Battle in the Mind Fields: Class 1
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Battle in the Mind Fields: Class 1 John A Goldsmith June 21, 2019 Topic 1: The graphic genealogy and visual index 1. People, groups, influences, continuity (rupture? not so much) 2. Top to bottom: time. People at the top were born later than people at the bottom 3. Left to right: linguistics, philosophy, psychology. 4. Vienna Circle, Prague Circle, Gestalt psychology . Topic 2: The syllabus 1. What this course is all about: what you need to know to understand how we got here 2. The origins of modern linguistics 3. Philosophy and psychology. Auguste Comte, Ernst Mach, Wilhelm Wundt, Franz Brentano 4. Edward Sapir, Leonard Bloomfield; psychology in the United States 5. Roman Jakobson, Nicolas Trubetzkoy; Edmund Husserl 6. The Vienna Circle, the unity of science; cybernetics 7. American descriptivism: it was not what you think 8. Generative grammar: phonology, syntax, and the goals of the general theory Proposal 1: Reappropriating our history 1. Disciplines, barriers and moles 2. The eternal conversation 3. Some of our neighbors: philosophy, logic, and psychology 1 You do not understand the answer until you understand the question to which it was the answer. 1 Why did modern linguistics emerge in the 19th century? Topic 3: Six generations of linguists 1. Generation 1: Humboldt, Grimm, Rask, Bopp 2. Generation 2: Grassmann, Schleicher, Müller, William Dwight Whitney 3. Generation 3: Neogrammarians, Baudouin de Courtenay, Saussure 4. Generation 4: Trubetzkoy, Jakobson, Sapir, Bloomfield 5. Generation 5: Charles Hockett, Zellig Harris 6. Generation 6: Noam Chomsky, Morris Halle 1 Topic 4: Why is it so hard to read linguistics from the past? 1. It isn’t. 2. Read the classics in order to understand how a field moves forward. 3. Has the past been accurately described? No. 4. Reappropriating our history [bis] 2: The story of Noah and Jehovah His family, his animals, and his books. 2 Battle in the Mind Fields: Class 2 The Nineteenth Century John A Goldsmith 1 The 19th century Topic 1: Time and history in the 19th century 1. The science of geology 2. Elements and the Periodic Table 3. Charles Darwin 4. Two crises in mathematics: first geometry, then set theory 5. The discovery of Indo-European, and William Jones 6. A place for teleology? And what is history? 7. The rise of the research university (a) The Church in medieval Europe a (b) When it all changed: the research university set up in Berlin, 1810. (c) Four generations of higher education in the United States: colleges, land-grant universities, new universi- ties, Cold War/GI Bill universities a The Decline of the German Mandarins, by Fritz K. Ringer. 1969. More recently: Humboldt and the modern German university: An intellectual history. Johan Östling. 2018. Lund University Press. Translated by Lena Olsson. 2 Linguistics Topic 2: The first four generations 1. Generation 1: Humboldt, Grimm, Rask, Bopp 2. Generation 2: Grassmann, Schleicher, Müller, William Dwight Whitney 3. Generation 3: Neogrammarians, Baudouin de Courtenay, Ferdinand de Saussure 4. Generation 4: Trubetzkoy, Jakobson, Sapir, Bloomfield Topic 3: Focus on these linguists 1. William Dwight Whitney: the first great American linguist 2. Ferdinand de Saussure: saved by his students 3. Jan Baudouin de Courtenay: the establishment of modern phonology 4. Neogrammarians: the creation and evolution of language by human beings like moderns 1 Ferdinand de Saussure 1857–1913 Maurice Bloomfield Third Generation 1855–1928 Neogrammarians Karl Brugmann Hermann Paul 1849–1919 Hermann Osthoff 1846–1921 Jan Baudouin de Courtenay 1847–1909 1845–1929 Berthold Delbr¨uck Hugo Schuchardt 1842–1922 August Leskien 1842–1927 1840–1916 William Dwight Whitney Albrecht Weber 1827–1894 1825–1901 August Schleicher F. Max M¨uller 1821–1868 1823–1900 Georg Curtius 1820–1885 Rudolph von Roth 1821–1893 Second Generation Hermann Grassman 1809–1872 Franz Bopp 1791–1867 Rasmus Rask Jacob Grimm 1787–1832 First Generation 1785–1863 Friedrich von Schlegel 1772–1829 Wilhelm von Humboldt 1767–1835 Figure 1: 2.1 First three generations of linguists 3 Franz Bopp 1791–1867 Rasmus Rask Jacob Grimm 1787–1832 First Generation 1785–1863 Friedrich von Schlegel 1772–1829 Wilheml von Humboldt 1767–1835 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1749–1832 Johann Gottfried Herder 1744–1803 Immanuel Kant 1724–1804 Figure 2: 2.2 First generation of linguists 4 Carl Buck 1866-1955 William Rainey Harper 1856-1906 Maurice Bloomfield 1855-1928 Neogrammarians Charles R. Lanman Eduard Sievers 1850-1941 Karl Brugmann 1850-1932 1849-1919 Hermann Osthoff 1847-1909 Berthold Delbrck 1842-1922 August Leskien 1840-1916 William Dwight Whitney 1827-1894 Albrecht Weber 1825-1901 Max M¨uller 1823-1900 Rudolph van Roth 1821-1895 Georg Curtius 1820-1885 Karl Richard Lepsius 1810-1884 Franz Bopp 1791-1867 Figure 3: 2.3 William Dwight Whitney 5 Neogrammarians Eduard Sievers 1850-1932 Karl Brugmann Hermann Osthoff 1849-1919 Hermann Paul 1847-1909 1846-1921 Berthold Delbr¨uck 1842-1922 Hugo Schuchardt 1842-1927 August Leskien 1840-1916 Life and Growth of Language W.D. Whitney 1827-1894 Heymann Steinthal 1823-1899 August Schleicher Georg Curtius 1821-1868 1820-1885 Figure 4: 2.4 Neogrammarians 6 Ferdinand de Saussure 1857-1913 Maurice Bloomfield 1855-1928 Eduard Sievers 1850-1932 Karl Brugmann Hermann Osthoff Hermann Paul 1849-1919 1847-1909 1846-1921 Jan Baudouin de Courtenay Berthold Delbr¨uck 1845-1929 1842-1922 Hugo Schuchardt 1842-1927 August Leskien Neogrammarians 1840-1916 Heymann Steinthal 1823-1899 August Schleicher Georg Curtius 1821-1868 1820-1885 Figure 5: 2.5 Baudouin de Courtenay, Saussure, and M. Bloomfield 7 E.D.Polivanov 1891-1938 St Petersburg School 1900-1918 Lev Schcherba 1880-1944 Antoine Meillet 1866-1936 Kazan School Paul Passy 1874-1883 Ferdinand de Saussure 1859-1913 1857-1913 Mikolaj Kruszewski 1851-1887 Karl Brugmann Hermann Osthoff 1849-1919 1847-1909 Jan Baudouin de Courtenay 1845-1929 August Leskien 1840-1916 Heymann Steinthal 1823-1899 August Schleicher Georg Curtius 1821-1868 1820-1885 8 Figure 6: 2.6 Jan Baudouin de Courtenay Antoine Meillet 1866-1936 Ferdinand de Saussure 1857-1913 Karl Brugmann 1849-1919 Hermann Osthoff 1847-1909 Jan Baudouin de Courtenay 1845-1929 August Leskien 1840-1916 William Dwight Whitney 1827-1894 Georg Curtius August Schleicher 1820-1885 1821-1868 Franz Bopp 1791-1867 Figure 7: 2.7 Ferdinand de Saussure 9 Battle in the Mind Fields: Class 3 19th century philosophy John A Goldsmith June 21, 2019 Topic 1: What to keep your eye on, in philosophy 1. Ontology or metaphysics: what exists 2. Epistemology: what can be known 3. Method: how we should behave in order to learn and understand Topic 2: Principal themes 1. Empiricism and Rationalism, both hard and soft 2. Immanuel Kant 3. Auguste Comte and positivism 4. Ernst Mach, philosophy and science 5. (20th century) The Vienna Circle and logical positivism 6. W.V.O. Quine and Nelson Goodman Topic 3: Two main figures 1. Wilhelm Wundt, in Leipzig (and Leonard Bloomfield the first) 2. Franz Brentano, in Vienna 3. Both were philosophers and psychologists 4. How their students saw them 1 Vil´em Mathesius 1882-1945 Kasimir Twardowski 1866-1938 Christian von Ehrenfels Edmund Husserl 1859-1932 1859–1938 Sigmund Freud 1856-1939 Alexis Meinong 1853–1920 Tom´aˇsMasaryk 1850-1937 Carl Stumpf Anton Marty 1848–1936 1847-1914 Franz Brentano 1838–1917 John Stuart Mill 1806–1873 Friedrich Trendelburg 1802–1872 Auguste Comte 1798–1857 Figure 8: 3.1 Franz Brentano 10 Vil´em Mathesius 1882-1945 Edmund Husserl 1859–1938 Tom´aˇsMasaryk 1850-1937 Carl Stumpf Anton Marty 1848–1936 1847-1914 Franz Brentano 1838–1917 Auguste Comte 1798–1857 Figure 9: 3.2 Tomas Mazaryk 11 Roman Jakobson 1896-1982 Gustav Shpet 1879-1937 James Angell Edward Titchener 1869-1949 1867-1927 Hugo von M¨unsterberg 1863-1916 Oswald K¨ulpe Gyorgi Chelpanov 1862-1915 1862-1936 James McKeen Cattell 1860-1944 G. Stanley Hall 1846-1924 William James 1842-1910 Ernst Mach 1838-1916 Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920 Heymann Steinthal 1823-1899 Hermann von Helmholtz 1821-1894 Figure 10: 4.1 Wilhelm Wundt 12 Yehoshua Bar-Hillel 1915–1975 W.V.O. Quine 1908–2000 Nelson Goodman Kurt G¨odel 1906–1998 1906–1978 Karl Popper Alfred Tarski 1902–1994 1901–1983 Rudolf Carnap 1891–1970 Ludwig Wittgenstein Hans Reichenbach 1889-1951 Philipp Frank 1891–1953 Otto Neurath Moritz Schlick 1884-1966 1882–1945 1882-1936 Hans Hahn 1879–1934 Bertrand Russell Vienna Circle 1872–1970 David Hilbert 1862–1943 Gottlob Frege Edmund Husserl 1848–1925 1859–1938 Figure 21: 7.2 Logical positivists and friends 23 Battle in the Mind Fields: Class 4 American psychology, Edward Sapir and Leonard Bloomfield John A Goldsmith 1 1900-1950: Psychology in the United States Topic 1: Schools 1. Structuralism: Titchener’s take on Wundt 2. Functionalism: American pragmatism 3. Behaviorism; John B. Watson 4. Gestalt psychology: immigrants from Germany 5. Depth psychology: Freud, Jung, Adler. 2 1900-1950: American Linguistics Topic 2: Edward Sapir 1. Immigrant family 2. Franz Boas and anthropology 3. Years in exile: Ottawa 4. Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, depth psychology, Gestalt psychology 5. The University of Chicago 6. Yale University; Morris Swadesh and the phoneme, becoming more abstract 7. Benjamin Lee Whorf Topic 3: Leonard Bloomfield 1. Immigrant family 2. Harvard, Wisconsin, Chicago, Champagne-Urbana, Ohio State University 3. The first Bloomfield, and the second 4. Language in 1933 5. Yale University 1 Margaret Mead Leslie Spier 1901–1978 1893–1961 Melville Herskovitz 1895–1963 Abram Kardiner 1891–1981 Ruth Benedict 1887–1948 Edward Sapir Paul Radin 1884-1939 1883–1959 Alfred Kroeber 1876-1960 James McKeen Cattell 1860–1944 Franz Boas 1858-1942 Hermann von Helmholtz 1821–1894 Figure 17: 6.1 Franz Boas 19 Charles Hockett 1916-2000 Kenneth Pike Mary Haas 1912-2000 Zellig Harris Morris Swadesh 1910-1996 1909-1992 1909-1967 Stanley Newman 1905-1984 Benjamin Lee Whorf 1897–1941 Margaret Mead 1901–1978 Kurt Koffka Ruth Benedict Edward Sapir 1886-1941 1887–1948 1884-1939 Alfred Kroeber 1876-1960 Franz Boas 1858-1942 Figure 18: 6.2 Edward Sapir 20 1940 A.L.