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Procedia Environmental Sciences 31 ( 2016 ) 482 – 490

The Tenth International Conference on Management and Technology (ICWMT) Research on the sorting reclaim system of based on the concept of "cradle to cradle"

Wei Liu *, Sha Liu, Guan Huang

Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China

Abstract

In recent years, the output of municipal solid waste (MSW) in China has been increased by 10% annually, and the traditional disposal methods, such as sanitary , and , will produce secondary pollution. In order to deal with the current predicament which presents a large number of MSW discharged, and cities are besieged by garbage, so promoting MSW sorting reclaim is very important, it can transform "waste" into new resource. China has launched some pilot projects to sort and reclaim MSW in some cities since 2000, but with little success. Firstly, the existing problems in the disposal of MSW have been summarized, then the management system of MSW sorting reclaim has been constructed according to the experience of foreign countries. At the same time, the concept of "Cradle to Cradle" which compose of MSW delivery (waste classification, design of garbage bag, collection time and design of garbage can), and utilization of MSW (different loops are designed for different ). Finally, the countermeasures and suggestions of promoting MSW sorting reclaim are proposed. The results have significant value for constructing “resource-conserving & environmental-friendly” society and guiding MSW sorting reclaim in China. © 20162015 The The Authors. Authors. Published Published by byElsevier Elsevier B.V B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license Peer(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/-review under responsibility of Tsinghua University/). Regional Centre for Asia and the Pacific. Peer-review under responsibility of Tsinghua University/ Basel Convention Regional Centre for Asia and the Pacific Keywords: municipal solid waste; sorting reclaim; cradle to cradle; management system

1. Introduction

China’s economy has grown rapidly since reform and opening up policy. With the improvement of living standards and cities large-scale development of Chinese cities, the output of MSW goes up with growth a rate of

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-028-85966941; fax: +86-028-85966941. E-mail address:[email protected]

1878-0296 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of Tsinghua University/ Basel Convention Regional Centre for Asia and the Pacific doi: 10.1016/j.proenv.2016.02.057 Wei Liu et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 31 ( 2016 ) 482 – 490 483

10% each year, the phenomenon of “Garbage-surrounded City” draws public’s attention to the issue of sorting reclaim MSW in cities. In recent years, the management of MSW in developed countries is based on the principle of Recycle, and Reduce. The foreign level of sorting and reclaim MSW is higher and more detailed, it mainly relates to the higher economic level, the cultural quality of residents, the capital investment of government, the related policy, and the construction of supporting facilities in foreign countries. The total of MSW in big or middle city of China is 161,488,100 tons in 2014[1], however, at present, the processing power of MSW is only about 50%, and the proportion of the harmless disposal that meets treatment standards is only 20%. The main treatments are landfill, incineration and composting. The thinking of comprehensive management in foreign MSW disposal has been affirmed, which is shown in two general forms like widespread popularizing sorting reclaim and levying waste disposal fee. Nowadays, it pursues the goal of MSW disposal based on reduction, harmlessness, resource utilization[2]. Currently[3], laws relating to management of waste in Germany are about 800, and the administrative regulations are up to 5000. The new ideas were determined by law, and performed MSW disposal with the principle of marketization and industrialization. In Germany, MSW disposal is considered to be a very lucrative business. After experiencing a series of problems of severe environmental pollution, and oil crisis, give energetic support to environmental protection and energy-saving technologies, and their MSW disposal is at the forefront of the world. Firstly Japan[4] established a complete legal system, it not only had the refinement of classifications but also reduced MSW at the outside by the way of befitting throw MSW. Secondly, Japan attaches much importance to propaganda and education. Children are educated by parents and schools about proper MSW disposal since childhood. Environmental supervising management teaches residents the knowledge of circular economy and popularizes environmental protection consciousness. And government grant the rules which is accurate to every family, everyone about MSW disposal in time.

2. The Disposal Status of MSW in China

2.1 The retrospective analysis of MSW in China

The situation of MSW in China from 2000 to 2013 is shown in Fig.1. The rate of harmless disposal presents overall upward trend and the annual growth rate is 7.78%. The amount of MSW delivering quantity in 2013 reaches to 172,385,800 tons and the rate of harmless disposal is 89.3 %. Harmless disposal in China, as shown in Fig.2, landfill is the main method to dispose MSW in most city, and the proportion of sanitary landfill capacity is much greater than composting and incineration. 20000 MSW delivering quantity 100 18000 the amount of MSW compost 18000 the amount of MSW harmless disposal 90 16000 the rate of harmless disposal the amount of MSW incineration 16000 80 14000 14000 70 the amount of MSW sanitary landfill 12000 12000 60 10000

10000 50 tonnes 4 tonnes) 4 (%) 8000 8000 40 10 (10 6000 30 6000

SW delivering quantity SW 4000 20 4000

2000 10 disposal of rate the harmless 2000 0 0 0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 year year

Fig.1. The situation of MSW in China from 2000 to 2013 Fig.2. Harmless disposal of MSW in China from 2003 to 2013

Sanitary landfill has a competitive advantages of mature technology, simple operation and management, large capacity, etc., but it will take a lot of land resources, and the misconduct of leachate will pollute the surrounding water and soil, the gases produced in landfill such as methane will aggravate the greenhouse effect and are both fire and explosion hazards. Incineration is increasing year by year, the heat generating during incineration is used to generate electricity and heat for the use of combustible garbage and characteristics of high calorific value. 484 Wei Liu et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 31 ( 2016 ) 482 – 490

Meanwhile, the incineration process with high-temperature can effectively remove harmful substances and pathogens, so it has broad development prospects. But incineration will produce large amounts of acid gases and incomplete combustion of organic components. A large number of dioxins and other toxic gases will produce, while the burning condition in incorrect temperature control[5]. Composting is the process[6] in which microbial fermentation of organic matter change into fertilizer under controlled conditions (mainly controlled conditions is constant moisture, carbon and nitrogen ratio and ventilation). Composting is one of important ways of solid and disposal with the principle of stabilization and harmless. As long as the implementation of the source of MSW sorting, composting can become an important technology, which make MSW and energy-oriented. The MSW in China possess many characteristics such as widespread source, harmful to ecological environment and human health, characteristic and category are complex and difficult to find the owner after being abandoned, etc[7]. Table 1 shows the constituents statistics of MSW in China. Currently, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Chengdu and other cities have launched some pilot projects to sort reclaim MSW, and most cities have regarded collection and resource utilization of MSW as an important part of the plan of treating MSW. However, on the whole, the reduction and resource utilization of MSW has just started. Compared with developed countries, there also are some problems such as the management system of sorting reclaim MSW is imperfect, the relevant laws and regulations are unsound, the supporting facilities can’t meet the needs of treatment of MSW and the public have poor awareness of environmental protection.

Table 1.The composition of MSW in China[8](wt.%)

Recyclables Organics Inorganic matter and Wood and Others Paper Fabric Glass Metal Plants Animals Lime soil Tile rubber bamboo 6.080 9.975 2.160 2.845 1.145 2.65 43.285 2.825 20.14 5.635 3.26 A main distinction of MSW disposal in developed countries and China is sorting in source. And there is short of systematized management and scientific disposal in China. The amount of harmful materials, such as batteries, lamps and other unsorted waste are directly delivered to landfill field, which increases not only the amount of waste transport and landfill, but also the difficulty of MSW harmless disposal, covered the economic benefits. It is unfavourable to recycle, reuse and reduce. The flow charts of MSW typical process in China an developed country are shown in Fig.3 and Fig.4. Mixed collection with no bag The station (or dustbin) Mixed collection by rickshaw Transfer station of Mixed collection in bag of mixed collection Mixed collection by truck mixed MSW Part of recyclables Compressed, enclosed Compressed, Source Part of recyclables and dump truck enclosed and Collection station dump truck of MSW

Part of recyclables Valuable rubbish Paid Collection Treatment of x landfill x incineration x compost Mixed collection by rickshaw Mixed collection by truck

Fig.3. Flow chart of MSW typical process in China

Wei Liu et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 31 ( 2016 ) 482 – 490 485

Kitchen wastes Collection Resource Sewer Recycle grinder station Waste

Special disposal Poisonous and x Recyclables Sorting station x Incineration Branches harmful waste MSW x Toxic and x Sorting and reclaiming of MSW sorting at hazardous garbage sorting and the source x Inorganic garbage Disposal reclaiming x Sanitary landfill x Organics Transfer station x incineration x compost

Fig.4. Flow chart of MSW typical process in developed country

2.2 Main problems of MSW disposal in China

z The laws and regulations of classifying MSW are unsound which result in a lack of binding in sorting. The scientific system of sorting reclaim MSW should be formulated and give it legally binding, through which raise public awareness of sorting reclaim MSW z Lack of knowledge of sorting is one of important factors on restricting the implementation of sorting reclaim MSW. On the one hand sorting reclaim MSW need to improve facilities of sorting reclaim MSW, on the other hand it requires that residents have knowledge of sorting reclaim MSW. Owing to shortage of clear for standards of sorting reclaim MSW, residents -out and make it exist in name only. z The sorting is too simple to discard garbage inconvenience for residents. Currently most of the city's garbage bins are separated into two categories: recyclables while non-recyclables, and some into three categories: recyclables, non-recyclables and the hazardous. That sorting is too simple and the scope is not clear will be difficult to lead the residents distinguish the types of recyclables completely. z Design of garbage bins is not reasonable, garbage wrapped by bags cause trouble for sorting reclaim. Design of garbage bins mainly has disadvantages of few sorts, unclear labeling, etc, and it need for timely improvements. Currently most of the family dropped are mixed together by bags, which is put sort to inconvenience during later period. Correlation studies shows that: shopping bags which consumers used reusing accounted for 89.91%, in which acting as garbage bags accounted for 57.05%. Currently 77% of the shopping malls use the ordinary plastic bags, only 15% of the mall use biodegradable plastic bags and 8% of the malls use paper bags. In the other words, the percent of shopping bags used by shopping malls which are environmentally acceptable is only 23%. Many consumers use non-degradable plastic bags to wrap garbage, and it brings great difficulties to sort reclaim MSW. z Short of ability to supporting facilities in subsequent treatment. In some cities, many residents establish environmental awareness through publicity and are involved actively in garbage sorting operations, but when they see the garbage which they sorted elaborately is remix and carry away, their enthusiasm is dampened severely. Obviously, if it has no support of reuse of industrial system which is complete and orderly in end-treatment of sorting, included collection, transportation, processing and market of finished products, sorting is also futile. z The number of scavengers are large and garbage recycling didn’t achieve industrialization. At present a lot of scavengers will bring resistance in sorting reclaim MSW. Only through forming the industrial chain of discarding, transporting, sorting and output of resource utilization of MSW can recycling be upgraded, and MSW disposal will get the long-term development.

3. The design of sorting reclaim system of MSW

Learning from the experience of sorting reclaim system of MSW at home and abroad, combining with the actual situation of MSW disposal in China ,upon the origin of MSW, on the principles of “cradle to cradle” and “from simple to difficult”, two sorting reclaim systems of MSW are designed. 486 Wei Liu et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 31 ( 2016 ) 482 – 490

3.1 Program ĉ: lumping of the source of

Programൕ is relatively simple. It is easy to be accepted for residents because of the appropriate workload and can be used for pre-pilot. The key issue in the existence of the program ൕis that it must to make residents fully understand which belongs to recyclables, non-recyclables or toxic and hazardous garbage. Specific content is shown in Table 2.

Table 2 Content of Program ĉ

Design contents Specific requirements

Dump unit Community in city Delivering these wrapped by Recyclables Paper, Plastics ,Glass, Metal, Fabric, etc degradable garbage bag Delivering these wrapped by Sorting Non-recyclables Peel, Kitchen waste, Waste ceramics, etc degradable garbage bag Batteries, Fluorescent lamps, Mercury Toxic and hazardous Delivering without wrapped thermometers, etc. White bag Packaging recyclables Place of reclaiming MSW in Design of garbage Community and supermarket for bag Black bag Packaging non-recyclables sale Monday Non-recyclables, Toxic and hazardous garbage Wednesday Collection time Tuesday, Thursday, Recyclables, Non-recyclables Friday Recyclables enter the existing recycling system, non-recyclables are transported to the transfer station, and safe-handing(including landfill, incineration and composting). Toxic and will be treated in some specialized treatment agencies with quality, as shown in Fig.5. Given different types of MSW production and their composition properties, MSW sorting should be transported separately with different garbage trucks and the current garbage trucks may have yet to be improve. MSW

Setting collection place as unit of community, timing and fixing place

Recyclables Non-recyclables Toxic and hazardous garbage Collecting with Current system of collecting and Sorting centers transporting waste

Manual sorting Transfer station Specialized Department of treatment agencies material recycling with quality or enterprise Safe disposal x sanitary landfill x incineration x compost

Fig.5. Program ĉ: design of the source of the crude sorting process

3.2 Program Ċ: subclassification of the source

ProgramĊ can begin after the effective implementation of programĉ.Because program Ċis more complex Wei Liu et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 31 ( 2016 ) 482 – 490 487 and the workload of residents are larger, it can be generalized under the system set up to improve the situation based on the implementation of the program ĉ. The key to the program Ċ is same as program ĉ. Specific content is shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Content of Program Ċ

Design contents Specific requirements

Dump unit Community in city The residue from kitchen, damaged textiles, sanitary napkins, bandages, woundplast, Delivering these wrapped by specified Combustible garbage bamboo chopsticks, vegetation and other degradable garbage bag combustible materials Metal, ceramics, rubber, small waste Delivering these wrapped by specified appliances, CD, umbrellas, plush toys, degradable garbage bag. When there is an Incombustible garbage cosmetics bottles and other incombustible old knife in bags, it should be wrapped in materials newspaper and marked with “dangerous”. Batteries, fluorescent lamps, mercury Hazardous waste Delivering without wrapped thermometers, etc Sorting Including paper boxes, old newspapers, books, Paper magazines, cardboard boxes, business cards, Neatly bundling, wrapped by paper bags etc. Wrapped by transparent or translucent Fabric Old clothes, towels, etc. plastic bags. Don’t collect if it rains. Plastics, detergents of plastic bottles, glass The residual liquid should be cleaned Bottle, Plastic bottles of beverage/seasoning, metal cans, before discarding directly into special plastic bottles marked with PET, etc bins. TV, refrigerators, air conditioners, washing Paid by specialized recycling second-hand Irresponsible collection machines, computers, monitors and other large shops or stores appliances Packaging combustible garbage(domestic Orange garbage bags waste)

Sorting Blue garbage bags Packaging incombustible garbage Place of reclaiming MSW in Community Transparent or Design of garbage Packaging garbage of textiles(Don’t collect and supermarket for sale translucent garbage bag these if it rains) bags

Paper bags Packaging paper garbage bundled neatly

Monday, Wednesday, Combustible garbage, Incombustible garbage, Hazardous waste, Fabric, Bottle and Plastic Saturday Collection time Tuesday, Thursday, Combustible garbage, Paper Friday, Sunday Compared with Programĉ, ProgramĊis more complex and detailed in which the categories of sorting have been added up from 3 to 7, and is conducive to the subsequent recycling. In program Ċ the key point is that sorting reclaim garbage on the front of the five categories, that combustible garbage enter the incinerator plant to generate power, non-combustible garbage, textiles, plastics and cans enter the department of material recycling or relevant enterprise and waste paper enter the recycled paper mills directly after all the sorted garbage enters each garbage sorting processing station, as shown in Fig 6. Increasing sorting requires increase corresponding garbage cans, and garbage trucks should be transformed appropriately. 488 Wei Liu et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 31 ( 2016 ) 482 – 490

MSW

Setting collection place as unit of community, timing and fixing place weekly

Combustibles Incombustibles Hazardous Bottle, Irresponsible Paper Fabric garbage garbage waste Plastic collection

Compressed, enclosed and dump truck x Second-hand dealer x Recycling enterprise MSW sorting and reclaim station

Compressed, enclosed and dump truck

Department of Specialized Department of Department of MSW Recycled material recycling treatment material recycling material recycling incineration plant paper mills or enterprise agencies or enterprise or enterprise

Power generation. Dismantling, Safe disposal: Dismantling, resource Fiber recycling for Reusing as raw Transforming garbage resource Reclaiming or recycling or producing producing recycled material after grinding into electrical landfill ethanol

Fig.6. Program ĉ: Design of the source of the fine sorting process

4. Countermeasures and suggestions

According to the relevant experience at home and abroad and the current situation of China in garbage separation and recycling, the following countermeasures and suggestions are proposed for the main problems.

4.1 Establishing laws and regulations of sorting reclaim MSW

Laws and regulations of sorting reclaim MSW should be established as soon as possible for few to provide a clear code of conduct standards. For the design of the content, the following recommendations are made: z Residents must be in accordance with legal requirements for sorting. z Strengthen the examine-force of realty management. z Outstanding individuals or groups should be rewarded, while errant individuals or groups should be punished in sorting reclaim MSW. z The rate system of MSW should be established, which include flat rate system batching-rate system overshoot-rate system.

4.2 Conduct vigorous propaganda, draw up rewards and penalties system

Government and community should conduct vigorous propaganda so that residents are familiar with MSW sorting and specific disposal situation. Combined with the actual situation, effective rewards and penalties system is established. Regulating the behaviour of the residents according to the laws and regulations of sorting reclaim MSW. For example, if the residents are able to sortˈthey would be charged free for waste disposal feeˈotherwise they would not only be charged for the fee but also be fined. Those who repeatedly donÿt sort as required would be posted publicly while the public play a supervisory role in the process. In the dual role of morality and law, a good atmosphere of sorting reclaim MSW in the whole society is created.

4.3 Promote reduction in the source of MSW

It has a very important role in classification of treatment and recycling use of MSW while reduce the output from the source. On the one hand , it allows residents to voluntarily reduce, which achieve resource utilization of them, such as serve the bottles as decoration or containing other common items, and no wastage of food; On the Wei Liu et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 31 ( 2016 ) 482 – 490 489 other hand, actively promote sorting reclaim MSW, from which available "junk" can be used as much as possible.

4.4 Improve the facilities of sorting reclaim MSW

Sorting reclaim MSW is a complete system that need a comprehensive range of infrastructure and personnel security. Government needs equip reasonable hardware facilities of sorting reclaim MSW and also improve human resource construction with training centralized the current garbage collection team and scavengers to enable them to establish a fixed garbage collection places in the streets or the community for specialized sorting reclaim MSW. In addition, the design of the relevant recycling facilities should take aesthetic and practicality into account (It is difficult to see the small and invisible label on the garbage bin for residents when discarding garbage in some cities. That tags are not visible reduces the effect of sorting reclaim MSW, so it is proposed to make the brand logo on the top of the garbage bin).

4.5 Renovation of traditional system of sorting reclaim MSW

4.5.1 Transforming the existing recycling industry:Currently there were some problems in waste recovery stations which are irregularities in waste recycling, with dirty and messy environment, many of them are in the residential areas and so on. For recycling industry more shoddy, as well as actively promoting of sorting reclaim MSW, it has urgent need to implement the transformation of the waste recovery industry. z Regulating the waste recovery industry to develop orderly The waste recovery industry is brought into the municipal commercial project to manage. Waste recovery companies are encouraged to operate orderly. The establishment of conditions of waste recovery station is strict to monitor, for example, the station must be set up outside in the forbidden zone (ĉ and Ċ water source areas, etc.). Meanwhile, the station which is unlicensed, illegal building, has security risks, and makes an acquisition of cables and other public facilities will be punished according to the law. In addition, the existing station is subregion- integrated and transformed into the station of sorting and recycling. z Establishing network of waste recycling It is advised to bring “Establishing network of waste recycling” into the municipal public engineering, set up a waste "transporting and collecting station" in every street, build three to five "sorting field " in the adequate zone of the city, through which the waste recycling will be a emerging industry . Improve the construction of the station and sorting field, it not only did a lot of garbage collection timely and effectively but also let the residents see the actual effect of sorting, so then they participate in waste reducing and sorting reclaim in daily life consciously. 4.5.2 Choosing suitable disposal methods:At present, the main methods of MSW disposal in China is sanitary landfill while this disposal is the most uneconomic and environmental-unfriendly. Therefore it need to promote harmless disposal and resource utilization during the waste processing, such as developing the utilization of useful waste, garbage incineration to generate power, waste composting, recovery and utilization of the , and improve the economic and environmental benefits of MSW disposal constantly.

5. Conclusion

Proper disposal of MSW is becoming a knottier problem confronted all over the world. The Earth will be buried in garbage, if the consumable items are not recycled effectively in the future. Sorting reclaim MSW is a systematic project, which need tripartite cooperation of community participation, enterprise combination and government decision. The participation of residents is the key to complete, it needs relevant policies and regulations as well as publicity and education all around. By recycling MSW, residents readily recognize that everyone is maker of garbage, also the victim and governor of garbage pollution. This paper analyzes the current status of sorting reclaim MSW to find out the main problems existing in it and propose targeted countermeasures and suggestions. The results have significant value for promoting the social construction of resource-conserving & environmental- friendly and guiding MSW sorting reclaim in China.. 490 Wei Liu et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 31 ( 2016 ) 482 – 490

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)—(41101542), the project (XHJJ-1311) of Sichuan Province Cyclic Economy Research Center, and the project (J201213) of the Scientific Research Foundation of CUIT.

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