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Wreck Law – a Systematisation of Legal Interests and Conflicts

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Wreck Law – a Systematisation of Legal Interests and Conflicts Wreck Law – A Systematisation of Legal Interests and Conflicts Jhonnie Mikael Kern Juridiska institutionens skriftserie Handelshögskolan vid Göteborgs universitet Skrift 036 2021 © Jhonnie Mikael Kern, Göteborg 2021 Tryck: STEMA Specialtryck AB, Borås ISBN: 978-91-8009-308-8 (Printed) ISBN: 978-91-8009-309-5 (Digital) The river is within us, the sea is all about us; The sea is the land’s edge also, the granite Into which it reaches, the beaches where it tosses Its hints of earlier and other creation: The starfish, the horseshoe crab, the whale’s backbone; The pools where it offers to our curiosity The more delicate algae and the sea anemone. It tosses up our losses, the torn seine, The shattered lobsterpot, the broken oar And the gear of foreign dead men. The sea has many voices, Many gods and many voices. The Dry Salvages, Four Quartets – T.S. Eliot Acknowledgements There are many people without whom this work would not have been possible. The foundations Stiftelsen Mary von Sydows, född Wijk, donationsfond and Stiftelsen Torsten Petterssons donation för professur i sjörätt och annan transporträtt generously provided funding for this project for which I am deeply grateful. I am also grateful to my supervisor Professor Claes Martinson for valu- able input and advice throughout the process of writing this thesis. I would also like to thank Associate Professor Andreas Moberg and Professor Pernilla Rendahl who read and commented on early drafts of this text and, in particular, Associate Professor Filip Bladini and Professor Jason Chuah who did so in the final stages of the work. Their comments were of great value and importance for the progress of this project. Any remaining errors or oversights are, of course, mine and mine alone. Many thanks also to my colleagues at the Department of Law at the University of Gothenburg. Finally, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to Professor Lars- Göran Malmberg who not only co-supervised this project, but also inspired me to pursue this work in the first place. Without his contri- bution, this thesis would not have been written. Jhonnie Mikael Kern Varekil, Sweden March 2021 7 Contents Introduction 19 1 Presentation of the Subject 21 1.1 Introductory Remarks . 21 1.2 Problem Introduction . 22 1.3 Purpose and Method . 25 1.4 Defining the Problem Area . 26 1.5 Involved Interests and Conflicts . 27 1.5.1 Introductory Research Question I . 27 1.5.2 Different Kinds of Wrecks . 28 1.5.3 Why Remove Wrecks? . 30 1.5.4 Wreck Removal Convention . 35 1.5.5 Ethical Questions . 36 1.5.6 Wrecks of Historical Importance and Value . 38 1.5.7 Protecting Wrecks . 42 1.5.8 Complicated Area of Law . 45 1.5.9 Results for the Classification . 46 1.6 Classification of Wrecks . 47 1.6.1 Introductory Research Question II . 47 1.6.2 Introductory Distinctions . 47 1.6.3 Division Based on Proprietary Interests . 51 1.6.4 Division Based on Problem Areas . 56 1.6.5 Combined Spheres . 57 1.6.6 Period of Time . 59 1.6.7 Combination of Variations . 61 8 1.6.8 Geographical Element . 65 1.6.9 Private and Public Interests and Conflicts . 65 1.6.10 Other Variations and Aspects . 67 1.6.11 Results for the Ensuing Parts . 69 1.7 Structure and Legal Analysis . 72 1.7.1 Four Parts of Inquiry . 74 1.7.2 Legal Comparisons . 75 1.8 Research Questions . 76 1.8.1 History and Concept . 77 1.8.2 Hazards . 78 1.8.3 Protection . 78 1.8.4 Private and Public Interests and Conflicts . 79 2 Execution of the Study 81 2.1 Theoretical Considerations . 81 2.2 Methodological Aspects . 85 2.2.1 A Comparative Law Approach . 85 2.2.2 Comparative Method . 86 2.2.3 The Use of Functions in Legal Comparative Analysis 93 2.2.4 Legal History and Comparative Law . 95 2.2.5 Sources and Material . 96 2.2.6 Reform Processes . 98 2.2.7 Empirical Data . 101 2.3 Theory and Method Combined . 101 I History and Concept 103 3 Historical Development 105 3.1 Origins . 106 3.1.1 Rhodian Law . 107 3.1.2 Greek and Roman Civilization . 109 3.2 Roman Law . 111 3.2.1 Influence of Lex Rhodia on Roman Law . 112 3.2.2 Variations in the Roman Concept of Jettison . 113 9 3.2.3 Emerging Concept of Salvage . 115 3.2.4 Transmarine Loans . 116 3.2.5 Provisions Regarding Shipwrecks . 117 3.2.6 Shipwrecks Affecting Many Areas of Law . 118 3.3 Middle Ages . 119 3.3.1 Rolls of Oleron . 119 3.3.1.1 Rights and Obligations in Relation to Shipwrecks . 120 3.3.1.2 Rolls of Oleron and Jettison . 121 3.3.1.3 Rolls of Oleron and Collisions . 123 3.3.2 Wisby Town-Law on Shipping . 124 3.3.2.1 Rights and Obligations in Relation to Shipwrecks . 124 3.3.2.2 Wisby Town-Law and Jettison . 126 3.3.2.3 Provisions in Relation to Shipwrecks . 127 3.3.2.4 Salvage and Regulating Finds . 128 3.3.3 Gotland or Wisby Sea-Law . 129 3.3.3.1 Rights and Obligations in Relation to Shipwrecks . 131 3.3.3.2 Gotland or Wisby Sea-Law and Jettison 132 3.4 Development of Concepts and Identified Problems . 134 3.4.1 Jettison or General Average Developed . 135 3.4.2 Recognising Wrecks as Obstacles . 136 3.5 Common Grounds in the Regulations . 137 3.5.1 Wreckers and Wrecking . 137 3.5.2 Salvage and Wrecks . 142 3.5.3 Derivation, Inspiration or Coincidence? . 144 4 Wreck as a Legal Concept 147 4.1 The Meaning of Wreck . 148 4.1.1 English Approach . 148 4.1.1.1 Historical Development and Shift . 149 4.1.1.2 Wreck as Established by Case Law . 151 4.1.1.3 Flotsam, Jetsam, Lagan and Derelict . 153 10 4.1.1.4 Current Legislative Stance . 155 4.1.2 Nordic System Approach . 157 4.1.2.1 Lack of Definition . 157 4.1.2.2 A Destroyed Vessel or Ship . 157 4.1.2.3 Linked to the Possibility of Salvage? . 159 4.1.2.4 Wreck as the Result of a Transformation 164 4.1.3 Harmonized Approach . 165 4.1.4 Monistic or Pluralistic Approach? . 166 4.2 Distinguishing Variations of Wrecks . 166 4.2.1 Proprietary Dimension of Wrecks . 166 4.2.2 Approaches Based on Function . 168 4.3 Relation Between Wreck and Ship or Vessel . 170 II Hazards 173 5 Common Ground on Hazards 175 5.1 Purpose of the Chapter . 175 5.2 UNCLOS . 175 5.2.1 Sovereign Rights in Different Areas . 176 5.2.2 Specific Provisions on Hazards . 177 5.3 Salvage Convention . 178 5.4 Conventions in Relation to Pollution . 179 5.4.1 Intervention Convention . 179 5.4.2 CLC- and Fund Convention . 180 5.4.3 Bunker Convention . 180 5.4.4 HNS Convention . 181 5.4.5 London Convention on Dumping . 181 5.5 Wreck Removal Convention . 181 5.5.1 Status of the Convention . 182 5.5.2 Origin and Purpose . 183 5.5.3 Central Definitions . 186 5.5.3.1 Ship . 186 5.5.3.2 Maritime Casualty . 188 5.5.3.3 Wreck . 189 11 5.5.3.4 Hazard . 195 5.5.3.5 Removal . 197 5.5.4 Scope of the Convention . 198 5.5.5 Actions to be Taken . 204 5.5.5.1 Reporting the Wreck . 204 5.5.5.2 Locating and Marking the Wreck . 206 5.5.5.3 Removing the Wreck . 209 5.5.6 Responsibility and Liability . 210 5.5.6.1 The Owner is Responsible . 210 5.5.6.2 A Duty and Limited Freedom to Remove 211 5.5.6.3 If the Owner is not Active . 212 5.5.6.4 Strict Liability . 215 5.5.6.5 Limitation of Liability . 216 5.5.7 Enforcement in Practice . 218 5.5.7.1 Compulsory Insurance . 219 5.5.7.2 Possibility to Claim the Insurer . 220 5.5.7.3 Certificates for all Ships . 224 5.5.8 Time Limits . 225 5.5.9 Implementations in the Legal Systems . 226 5.5.9.1 English Law . 226 5.5.9.2 Swedish Law . 232 5.5.9.3 Norwegian Law . 233 5.5.9.4 Finnish Law . 234 5.5.9.5 Danish Law . 237 5.5.9.6 Comments on the Implementations . 237 5.6 Reflections on the Common Ground . 238 6 Wrecks as Navigational Hazards 241 6.1 Elaboration of the Research Question . 241 6.2 Purpose and Functions . 242 6.3 Wrecks Covered in the Studied Regulations . 243 6.3.1 General Structures and Approaches . 243 6.3.2 Focus on an Accountable Person . 244 6.3.3 Less Focus on an Accountable Person . 254 12 6.3.4 Different Ways to Approach Wrecks . 260 6.4 Scope of Application . 262 6.4.1 Extensive Systems . 263 6.4.2 Fragmentary Systems . 266 6.4.3 Different Scopes of Application . 269 6.5 Responsibility and Removal . 269 6.5.1 An Elaborate System . 270 6.5.2 Mixed Systems . 272 6.5.3 An Innovative System . 277 6.5.4 A Direct System . 279 6.5.5 Available Actions . 283 6.6 Liability Issues and Compensation . 284 6.6.1 Two Main Dimensions . 284 6.6.2 Different Orders of Action . 286 6.6.3 Cultural Differences in the Systems .
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