EVERY ALTERNATIVE. AdvancedAdvanced NaturalNatural GasGas EngineEngine TechnologyTechnology forfor HeavyHeavy DutyDuty VehiclesVehicles

Dr.Dr. MostafaMostafa MM KamelKamel HD Vehicle Environment

Changes• The economics of HD diesel vehicle operation are changing – Higher vehicle pricing to meet 2007 emissions requirements – Further cost increases related to 2010 emissions technology – Higher cost of Ultra Low Sulfur diesel fuel – Uncertain crude oil pricing

• Concern about Green House Gases

• Advancements in NG engines in HD vehicles

What about Natural Gas? • Clean burning, safe vehicle fuel • Abundant supply in North America • Renewable fuel – Landfill Gas, Bio Gas • Lower GHG emissions • Lower cost, less volatility • Engine technology advancements

Simpler Cleaner Fuel EmissionsEmissions

Complex Hydrocarbon

Simplest Hydro Carbon

High hydrogen-to-carbon ratio results in GHG advantage Large & Domestic Fuel

NaturalNatural GasGas EnergyEnergy SecuritySecurity

• Less than .01% used for transportation in U.S. 98% – 10 million NGVs would use about 3%

• World NG reserves estimated at 3x that of oil • Huge advances being made in bio-Methane

– landfill gas (LFG), dairy farms, wastewater treatment plants • NGVs offer solution to dependence on foreign oil

– U.S. imports up to 70% of its oil at a cost of $700 billion a year

Supplied From US and Canada Imported

Source – Clean Energy 2009

Lower Fuel Costs EconomicsEconomics Price History for Crude Oil, Diesel Fuel, and Vehicular Compressed Natural Gas

$140 Cushing, OK WTI Spot Price FOB (EIA) [Dollars per Barrel] $7.00

U.S. No 2 Diesel Retail Sales by All Sellers (EIA) [Dollars per Gallon]

$120 Diesel fuel for vehicles (CCAFPR) [$/DEG] $6.00

CNG fuel for vehicles (CCAFPR) [$/DEG]

$100 Diesel-CNG price gap (CCAFPR) [$/DEG] $5.00

$80 $4.00 data source: US DOE

Barrel] $60 $3.00

$40 $2.00

$20 $1.00

$- $-

Daily Crude Oil Spot Price, Cushing, OK WTI Spot Price FOB [Dollars OK Price FOB WTI Spot per Price, [Dollars Spot Cushing, Crude Oil Daily Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Retail Diesel and Natural Gas Prices [Dollars per Diesel-equivalent Gallon] Diesel-equivalent Gas per Prices Natural [Dollars and Diesel Retail

-$20 -$1.00 Why Natural Gas Engines? Emissions Leadership  Heavy Duty engines at or lower than legislated limits  Greenhouse gas advantages

Economic Benefits Energy Security  Lower cost fuel  Reduced reliance on imported oil  Improved Efficiency  Renewable (Bio-methane)

 Life Cycle Cost advantage

Natural Gas Engine for HD Applications

• 8.9 litre Stoichiometric Cooled EGR • Ratings from 250 to 320 hp • 1000 ft.lb peak torque • Low emissions • 0.20 g/bhp-hr NOx • 0.01 g/bhp-hr PM • Three Way Catalyst Aftertreatment • Maintenance Free • CNG, LNG, or BioMethane Natural Gas Engine Technology Evolution 120 Stoichiometric Rich Lean • Low NOx with TWC x 100 • Limited power density, efficiency, durability 80

Lean Burn 60 • Lean combustion Lean Burn 40 EGR improves power density, Stoichiometric efficiency, durability Percent Maximum NO 20 • NOx control is in-cylinder • Capable of EPA07 0 emissions, but not EPA10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Air / Fuel Ratio Stoichiometric with Cooled EGR • Combines the attributes of Stoichiometric & Lean Burn combustion • Oxygen-free exhaust enables TWC for NOx control • Cooled EGR delivers power density & efficiency • Sub-EPA10 emissions with passive aftertreatment ISLG Schematic

EGR-Cooler 3-Way Catalyst Charge Air Cooler Charge Air Three Way Catalyst

. Reduces three harmful emissions: NOX, CO, HC

. End products are: N2, CO2, H2O

. Simple, passive, maintenance-free

Catalyst Inlet Catalyst Outlet NO X N2 CO CO2 HC H2O

ISL G TWC ‐ similar package size to current mufflers

Technology Advantages • Separation of Combustion and Emissions control functions allows:

– Optimization of the catalyst design to produce the highest conversion efficiencies Typical 3 Way Catalyst Conversion Efficiency Technology Advantages

Higher torque Like – Optimization of combustion to Diesel produce best performance 950 and efficiency 900 850 800 • Transient response improved 750 and low end torque increased Torque (lb-ft) 700 650 • Fuel economy improvement of 600 550 5% achieved and demonstrated Engine Speed (rpm) in the field compared to Lean 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 Burn product ISL G 280 C Gas Plus 280 ISL05 280 2010 ISL G

Cooled EGR .Cold-Side EGR Valve

Integrated Fuel Housing .Compact one piece design .Throttled air mixed with fuel and EGR

Fully Integrated Electronic Controls . Fuel, Ignition, Catalyst, EGR & Air Handling Controls GHG Well to Wheel for Urban Bus - GH Genius

Post 2010 Results (Vancouver, Canada) Extraction Processing Transportation End user Total and storage

Natural Gas

1,402.4 g/km

115 g/km 49.5 g/km 53.9 g/km 1,183.9 g/km

Diesel

1,811.7 g/km

268.8g/km 179.5 g/km 9.7 g/km 1,353.7g/km

22.6% GHG reduction Including vehicle material and assembly - 21.9% GHG Source:http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/es/etb/ctfca/PDFs/GHGenius/gh_genius_pamphlet0405_e.html

In-Use Emissions

• In-use emissions measured (by Sensors Inc.) in a Sacramento Transit Bus in service • Used EPA in-use test procedure • Emissions were significantly lower than the 2010 EPA Heavy Duty emissions regulations Reduced Noise

Noise Comparison

110

Communities notice the natural ISL G is 5.5 decibels gas noise advantage. quieter at peak torque and load ONE Diesel engine idling is 100 louder than TEN natural gas engines idling together ISL G is 9.9 decibels quieter at Idle/no load 90 Decibeles dB(A)

80

70 Peak Torque / Full Load Idle / No Load Engine Test Mode Natural Gas Applications TRUCK SPECIALTY BUS REFUSE Biomethane Profile

• Hilarides Dairy uses manure Hilarides Dairy - Lindsay, California produced by 10,000 cows to generate 226,000 cubic feet of biomethane daily — enough to reduce the Central Valley farm’s diesel fuel consumption by 650 gallons a day • Two 18 wheel tractor trailers powered by ISL G 320 operating on compressed Biomethane • Project financed with a grant from the California ARB Alternative Fuel Incentive Program Summary • Natural gas engine technology has evolved to meet the requirements of HD vehicle applications • CWI technology can meet the toughest emissions requirements while delivering – Economics advantage – Simple aftertreatment – Lower GHG emissions • Natural Gas engines use an abundant North American fuel and are compatible with Biomethane as a renewable fuel EVERY ALTERNATIVE.

ThankThank YouYou