory, Data Visualization Laboratory, Ecology Laboratory, Tissue Culture Laboratory, Anatomy Laboratory, xylotheca, carpentry workshop, herbarium with over 270,000 samples of vascular plants and 35,000 fungi in a database, library with over 22,000 books, 162 journal subscriptions and map library; field facilities including dormitory, kitchen-dining and laboratories at the Coastal Research Centre of La Mancha, located in the coastal region of Veracruz, one of the areas selected for this project.

Budget of the executing agency in the last three years

The table below shows the funding allocated by the Mexican Government (fiscal funds) to the Institute as well as the resources generated by the Institute through projects and services. All amounts are given in the national currency (exchange rate: 10-11.40 Mexican Pesos = US$1).

BUDGET FOR 2002-2004 (in national currency) 2002 2003 2004 Fiscal funding 107,310,666.00 140,383,033.01 137,962,151.30 Own resources 14,195,583.11 28,015,824.87 15,583,000.00 TOTAL 121,506,249.11 168,398,857.88 153,545,151.30

41

Personnel

INECOL’s administrative staff includes 15 executive public servants and 90 general administrative and support staff members. In addition, the Institute has 115 researchers and 83 technicians. Therefore, the total number of people employed by the Institute is 303.

As previously mentioned, the Institute’s activities are focused on various research areas and projects in the fields of forest species ecology and systemics, although only one Department with 5 researchers and 1 technician is devoted to forestry issues and timber management. A detailed breakdown is given below:

Category No. of PhD Master’s Bachelor’s Other Total positions Degree Degree filled Principal A 16 14 1 1 16 Principal B 18 18 18 Principal C 29 25 2 2 29 Associate C 40 20 14 5 1 40 Associate B 10 2 5 3 10 Associate A 2 2 2 Subtotal Inv. 115 79 22 13 1 115

B. CURRICULA VITAE OF THE KEY STAFF

Dr Patricia Moreno-Casasola. Project Director. Expert in wetland and coastal dune ecology. Institute of Ecology A.C. Born in Mexico D.F. on 12 May 1949. Biology degree from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). PhD in Plant Ecology from the University of Uppsala, Sweden. Specialization course in Sustainable Development at the University of Lanus, Argentina. Principal Researcher Class C at the Institute of Ecology A.C. Has worked as Head of Laboratory, Head of Department, Head of Post-graduate Studies both at UNAM and the Institute of Ecology, where she is currently employed. Has coordinated 10 graduate and 13 undergraduate theses and participated in numerous research efforts on wetland and coastal dune ecology as well as coastal region management. The results have been published in nearly 100 articles and book chapters at the national and international levels. Has conducted research internships in England, Canada, Argentina, Cuba and Spain. Has coordinated more than 20 management projects for the coastal region of Mexico, including in Costa Alegre, Jalisco and Huatulco, Oaxaca. Has participated in over 150 congresses both as a speaker and participant. Member of the faculty of PhD course in Ecology and Management of Resources of the Institute of Ecology, A.C. Regularly teaches at courses in the University of Alicante, Spain, in FLACAM and the University of Lanus in Argentina, and in the Sabana-Camaguey Project in Cuba.

Dr Jorge Lopez-Portillo. Researcher specialised in mangrove ecology. Institute of Ecology A.C. Born in Mexico City, Mexico, on 22 August 1953. Biology degree from the Faculty of Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). PhD in Ecology from the Ecology Centre/College of Arts and Science (currently the Institute of Ecology), U.N.A.M. Has worked as a researcher at the Institute of Ecology A.C. (INECOL) since March 1979, holding various executive positions. Currently working as the Academic Secretary of the Institute. Member of the National Researchers System at Level I. Has participated in 6 research projects supported by CONACYT and around 15 projects on environmental impact, ecological management, ecological feasibility and environmental monitoring, working mostly as coordinator. Has trained two bachelor’s degree students, three master’s degree students and one PhD candidate. Currently training one bachelor’s degree student and five PhD candidates. Has participated as coordinator in various courses throughout the Republic of Mexico. Research areas include Functional Ecology in various environments and at different scales, particularly mangrove ecosystems. Has produced multiple publications on the above topics.

Dr Angel Guadalupe Priego Santander. Researcher specialised in Geography and Land Management. National Autonomous University of Mexico. Born in Havana, Cuba, on 21 July 1964. Mexican citizenship. Bachelor’s degree in Geography from the University of Havana and Master’s degree in Ecology and Applied Systemics from the Institute of Ecology and Systemics, Cuba. PhD in Ecology and Management of Natural Resources from the University of

42 Ecology, A.C. Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Worked as a researcher for 13 years at the National Biodiversity Centre of Cuba and was Deputy Director of Biophysical Environmental Studies at the National Institute of Ecology of the Secretariat for Natural Resources for 3 years. Currently working as a full-time researcher at the Institute of Geography of the National University of Mexico, in Morelia, Mexico. Areas of work: landscape geo-ecology and ecological land management. Has participated in multiple research projects both in Cuba and Mexico and has participated in more than 20 publications, and as senior author in 7 of them. Has lectured at training and post-graduate courses in Mexico, Cuba, Colombia and Bolivia.

Dr Francisco Flores Verdugo. Researcher specialised in mangrove ecology. National Autonomous University of Mexico. Born in Culiacan, Sinaloa, on 16 April 1950. Bachelor’s Degree in Chemistry/Pharmacology/Biology (Biochemist/Microbiologist) from the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Master’s Degree and PhD in Biological Oceanography from the Academic Unit, Professional and Post-graduate Cycles, College of Arts and Science (UACPyP – CCH), Institute of Sea Science and Limnology – UNAM. Principal Researcher in charge of the Laboratory for Coastal Ecosystem Conservation, Management and Restoration of ICMyL-UNAM, MAZATLAN UNIT. Author of more than 30 publications in national and international journals, book chapters from international publishing houses including Academic Press and Kluwer, among others. Consultant and adviser to PROFEPA, WWF, IUCN, OAS, INE, NGOs, CEMDA, Florianapolis Town Council (Brazil), Scientific Committee of Estero del Soldado, CONABIO. Guest trainer at the Regional Programme for Scientific and Technological Development. Organization of American States (OAS), various diploma courses in ecology. Autonomous University of Guadalajara, School of Biology, Courses-Workshops for the Knowledge and Management of Wetlands in Mexico, Wetlands International – Fish & Wildlife Service of Arizona-INE-SEMARNAP, Training Course in Wetland Management. Ministry for the Environment of Colombia and RAMSAR Convention, Diploma in Natural Resource Management and Conservation. Wetland Management Module. Training Programme by DUMAC, USFWS, D.U. Inc., UADY. Scientific publications include 12 publications in international indexed journals, 6 publications in national journals under editorial committees, 10 book chapters published by international publishing houses and 11 chapters by national publishing houses, 67 papers presented at national (42) and international (25) congresses, plenaries 4, guest speaker 26. Has coordinated one PhD thesis, one Master’s degree thesis and 6 bachelor’s degree theses.

Dr Javier Alvarez Sanchez. Researcher specialised in mycorrhiza and edaphic processes. National Autonomous University of Mexico Born in Mexico City on 30 January 1959. Bachelor’s, Master’s and PhD degrees from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). Currently serving as Full-Time Principal Professor in the Department of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Faculty of Science of UNAM. Professor at the Bachelor’s Degree Course in Biology since 1982 and post-graduate course since 1987. Has coordinated 15 bachelor’s and master’s degree theses. Specialised in soil ecology for tropical rainforests, particularly ecology of arbuscular mycorrhiza and mulch decomposition. His research results have been published in 27 journals, book chapters and books, as well as over 70 papers in national and international congresses. Has served as Treasurer and President of the Botanical Society of Mexico, Research Coordinator and General Coordinator of the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, UNAM. Also served as Director of the Biological Research Centre of the Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo. Has recently been appointed as President of the Mexican Society for Mycorrhizal Symbiosis.

Dr Francisco Contreras Espinosa. Researcher specialised in hydrobiology. Metropolitan Autonomous University Born in Mexico City, Mexico, on 30 November 1948. Biology degree from the Faculty of Science of UNAM and PhD in Biological Science from the Metropolitan Autonomous University. Since 1978, has worked in the Division of Biological Science and Health; Department of Hydrobiology of the Metropolitan Autonomous University – Iztapalapa; currently serving as Full-Time Professor/Principal Researcher Class “C”, co-officer in charge of the Documentation Centre on Mexican Coastal Ecosystems (CDELM) and Doctor in Biological Science. Has worked as a researcher in the Eco-Development Centre from 1985 to 1992 and from 1990 to 1997. Member of the National Researchers System. Area of specialisation: primary production in coastal ecosystems and use and management of coastal regions. His academic work includes 47 scientific articles published in specialised journals, 9 scientific books (one of which – Lagunas Costeras Mexicanas – is in its third edition), 14 dissemination articles, 34 papers presented in specialised meetings, and 28 keynote speeches and 23 specialised events as a guest speaker, 8 bibliographic volumes and one CD produced by the Documentation Centre on Mexican Coastal Ecosystems. Has coordinated 20 research projects financed by external agencies (CONACYT, SEPESCA, SEMARNAP, CONABIO, CIDA, etc.). Has taught in 113 bachelor’s degree courses at UNAM and 9 courses in other institutions as guest professor (Veracruzan University, University of Chiapas, University of Sonora,

43 University of Havana). Participates in 11 diploma courses as professor. Has coordinated 34 degree papers and has been quoted in 228 scientific papers.

Dr Laura Celina Ruelas Monjardin. Researcher specialised in sociology. Institute of Ecology A.C. Born in Badiraguato, Sinaloa, on 7 April 1961. Bachelor’s Degree in Sociology from the Veracruzan University. Master’s Degree in Management from the Veracruzan University. Obtained a CONACYT fellowship to undertake PhD studies at the University of Liverpool, United Kingdom, where she completed her PhD in July 2004. Worked as officer in charge of the now defunct INIREB. Currently employed at the Institute of Ecology A.C. Has conducted research on forest industry, timber market, socioeconomic aspects of resource management, water management, collaborative planning and conflict management. Has taught in community development and social management courses for the bachelor’s degree programme in agricultural and social sciences at the Veracruzan University. Her research results have been published in 3 articles and 2 book chapters.

Ana Cecilia Travieso Bello, MSc. Curricular summary of one of the technicians to be recruited. Born in Matanzas, Cuba, on 8 November 1969. Mexican citizenship. Biology Degree from the University of Havana, Cuba. Diploma in Integrated Management of Coastal Areas from the EPOMEX Programme of the Autonomous University of Campeche, Mexico. Master of Science Degree from the Institute of Ecology, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz. PhD candidate in Ecology and Management of Natural Resources in the same institution. Teaches in undergraduate and graduate programmes at the Veracruzan University and has coordinated 6 specialisation theses. Has participated in multiple research projects on biodiversity at the landscape and local levels and impact of human activities on wetland composition, structure and functioning. Has one article published and several articles and book chapters in print.

Terms of reference of the personnel to be recruited with ITTO funds

1. National Technician (Coordination and General Support) – Ana Cecilia Travieso MSc Biologist with experience in wetland ecology, ecological management and community work. Terms of reference for this contract: a) Coordination of environmental and socioeconomic diagnosis activities to establish management criteria; b) development of databases; c) analysis of compatibility between current uses of mangroves and flood forests and their natural potential for production activities; d) coordination and development of management plans as well as the process of development and implementation of management practices with the local communities; e) coordination for the organisation of the seminar/workshop and the preparation of a discussion document on sustainable mangrove management alternatives to be discussed at the forum.

2. National Consultant (Anthropologist). Krystina Paradowska MSc Anthropologist with over five years experience in environmental issues, knowledge of participatory approaches and local community work. Previous experience has shown the need to conduct a review to understand the perceptions of each of the communities on their areas and the use of their resources, as well as an analysis of conflicts and interests prevailing in the area that may affect the conservation and use of those resources. Terms of reference for this contract: a) carry out a socioeconomic diagnosis; b) develop questionnaires and methodologies for interviews and their application in the field; c) coordinate participatory workshops and compile their results; d) coordinate the implementation of the workshop for validation and adjustment of management units and policies; and e) assist in the organisation and training of production groups.

3. National Consultant in Geographic Information Systems – Roberto Monroy, Biol. Expert in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Terms of reference for this contract: a) design and develop a GIS for the central coastal region of Veracruz; b) integrate environmental and socioeconomic information to set up the GIS system; c) conduct consultations and analyse data, as well as GIS applications to develop management proposals; d) design GIS-based maps; e) design a web-based discussion forum to be incorporated into the web page of the Institute of Ecology A.C.

4. National consultant in aerial photography – Lic. Gerardo Sánchez Vigil Specialised photographer for taking aerial photographs at different scales to provide information on the hydrology and heterogeneous quality of the system and produce detailed mapping. Terms of reference for this contract: a) capture a photographic sequence of the coastal wetlands at different scales (including aerial and field work).

44 5. National consultant in modelling – Dr. Octavio Pérez-Maqueo Biologist with over five years experience in biological system modelling and simulation, familiar with the valuation of environmental services. Terms of reference for this contract: a) develop a model for the valuation of goods and services provided by mangrove forests and flood forests, taking into consideration ecological (carbon sequestration, fisheries, biodiversity, product harvesting) and socioeconomic aspects.

6. National Technician 1 (field technician) – To be identified Technician (biologist or geographer) with experience in mapping and field topographic, water and soil surveys to support environmental diagnosis activities in the field. Terms of reference for this contract: a) assist in soil, hydrological and water quality samplings; b) assist in sample processing; c) conduct the digitalisation of maps and aerial photographs; d) assist in the collection of physical, biological and socioeconomic data.

7. National Technician 2 (field technician) – To be identified Biologist with experience in plant ecology fieldwork. Terms of reference for this contract: a) assist in field data collection on wetland flora and fauna composition, structure and productivity as well as water quality.

REFERENCES

Results and experiences of ITTO mangrove projects and other related efforts:

Conservation and management for multiple use and development of mangrove forests in Colombia. INDERENA ITTO PD 171-91 Rev. 2(F) Management, conservation and development of mangrove forests in Panama. INRENARE ITTO PD 128-91 Rev. 2 (F) Development and dissemination of reforestation techniques for mangrove forests. JAM- NATMANCOM ITTO PD 11-92 Rev. 1 (F) Demonstration project for the restoration and sustainable multiple-use management of mangrove ecosystems on the Ecuadorian coast. ITTO PD 152-02 Rev. 3 (F) Conservation and reforestation of threatened mangrove areas on the Pacific coast of Panama. PD 156-02 Rev. 3 (F) Lacerda, L.D . 2003. Sustainable Management of Mangrove Forest Ecosystems: Brazil. ISME/WB Code of Conduct for sustainable Mangrove Managment Project, p: 24-31 ISME/cenTER/CAW, University of Aarhus. GLOMIS Code: REBR1002132 Bodero, A. and Rentamales, R. 2003. Sustainable Management of Mangrove Forest Ecosystems: Ecuador. ISME/WB Code of Conduct for sustainable Mangrove Managment Project, p: 14-18. ISME/cenTER/CAW, University of Aarhus. GLOMIS Code REBR1002133 Alvarez-Leon, R. 2003. Sustainable Management of Mangrove Forest Ecosystems: Colombia. ISME/WB Code of Conduct for sustainable Mangrove Management Project, p.19-23. ISME/cenTER/CAW, University of Aarhus GLOMIS Code REBR1002134 Suman, D., 1994. Status of mangrove forests in Latin America and the Caribbean Basin. p. 11-20. In: D.O. Suman (ed.) El Ecosistema de Manglar en América Latina y la Cuenca del Caribe: Su Manejo y Conservación. RSMAS, Univ. Miami and The Thinker Foundation. New York. 264 pp.

Discussion of experiences and techniques described in these documents:

Aragón, B.B., A.E. Barrios y L.M. De León. 1994. Los manglares de Guatemala. p. 125-132. In: D.O. Suman (ed.) El Ecosistema de Manglar en América Latina y la Cuenca del Caribe: Su Manejo y Conservación. RSMAS, Univ. Miami and The Thinker Foundation. New York. 264 pp. Baran, E. 2000. Valuing the environment as input: Review of applications to mangrove-fishing linkages. Ecological Economics 35:47-61 Benítez, M., Machado, M., Aguilar, J., Campos, A., Duron, G., Aburto, C., Reinaldo, C. and S. Gammage. 2000. Una plataforma de Acción para el Manejo Sostenible de los Manglares del Golfo de Fonseca que comprende Honduras y El Salvador. International Center for Research on Women

45 Chau, N.B. 1998. Initial study of beekeeping in the mangrove of Giao Thuy District, Nam Dinh Province. In: Hong, P.N. and Dao, P.T.A. (eds.), National Workshop on Socio-economic Situation of Women in Mangroves of Coastal Areas -trend to Improve their Life and Environment, Hanoi, 1 October- 4 November 1997. pp. 138-148. Centre for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies (CRES), Vietnam Women's Association and Action for mangrove Reforestation CBNRM - Community-Based Mangrove Management (Cambodia) http://web.idrc.ca/es/ev-5480-201- 1-DO_TOPIC.html Gasana, J. K. y M. Borobia. 2003. Mangrove Management. ITTO Forest Tropical Update. 12 (4) 14- 16. Geoghegan, T. y A. Smith. 2002. Caribbean: Conservation and sustainable livelihoods: collaborative mangrove management in St. Lucia International Forestry Review v. 4(4), special issue, p. 292-297. Glaser, M. and Diele, K. 2004. Asymmetric outcomes: assessing central aspects of the biological, economic and social sustainability of a mangrove crab fishery, Ucides cordatus (Ocypodidae), in North Brazil. Ecological Economics 49:361-373 Instituto Nacional de Mujeres. 2002. Mujeres, género y sustentabilidad, la experiencia de una zona marino-costera en México. International Tropical Timber Organization. 2002. ITTO Mangrove Work Plan 2002-2006. www.itto.or.jp/live/pagedisplayhandler?pageid=201. ISME. Manual and World Atlas on Natural Mangrove Forests for the Restoration of Mangrove Ecosystems ITTO. 2003. Mangroves: forests worth their salt. International Organizations Center. Kakuma, S. 2004. Co-management of coastal fisheries resources in tropical and subtropical regions. In: Vannucci, M. (ed.), Mangrove Management & Conservation. p. 208-218. Publishing Division of United Nations University, 2 United Nations Plaza, Room DC 2-2062, New York, NY 10017, USA Lara-Domínguez, A., Yánez-Arancibia, A. and J. W. Day. Sustainable Management of mangroves in Central America http://www.iucn.org/themes/cem/library/reports/gbf_articles /central_america_anna_laura_lara_dominguez.doc Machintosh, D, J. and E. C. Ashton. 2004. Principios para un código de conducta para la gestión y uso sostenible de ecosistemas de manglar. World Bank; ISME; cenTer Aarhus. Primavera, J.H. and Agbayani, R.F. 1996. Comparative strategies in community-based mangrove rehabilitation programmes in the Philippines. In: Hong, P.N., Ishwaran, N., Thi San, H., Tri, N.H., and Tuan, T.M.S. (eds.), Proceedings of the ECOTONE V on Community Participation in Conservation, Sustainable Use and Rehabilitation of Mangroves in Southeast Asia, 8-12 January 1996, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. 229-243pp. Publisher: International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems, Okinawa, Japan Ronnback, P. 1999. The ecological basis for economic value of sea food production supported by mangrove ecosystems. Ecological Economics 29:235-252 Saenger, P. and Bilham, K. 1995. Sustainable management of mangrove ecosystems. In: Khemnark, C. (ed.), Proceedings of the Ecotone IV on Ecology and Management of Mangrove Restoration and Regeneration in East and Southeast, , Wang Tai Hotel, Surat Thani, Thailand, 18-22 January 1995. pp. 171-176 Seymour, T. 2005. Plan Change 3 (Mangrove management) to the regional coastal plan for Northland. Northland Regional Council. Vannucci, M. 2004. Mangrove Management and Conservation: Present and Future . United Nations University Press. 352 pp. Wetlands International-Thailand Programme. 1997. Community Participation in Mangrove Forest Management and Rehabilitation in Southern Thailand. Ramsar Convention on Wetlands 10 June 1997. Zheng, D., Zheng, S.M., Liao, B. and Li, Y. 1995. The utilization, protection and afforestation of mangrove wetlands. Forest Research 8(3):322-328

46 Environmental services:

Acharya, G. 2000. Approaches to valuing the hidden hydrological services of wetland ecosystems. Ecological Economics 35:63-74. Acharya, G., and E.B. Barbier. 2000. Valuing groundwater recharge through agricultural production in the Hadejia-Jama’are wetlands in northern Nigeria. Agricultural Economics 22:247-259. Agüero, M.N. 1999. Cómo estimar el valor económico de los manglares: un método y un ejemplo. p. 319-344. In A. Yáñez-Arancibia and A.L. Lara-Domínguez (eds.) Mangrove Ecosystems in Tropical America. Instituto de Ecologia, A.C. Mexico, UICN/ORMA Costa Rica, NOAA/NMFS Silver Spring MD USA, 380 pp. Bann, C. 1997. The Economic Valuation of Alternative Tropical Forest Land Use Options' Bann, C. The Economic Valuation of Mangroves: A Manual for Researchers. EEPSEA-Pioneered study of Koh Kong mangrove, Cambodia Bann, C. An economic analysis of alternative mangrove management strategies in Koh Kong Province, Cambodia. Research Report. Barbier, E.B. 1994. Valuing environmental functions: Tropical wetlands. Land Economics 70(2):155-173. Barbier, E.B., M. Acreman, and D. Knowler. 1997. Economic Valuation of Wetlands: A Guide for Policy Makers and Planners. Geneva, Switzerland: Ramsar Convention Bureau. Barbier, E.B., and I. Strand. 1998. Valuing mangrove-fishery linkages: A case study of Campeche, Mexico. Environmental and Resource Economics 12:151-166 Barbier, E.B. 2000. Valuing the environment as input: Applications to mangrove-fishery linkages. Ecological Economics 35:47-61. Barbier, E.B., I. Strand, and S. Sathirathai. 2002. Do open access conditions affect the valuation of an externality? Estimating the welfare effects of mangrove-fishery linkages. Environmental and Resource Economics 21(4):343-367. Barbier, E.B. 2003. Habitat-fishery linkages and mangrove loss in Thailand. Contemporary Economic Policy 21(1):59-77. Batie, S.S., and J.R. Wilson. 1978. Economic values attributable to Virginia’s coastal wetlands as inputs in oyster production. Southern Journal of Agricultural Econom Constanza, R., S. C. Farber and J. Maxwell. 1989. "Valuation and management of wetland ecosystems". Ecological Economics 1: 335-361. Dixon, JA 1989. Valuation of mangroves. Tropical Coastal Area Management 4(3):1-6. Edward, B.B. 2000. The values of wetlands: landscape and institutional perspectives: Valuing the environment as input: review of applications to mangrove-fishery linkages. Ecological Economics 35:47-61 Economic Valuation of Environmental Impacts: A Workbook, 1996, Office of the Environment and Social Development, Asian Development Bank. Appendix 24 E http://www.adb.org/Documents/Guidelines/Eco_Analysis/appendix24.asp Grasso, M.. 1998. Ecological-economic model for optimal mangrove trade off between forestry and fishery production: comparing a dynamic optimization and a simulation model. Ecological Modelling 112:1311-150 Groot R.S., M.A. Wilson and R.M.J. Boumans. 2002. A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecological Economics 41 :393- 408. Herrador, D. and L. Dimas. 2000. Aportes y limitaciones de la valoración económica en la implemetación de esquemas de pago por servicios ambientales. Boletín PRISMA No. 41. Kauffman, R.K. A. Richmond y R. B. Mynem. Valuing environmental services : a shadow price for net primary production Lara-Domínguez, A.L., A. Yánez-Aranciba y J. C. Seijo. 1998. "Valuación económica de los servicios ambientales". In: R.M. del Pont Lalli (ed.). Aspectos económicos sobre la biodiversidad de México. CONABIO, México, pp: 23-44. Pagiola, S., P. Agostini, J. Gobbi, C. de Haan, M. Ibrahim, E. Murgueitio, E. Ramírez, M. Rosales and J. P. Ruíz. Paying for Biodiversity. Conservation Services in Agricultural LandscapesKhalil, S. 1999. Economic valuation of the mangrove ecosystem along the Karachi coastal areas. In. J.E. Hecht (-ed.) The economic value of the environment: cases from South Asia. IUICN. Pagiola, S., von ritter, K. and J. Bishop. 2004. Assessing the Economic Value of Ecosystem Conservation. The Worl Bank Environment Department. Washington D.C. USA p 58

47 White, D., F. Holmann, S. Fuijsaka, K. Reategui, and C. Lascano. 2001. “Will Intensifying Pasture Management in Latin America Protect Forests? – Or is it the Other Way Round?” In A. Angelsen and D. Kaimowitz (eds), Agricultural Technologies and Tropical Deforestation. Oxford: CAB International. World Bank, 2003b. “State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2003.” Washington: World Bank. Zelek, C.A., and G.E. Shively. 2003. “Measuring the Opportunity Cost of Carbon Sequestration in Tropical Agriculture.” Land Economics, 79:3, pp.342-354.

Environmental services market:

Ferraro, P.J., and A. Kiss. 2002. “Direct Payments for Biodiversity Conservation.” Science, 298, pp.1718-1719. Herrador, D. and L. Dimas. 2000. Aportes y limitaciones a la valoración económica en la implementación de esquemas de pago por servicios ambientales. Programa Salvadoreño de Investigación sobre Desarrollo y Medio Ambiente (PRISMA ) Jaramillo, L. 2003. “Estimations of the Opportunity Costs of Forested Land in Mexico.” Mexico: National Institute of Ecology (processed). Mobilizing Funding For Biodiversity Conservation. 2001. A user-Friendly Training Guide. Water- based Finance Mechanisms. p 26 Pagiola, S., N. Landell-Mills, and J. Bishop. 2002. “Making Market-based Mechanisms Work for Forests and People.” In S. Pagiola, J. Bishop, and N. Landell-Mills (eds.), Selling Forest Environmental Services: Market-based Mechanisms for Conservation and Development. London: Earthscan. Pagiola, J. Bishop and N. Landell-Mills (Eds.) 2003. La venta de servicios ambientales forestales. Mecanismos basados en el mercado para la conservación y el desarrollo. SEMARNAT- INE-CONAFOR. Pagiola, S., K von Ritter and J. Bishop. 2004. Assessing the economic value of ecosystem conservation. Environmental Department Paper no. 101. World Bank Environmental Department, The Nature Conservancy- IUCN.

48 PROJECT NAME: CRITERIA FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF MANGROVE FORESTS AND FLOOD FORESTS IN THE CENTRAL COASTAL PLAINS OF VERACRUZ, MEXICO: A COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT TOOL

Specific recommendations Modifications to the Project Proposal of the 29th Expert Panel 1. Clearly state whether the proposal refers only to The proposal refers to mangrove forests and mangrove forests or includes other types of coastal flood forests, which was clarified in the title, coastal forests, and modify the project title if the specific objective and different sections of the needed project where it was considered necessary.

2. Provide for a consistent definition of the specific The problem tree was reformulated which led to a objective throughout the proposal clearer and more consistent definition of the specific objective (page 3)

PART II: THE PROJECT

1.2 Specific objective:

Develop criteria with the participation of the local communities for the management of mangrove forests and flood forests in the central coastal plains of Veracruz, Mexico.

3. Simplify the problem tree with focus on The problem tree was reformulated and simplified conservation and sustainable use of mangroves focusing on the conservation and sustainable use of mangroves and flood forests, which led to the re- definition of the specific objective, outputs and activities of the project (page 5)

2. Justification 2.1 Problem to be addressed

4. Make reference to the ITTO Mangrove Work The relationship of this proposal to the ITTO Plan and how this proposal relates to it Mangrove Work Plan 2002-2006 was detailed, specifically identifying the areas in which this Plan will have an impact on the project (PART IV – page 34).

5. Clarify how the mangrove-dependent A description of the dependence of local communities will benefit from the implementation communities on mangrove forests and flood forests of the project was included in the section “Problem to be addressed” (page 4)

2.1 Problem to be addressed

The section on “Intended situation after project completion” now includes a description of the benefits to be accrued to these communities with the implementation of the project (page 6)

2.2 Intended situation after project completion

6. Describe the knowledge base available on The knowledge base available on mangrove forests mangroves in Central Veracruz, Mexico and flood forests in the study area is described in the section on “Problem to be addressed” underscoring the need to carry out more technical studies (Page 3):

2.1 Problem to be addressed

49 Specific recommendations Modifications to the Project Proposal of the 29th Expert Panel 7. Include references to other ITTO mangrove Reference is made to other ITTO-financed projects projects that have been reviewed and the on mangrove forests and the experiences and lessons learnt from them. Alternatively include lessons learned in those projects were taken into activities to study the aforementioned projects consideration for the development of this proposal. and their documents and other outputs. Consider including a mechanism for the In addition, the organisation of a forum in INECOL’s exchange of experiences between the project and web page is proposed for the discussion and other ITTO mangrove projects in Colombia, exchange of experiences between ITTO mangrove Ecuador, Honduras, Panama, and Venezuela, projects (Activity 1.3.2 – page 11) ISME and elsewhere Activity 1.3.2. Development of Internet forum to discuss lessons learned in ITTO projects on mangrove forests.

8. References should be made recently developed The section on “Technical and scientific aspects” methodologies in other countries for valuation includes a reference to recently developed and marketing of environmental services methodologies for the valuation and marketing of environmental services, particularly for wetlands – Page 8

2.5 Technical and scientific aspects

9. Greater focus should be given to achieving The number of baseline studies was reduced and practical solutions rather than executing many local community work was expanded through baseline scientific studies, and the budget should participatory approaches. The development of be restructured accordingly sustainable pilot production projects with local community participation for the generation of income and the conservation and restoration of mangrove and flood forests was considered. In addition, the organisation and training of these community groups was included to ensure project success and sustainability of activities after its completion (see outputs and activities – page 10)

10. Clearly indicate if the development of mangrove The development of management plans for management plans are contemplated in the mangrove forests and flood forests was envisaged proposal, as it is mentioned in the strategy but not as clearly shown in activity 1.3.4 (page 11) as an output

11. Consider the use of satellite imagery rather than The use of aerial photographs was combined with aerial photographs, as the interpretation of the the use of satellite imagery as the proposed latter could be extremely time consuming diagnosis includes the analysis of changes over time (1970-2005) while satellite images are only available for the last 10 years

12. Clarify the need for a fellowship in Canada and The need to work in partnership with Canada was attach its terms of reference clarified and the budget was restructured, including participation costs in the executive agency’s contribution

13. Include an organizational chart of the project. The project organisational structure was modified to Consider collaborating with a professional, non- include the non-governmental organisation scientific, agency with responsibilities for PRONATURA A.C., Veracruz, which has participatory consultation processes, and to experience in coastal areas and participatory ensure that the project achieves practical consultation (page 36) solutions

50 Specific recommendations Modifications to the Project Proposal of the 29th Expert Panel 14. Include detailed terms of references for all Detailed terms of reference were included for all personnel involving payment with ITTO funds project personnel to be paid with ITTO funds (page 41)

Terms of reference to be recruited with ITTO funds

15. Provide overall and yearly detailed budgets by Detailed overall and yearly budgets by component component separately for the ITTO and were included separately for the ITTO and counterpart contributions, including unit costs, counterpart contributions, including unit costs, in as per the ITTO formats presented in the ITTO accordance with the format stipulated in the ITTO Manual for Project Formulation, second edition Manual for Project Formulation, second edition

16. Include the costs of the independent annual and The costs of independent annual and final audits final audits in the budget, preferably as a were included in the budget as part of the counterpart contribution counterpart contribution

17. Adjust the costs for ITTO monitoring and review to ITTO administration, monitoring and evaluation US$10,000/year, include US$15,000 for ex-post costs were recalculated based on the new standard evaluation, and recalculate the ITTO's of 8% of total ITTO project costs Programme Support Costs so as to conform to the new standard of 8% of total ITTO project costs as decided by the 35th ITTC 18. Include an Annex which shows the This table has been annexed to show the recommendations of the 29th Panel and the modifications made in the project proposal in respective modifications in tabular form response to the recommendations of the 29th Expert Panel

51 PROJECT NAME: CRITERIA FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF MANGROVE FORESTS AND FLOOD FORESTS IN THE CENTRAL COASTAL PLAINS OF VERACRUZ, MEXICO: A COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT TOOL

Specific recommendations Modifications to the Project Proposal of the 30th Expert Panel

1. Clearly describe the type of flood/tidal forests A description of flood forests and their relationship referred to by the proposal; with mangrove forests in the coastal wetlands has been included.

Part I: Context 1. Origin – See page 2

2. Restate the Specific Objective so as to clearly 1.2 Specific objective reflect the land use planning and project development The specific objective has been re-defined to activities contained in the proposal include the identification of the natural potential of mangrove and flood forest ecosystems as well as the development of production projects and management plans as these are some of the actions proposed in the project.

Part II – The Project 1.2 Specific objective – See page 3

The definition of the specific objective was adjusted accordingly throughout the text of the proposal 3. Outputs – page 12, and 5. Logical framework worksheets – page 14

3. Describe in detail the direct benefits to be accrued A breakdown of the direct benefits to be received by the communities from the project by the communities involved has been included in the proposal.

Part II – The Project 2.4 Target beneficiaries – See page 8

4. Consider the development of management plans The following has been added in relation to as a concrete output of the project, both in qualitative Output 1.3 in Table 5 – Project Logical Framework: and quantitative terms “6 management plans for mangroves and flood forests developed by the 4th quarter of Year 3”.

This had already been included as Activity 1.3.4 in Table 6 – Work plan and Project logical framework – Page 18

See also page 16

5. Provide greater references to sustainable Three actions are envisaged. The first one is mangrove forest management and recently focused on the development of a web-based forum. developed methodologies for valuation and Prior to this activity, the organisation of a marketing environmental services in other seminar/workshop has been added as a post- countries, and include a list of the literature graduate activity of the Institute of Ecology reviewed stemming from other mangrove projects including the preparation of a working document for that have been implemented in Latin America and discussion. The second activity is a visit to Central elsewhere American projects to learn about their experiences first-hand. The third activity involves the Alternatively include activities to study the establishment of contacts with Latin American aforementioned projects and their documents and groups working in wetlands through activities to be other outputs shortly implemented by the Participatory Environmental Management Foundation (FUNGAP

52 Antigua Group) in Costa Rica.

Part II. The Project 2.3 Project strategy – see page 9

The preparation of a summary document to be discussed at the Forum is also mentioned in section 2.2 Intended situation after project completion – Part II: The Project

The seminar/workshop and document will be based on a literature review (database search for international publications at the library of the Institute of Ecology, IUCN, UNESCO and GLOMIS, among others) and will cover three topics: sustainable management experiences, economic valuation of mangrove forests and wetlands, and market alternatives for environmental services. Relevant bibliographic quotes were included in section 2.5 while a complete list of references was added at the end of the document.

Quotes: Part II . The Project 2.5 Technical and scientific aspects

References: Pages 44 – 47

6. In addition to the implementation of a web-based The visit of two project members to Central forum, provide for the physical exchange of American projects is envisaged so as to learn about experiences between the project and other ITTO their experiences first-hand. mangrove projects in Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, Panama, and Venezuela, ISME and elsewhere Part II. The Project 2.3 Project strategy – See page 7

NOTE: Visits to all of these projects would be very interesting but would increase costs so the project budget would need to be modified, which according to the instructions received is not feasible. Thus, a trip to Central America has been included to observe their experiences.

7. Provide an organizational chart of the project, A project organizational chart has been included in which should also include the links with the other the proposal. This chart shows the organizational collaborating institutions and stakeholders flows and interactions between different project activities. Shaded boxes indicate activities to be jointly implemented with local communities and users of mangrove and flood forests.

Section 6 – Work Plan Page 20

8. Include detailed terms of reference for all A table was included in Part IV – Work Plan personnel and sub-contracts involving payment with showing the personnel provided by Mexican ITTO funds, and make reference to these and institutions and the personnel to be recruited with counterpart staff in the Work Plan under the column ITTO funds as required for the implementation of related to “Responsible Party”. Further clarify the each activity. In addition, the activities to be relation between the activities to be undertaken by undertaken by the anthropologist and the non- the anthropologist and Pronatura governmental organization PRONATURA are further clarified in the same section.

53 Section 6 – Work Plan Schedule of activities and personnel table – pages 18 and 19 Clarification of activities to be undertaken by the anthropologist – page 19 Clarification of activities to be undertaken by PRONATURA – page 19

Detailed terms of reference have been included for the personnel to be recruited with ITTO funds.

See Annexes on pages 43 and 44

9. Provide overall detailed budgets by component Table 2 has been included in the proposal. separately for the ITTO and counterpart contributions, including unit costs See page 27.

10. Clearly describe in detail the need for a The amount of US$ 239,547 as part of the counterpart budget component .61 Sundry in the counterpart contribution refers to the following: amount of US$ 239,547 in the budget by activities a. The Institute of Ecology will give access to and by components, otherwise reduce substantially databases and collections of flora and fauna, or eliminate herbarium specimens and library. The value of these assets amounts to $43,554.00. b. The Institute of Ecology will give access to equipment and laboratory facilities for processing samples. It will also give access to the facilities available at the reserve on the coast (dormitories, laboratory, boat). The value of these assets amounts to $174,216.00. c. The Institute of Ecology will provide access to the Internet, support for computer work and equipment (hardware and software). The value of these assets amounts to $21,777.00.

This was referred to and included in all tables. 11. Adjust the costs for ITTO monitoring and review a. A total of $45,000.00 was added in the to US$10,000/year, include US$15,000 for ex-post budget to cover monitoring and review costs. evaluation, and recalculate the ITTO's Programme b. Programme Support Costs were re- Support Costs so as to conform to the new standard calculated at 8% and incorporated into the budget. of 8% of total ITTO project costs as decided by the 35th ITTC This was referred to and included in the budget tables (except for Table 1).

54