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Land Development, Land Use, and Urban Sprawl in Puerto Rico Integrating Remote Sensing and Population Census Data Sebastian´ Martinuzzi A,B,∗, William A

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Land Development, Land Use, and Urban Sprawl in Puerto Rico Integrating Remote Sensing and Population Census Data Sebastian´ Martinuzzi A,B,∗, William A Landscape and Urban Planning 79 (2007) 288–297 Land development, land use, and urban sprawl in Puerto Rico integrating remote sensing and population census data Sebastian´ Martinuzzi a,b,∗, William A. Gould a, Olga M. Ramos Gonzalez´ a a USDA Forest Service International Institute of Tropical Forestry (IITF), Jard´ın Bot´anico Sur, 1201 Calle Ceiba, R´ıo Piedras, PR 00926-1119, United States b Laboratorio de Investigaci´on de Sistemas Ecol´ogicos y Ambientales (LISEA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Diag. 113 No. 469 CC 31, Fac. Cs. Agrarias y Forestales, 1900 La Plata, Argentina Received 18 May 2005; received in revised form 2 September 2005; accepted 22 February 2006 Available online 30 May 2006 Abstract The island of Puerto Rico has both a high population density and a long history of ineffective land use planning. This study integrates geospatial technology and population census data to understand how people use and develop the lands. We define three new regions for Puerto Rico: Urban (16%), Densely Populated Rural (36%), and Sparsely Populated Rural (48%). Eleven percent of the island is composed of urban/built-up surfaces. A large part of these developments occur in both low-density patterns of construction and sparsely populated neighborhoods. Half of the urban development occurs outside of urban centers. This analysis helps differentiate zones in the landscape with different uses and conditions, identifying not only urban and rural settings, but also the interface where development occurs in a territory dominated by forests and pastures, analogous to a wildland urban interface. The ineffective plan of land development has left a high degree of urban sprawl in 40% of island, where cities and towns appear typically surrounded by sprawl. The San Juan Metropolitan Area is one of the most expanded urbanized areas with a population of 2–2.5 million, comparable with the most sprawled cities of the U.S. mainland. This study reinforces the need for an efficient land use planning, and provides information to support research and planning efforts related to land development and conservation. It represents the first approach integrating satellite imagery with population census data for studying the human environment in the Caribbean. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Land development; Urban cover; Urban sprawl; Population census; Land use; Remote sensing; Puerto Rico 1. Introduction sprawl. We first map the most recent urban/built-up cover. Then we analyze patterns of land development, identify areas of urban Urbanization is a significant problem in many parts of the and rural use, and address land consumption. Weultimately com- world, particularly in densely populated territories such as bined this information to identify different tendencies in urban Puerto Rico. Island-wide analyses of urban development and sprawl. Finally, we used population density to compare the San population distribution provide an opportunity to visualize and Juan Metropolitan Area (SJMA) with other urbanized areas in understand the human use of the landscape. They are useful for different countries. projecting trends in urbanization, assessing “smart growth” and conservation efforts, and for evaluating ecosystem impacts of 1.1. Urbanization and planning in Puerto Rico human activities. In this study we combined satellite informa- tion with population census data to study three main aspects of Puerto Rico is an attractive region for urban studies: first, it the Puerto Rican landscape: development, land use, and urban is a densely populated island where urbanization has occurred under an ineffectual plan of land development that has resulted 1 ∗ Corresponding author at: USDA Forest Service International Institute of in uncontrolled urban sprawl (Puerto Rico Vision 2025 ); sec- Tropical Forestry (IITF), Jard´ın Botanico´ Sur, 1201 Calle Ceiba, R´ıo Piedras, PR 00926-1119, United States. Tel.: +1 787 766 5335; fax: +1 787 766 6302. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] 1 Puerto Rico Vision 2025 is a governmental long-term vision for the island, (S. Martinuzzi), [email protected] (W.A. Gould), [email protected] (O.M. encompassing all aspects of economic, social, environmental, and infrastructure Ramos Gonzalez).´ development. 0169-2046/$ – see front matter © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.02.014 S. Martinuzzi et al. / Landscape and Urban Planning 79 (2007) 288–297 289 ond, the landscape is in rapid transformation due to urban Urban planning is not a new issue in Puerto Rico. Several expansion and forest recovery (Lopez et al., 2001; Helmer, laws and institutions do exist,2 but the problem is that plan- 2004); and finally, the island could be considered as a “window ning and environmental assessment is done using a lengthy and into the future” of many tropical landscapes that are undergo- unpredictable evaluation process, and the current permitting sys- ing a transformation from agriculture to industrial economies, tem is seen as widely inefficient, where the exceptions are the change that happened in Puerto Rico 60 years ago (Dietz, rule (Puerto Rico Vision 2025). As part of the local efforts to 1986). revert this situation, the government recently created the Office Nearly 3.9 million people live in the 9000 km2 (160 km × for Land Use Planning (http://www.gobierno.pr/OPUT), where 60 km) of Puerto Rico. As a result, it is one of the most the major objective is the development and implementation of a densely populated regions in the U.S. and territories, with plan of land use for the island. 438 persons/km2 (similar to the State of New Jersey) (U.S. Notably, there is a lack of scientific studies analyzing the Census Bureau, 2000a). Politically, the island is subdivided Puerto Rican landscape integrating both land development and in 78 municipalities, the equivalent of counties in the U.S. population. We have addressed the following questions: What is Each municipality contains one urban center, either a city the extent of developed lands? How are these lands distributed or a smaller town. The San Juan Metropolitan Area encom- across the island? How are people distributed in the lands they passes 41 from 78 municipalities (U.S. Office of Management occupy? Which areas of the island suffer from urban sprawl, and Budget, 2000). Recent past estimates of urban/built-up and how does urbanization spread out from the core of urban cover using satellite imagery such us Landsat ETM+ or Spot centers? range from 11% (Helmer and Ruefenacht, 2005) to 14% of the island (Lopez et al., 2001). As in many mountainous 1.2. Remote sensing of urban areas islands, urban centers are concentrated on the coastal plains or restricted to valleys. Urban developments have grown 7% Remote sensing technologies provide a powerful tool for between 1991 and 2000. They expand at lower elevations, studying urban problems, including those related to urban/built- over flat topography, and close to roads and urbanized areas up land cover mapping (Helmer and Ruefenacht, 2005; Seto (Thomlinson et al., 1996; Helmer, 2004; Lopez et al., 2001; and Liu, 2003; Yang et al., 2003; Lopez et al., 2001), urban Thomlinson and Rivera, 2000), facilitated by an extensive growth modeling (Herold et al., 2003; Wilson et al., 2003a), rural-road network developed during the agricultural era. Res- urban sprawl (Clapman, 2003; Sutton, 2003), zoning (Wilson idential constructions are typically horizontal. The small size et al., 2003b), population density (Pozzi and Small, 2002), of the Puerto Rico and the extensive road network make it urban density (Faure et al., 2003), and environmental effects possible to commute from one region of the island to any of urban development (Gillies et al., 2003; Milesi et al., other. 2003). Additional information comes from integrating remotely Urban sprawl has been part of the Puerto Rican environment sensed data and ancillary sources such as population maps for the last 40 years (Santiago, 2004). It is defined as “peripheral (Hutchinson, 1982; Mesev, 1998; Radelhoff et al., 2000; Sutton, growth that expands in an unlimited and non-contiguous way 2003). outward from the solid built-up core of a metropolitan area” The major problem for mapping urban areas using satellite (Transportation Research Board, 2002). It is characterized by imagery resides in the diversity and heterogeneity of its spec- low-density development (Edwin, 1997), significant per capita tral response (Herold et al., 2002; Green and Boardman, 2000; land consumption of exurban lands, and almost total reliance Small, 2002), which results in a preponderance of spectrally on the automobile for transportation. Principal consequences mixed pixels observed in Landsat imagery of urban areas (Small, include traffic congestion, increase in energy consumption and 2003). Mixed pixels are problematic for mapping using con- costs for community services, reduction of open spaces and ventional classification methods because most algorithms are fragmentation of habitats, and pollution of waterways and air. predicated on the assumption of spectral homogeneity within a Today, Puerto Ricans are suffering the consequences and pay- particular type or land cover; therefore, the urban mosaic can ing the costs of sprawl. In the island, traffic jams are habit- result in high rates of misclassification between urban and other ual, enhanced by a high proportion of cars per person equal land cover classes. Previous studies for Puerto Rico mapped the to 0.54 (U.S. Department of Transportation, 2002), industrial urban cover by two different methods: simple photo interpreta- electricity costs are 73% higher than for developed economies tion of aerial photography and Spot imagery (Lopez et al., 2001; and are dependent on imported oil, and 40% of water bodies Thomlinson et al., 1996; Thomlinson and Rivera, 2000), or using are impacted and do not meet quality standards (Puerto Rico automated classification algorithms (supervised, unsupervised, Vision 2025). Productive agricultural lands have been trans- or both) in Landsat TM or ETM+ data (Helmer and Ruefenacht, formed into urban areas (Helmer, 2004; Lopez et al., 2001), and 2005; Helmer et al., 2002; Ramos Gonzales, 2001).
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