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Technical Paper Elasticity Index, Quality and Shelf-Life of 16 Tree-Ripe Mango Cultivars

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Technical Paper Elasticity Index, Quality and Shelf-Life of 16 Tree-Ripe Mango Cultivars _ Food Science and Technology Research, 24 (5), 839 850, 2018 Copyright © 2018, Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology http://www.jsfst.or.jp doi: 10.3136/fstr.24.839 Technical paper Elasticity Index, Quality and Shelf-life of 16 Tree-ripe Mango Cultivars 1* 2 3 Masahiko FUMURO , Takaaki MAEDA and Naoki SAKURAI 1Experimental Farm, Kindai University, Yuasa, Wakayama 643-0004, Japan 2Department of Environmental and Horticultural Science, Minami Kyushu University, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki 885- 0035, Japan 3Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan Received April 12, 2018 ; Accepted June 11, 2018 Elasticity index (EI), quality during storage, and shelf-life (SL) were assessed in 16 cultivars of tree-ripe mango fruit. All fruits were individually wrapped in polyethylene film and stored for 10 days at 25 ℃ . EI rapidly declined over the first 2 days of storage regardless of the cultivar, after which the decline was more gradual. EI reduction rate (EIRR) from day 2 to day 10 of storage was lowest (7 % and 9 %) in ‘Irwin’ and 5 2 2/3 ‘Glenn’, followed by ‘Khieo Sawoei’. After 10 days, the EI for these cultivars was 57–79 × 10 f2 ·m ( f2, second resonance frequency; m, fresh weight of a fruit). In contrast, EIRRs for ‘Dot’ and ‘Valencia Pride’ cultivars were 66 % and 59 %, respectively, and that of ‘Amataiko’ was 48 %; EI after 10 days of storage for 5 2 2/3 these cultivars was 23–30 × 10 f2 ·m . EIRRs of the other 10 cultivars were between 23 % and 41 %. Weight loss after 10 days of storage was highest in ‘Dot’ and ‘Amataiko’ (4.6 % and 3.6 %), but lower in the other cultivars (1.4 % to 2.4 %). The degree of water-soaked symptoms (WSS, translucent flesh tissue) was greatest in ‘Alphonso’, followed by ‘Valencia Pride’, ‘Dot’, ‘Spirit of ‘76’, ‘Nam Doc Mai’, ‘Golden Lippens’, and ‘Aikou’. In contrast, no WSS were observed in ‘Irwin’, while ‘Beni Keitt’, ‘Edward’ and ‘Glenn’ showed few symptoms, and ‘Amataiko’ showed slightly more WSS. SL score of each fruit was calculated by adding the score obtained by EI (0 to 3) to a score based on the degree of WSS after 10 days of storage (also 0 to 3). SLs (SL of more than 10 days under room temperature can be estimated) were good for ‘Irwin’, ‘Glenn’, ‘Edward’, and ‘Khieo Sawoei’; moderate (SL of 8–10 days) for ‘Beni Keitt’, ‘Sensation’, ‘Florigon’, and ‘Tommy Atkins’; poor (SL of 4–5 days) for ‘Amataiko’, ‘Aikou’, ‘Nam Doc Mai’, ‘Golden Lippens’, and ‘Spirit of ‘76’; and very poor (SL of 2–3 days) for ‘Alphonso’, ‘Valencia Pride’, and ‘Dot’. These results clearly revealed cultivar differences in EIRRs, WSS and SLs of ripe mangoes, and suggested the possibility of estimating SL based on EI and the degree of WSS after storage. Keywords: flesh firmness, Mangifera indica L., polyethylene film, second resonance frequency, water-soaked symptoms Introduction and ‘Valencia Pride’ has been encouraged to complement the In Japan, the total area dedicated to mango growth was 430 production of ‘Irwin’ and ‘Keitt’ during the off-season in ha and the total production was 3,805 t in 2015; these values Okinawa Prefecture, which is the leading domestic production have decreased after peaking in 2011 (Ministry of Agriculture, region (i). The import of foreign mangoes is increasing, but Forestry and Fisheries, 2018). The early-maturing ‘Irwin’ these are mainly processed goods; in contrast, the consumption mango cultivar accounts for more than 95 % of mango of domestic mango is decreasing. The development and production. ‘Keitt’, an intermediate/late-maturing cultivar, is introduction of new cultivars of mango with characteristics that grown in a smaller area. In addition, cultivation of ‘Lippens’ appeal to consumers might help reverse this decline in *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] 840 M. FUMURO et al. consumption. (Muramatsu et al., 1997, 1999; Terasaki et al., 2001), apples Important mango fruit characteristics include eating quality (Muramatsu et al., 1999), persimmons (Muramatsu et al., 1999; as well as shelf-life (SL). Some mangoes are imported at the Taniwaki et al., 2009), nectarines (Muramatsu et al., 1996), fully ripe stage, but most imported mangoes are harvested at pitayas (Fumuro et al., 2013), and mangoes (Fumuro and the mature-green stage, then transported to Japan and sold with Sakurai, 2014; Fumuro et al., 2015). hard flesh. These fruits ripen and are consumed at home; thus, When the vibrations reach the fruit, resonances occur at the SL is not so critical. However, domestic mangoes are specific frequencies within the fruit, and the second resonance harvested after reaching edible maturity while they are still on frequency (SRF) is closely related to flesh firmness (Taniwaki the tree (i.e., the flesh is already in a moderately soft state, and and Sakurai, 2010). However, because SRF declines as fruit delicious without further ripening); they are then shipped and weight increases, the elasticity index (EI), which is calculated sold. Because they are already in an advanced state of ripening, using fruit weight and SRF and minimizes the effect of fruit the SL of domestic fruits is very short compared to imported weight, is used as an indicator of flesh firmness (Cooke, 1972; mangoes. Terasaki et al., 2001). In addition, positive correlations ‘Irwin’ is favored by consumers in Japan because of its between the EI, as determined by nondestructive resonance bright red peel, soft fleshy texture, and sweet scent; and it is vibrations, and flesh firmness, as determined by destructive also preferred by farmers and distributors because of its high methods, were reported for several fruits, such as pears productivity and excellent SL. It is considered the best cultivar (Murayama et al., 2006), apples (Motomura et al., 2004), for fully ripe mango production. The SL is specific to each kiwifruits (Muramatsu et al., 1999; Terasaki et al., 2001), and mango cultivar, so any new mango that is introduced must mangoes (Fumuro and Sakurai, 2014; Fumuro et al., 2015). have a good SL. In many mango cultivars, WSS can develop during An SL of approximately 10 days is necessary for mango extended storage as the flesh softens, adversely affecting taste fruits because 2–3 days are necessary for distribution from the and darkening the flesh. WSS are considered to be an aging farm to the retail stores via the markets, and at least 7 days are phenomenon of flesh. WSS in mango fruit are similar in necessary to sell the product to reduce the disposal loss for the appearance to watercore in Japanese pear and apple. The retail stores as much as possible. Therefore, a fully ripe mango physiological, environmental, and cultivation factors affecting cultivar with a minimum 10 days of SL is desired. watercore in Japanese pear and apple have been studied in When evaluating the SL of ripe mango fruits, it is necessary detail (Yamada, 2002). However, few studies have explored to evaluate external quality changes comprehensively, such as the susceptibility of different mango cultivars to the peel color, occurrence of darkening, wrinkles, and loss of development of WSS during SL. luster, and internal quality changes, such as softening, water- In the present study, 16 cultivars of tree-ripe mango fruit soaked symptoms (WSS, translucent flesh tissue) and darkening were used to investigate the estimation of SL of ripe fruit using of flesh, including decay and the occurrence of physiological two criteria, EI and WSS, by means of nondestructive disorders. However, softening and WSS of flesh change during evaluation of changes in flesh firmness during storage and storage. For Japanese consumers, the occurrence of WSS measurement of fruit quality after storage. greatly diminishes the commercial value, as they tend to focus on the vividness of the flesh. Therefore, since flesh firmness Materials and Methods and the degree of WSS were considered to be the most Cultivars and production method From 2007 to 2013, important evaluation criteria related to internal quality, these several mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars were planted in two criteria were used to evaluate the SL of ripe fruit. containers (32 cm in diameter, 35 cm in height, 25 L in volume; To date, few studies have explored cultivar differences in or 55 cm in diameter, 35 cm in height, 75 L in volume) filled SL among fully ripe mangoes, and no evaluation standard for with a soil mix (perlite:vermiculite:peat moss mixed at 1:1:1) SL has been developed. Investigation of changes in the and placed in a greenhouse (7 m × 24 m, 168 m2) and three firmness of flesh after fruit has been harvested is important for plastic houses (6 m × 18 m, 108 m2; 6 m × 24 m, 144 m2; and assessing SL (Taniwaki et al., 2010). However, conventional 6 m × 21 m, 126 m2) located at Kindai University experimental destructive methods make it impossible to assess the firmness farm (Wakayama Prefecture, Japan). of the same fruit continuously during storage and ripening, and In 2015, the following 16 cultivars were used in this study: require a large number of fruits for measurements. ‘Irwin’, ‘Glenn’, ‘Tommy Atkins’, ‘Edward’, ‘Aikou’, Recently, a nondestructive resonance method was ‘Florigon’, ‘Alphonso’, ‘Khieo Sawoei’, ‘Spirit of ‘76’, developed allowing follow-up measurements to be made with ‘Amataiko’, ‘Dot’, ‘Nam Doc Mai’, ‘Golden Lippens’, high accuracy even in a small number of fruits (Taniwaki and ‘Sensation’, ‘Valencia Pride’, and ‘Beni Keitt’. Two of the 16 Sakurai, 2010). This new technique has been used to cultivars were bred at Kindai University; ‘Aikou’ was bred by investigate the ripening of various fruits including pears crossing ‘Irwin’ with ‘Chiin Hwang No. 1’ (Kindai University, (Murayama et al., 2006; Terasaki et al., 2006), kiwifruits 2008), and ‘Amataiko’ was selected from ‘Edward’ seedlings Shelf Life of 16 Tree-ripe Mango Cultivars 841 Table 1.
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