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TÁVOL-KELETI TANULMÁNYOK 6. ÉVFOLYAM 2014/1-2 Főszerkesztő HAMAR IMRE 1.Fugen Enmei bosatsu 普賢延命菩薩 képe (a harmadik ikonográfiai típus) a Butsuzō zui 仏像図彙 1783-as, Tosa Hi- denobu által szerkesztett kiadásában (Forrás: http://www.lib.ehime-u.ac.jp/SU- ZUKA/316/) BUDAPEST Weituo, a kolostorok védelmezője (lakkozott, fa, aranyozva, 18–19. század, 81 x 38 cm, copyright © Hopp Ferenc Ázsiai Művészeti Múzeum, Szépművészeti Múzeum Lt. sz.: 6745 A borítót Bukovics Zoltán tervezte. Szerkesztőbizottság Birtalan Ágnes, Csoma Mózes, Mecsi Beatrix, Salát Gergely, Szilágyi Zsolt, Tóth Erzsébet, Yamaji Masanori Szerkesztő Kósa Gábor Nyelvi lektor Salát Gergely A Távol-keleti Tanulmányok az ELTE BTK Távol-keleti Intézetének és az ELTE Konfuciusz Intézetének hivatalos folyóirata. A folyóirat stíluslapja (http://tavolkeletiintezet.elte.hu/pdf/TKT_stiluslap.pdf) alapján elkészített tanulmányokat a [email protected] e-mail címre kell beküldeni. A beérkezett tanulmányokat kettős vak eljárás során szakmai lektorok bírálják el. A kötet megjelent 2015-ben. Kiadja: ELTE BTK Távol-keleti Intézet, Budapest Felelős kiadó: Hamar Imre Műszaki szerkesztés: Bukovics Zoltán ISSN 2060–9655 Tartalom Nánai Erika: A Han Birodalom születése. Xiang Yu évkönyve A történetíró feljegyzéseiben ............................................ 7 Kiss Mónika: Fugen Enmei bosatsu ikonográfiai meghatározásának néhány problematikus pontja .......................................................................... 67 Helfenbein Katalin: „Amikor minden dharma a Buddha Dharma.” A Genjōkōan 現成公按 első három sorának értelmezése .............................. 93 Vörös Erika: Benzaiten istennő alakjának szimbolikája a 14. századi Keiran shūyōshū alapján ................................................................................117 Szabó Balázs: Idegenek a láthatáron: Tokugawa Nariaki felirata a shōguni kormányhoz 1853-ban .................................................................. 137 Papp Melinda: A család intézményének átalakulása az ünnepi szokások tükrében a háború előtti Japánban (1868–1945) .......................................................... 159 Strausz Janka: A tisztátalanság gondolatvilága a faluhatár térbelisége és az elhatárolódás szándéka kapcsán ........................................................... 179 Jambajantsan Delgermaa Amina: Ember- és állatáldozatok a középkori (13–15. század) mongoloknál ........................................................193 Kápolnás Olivér: A hun hagyomány a mongol krónikákban ............................. 223 Szilágyi Zsolt: Az első lépések a Távol-Kelet felé. Az orosz–mongol kapcsolatfelvétel a 17. században.................................... 233 ___________ Nagy Mariann: Kínai nyelv magyaroknak 3. (recenzió) .................................... 259 Salát Gergely: Csoma Mózes: Diszkózene a Kvangbok sugárúton. Észak-Korea a rendszerváltozások évében (recenzió) .................................. 261 Szilágyi Zsolt: Hogyan írjunk ma mongol történelmet? (recenzió) .................. 263 Krónika .............................................................................................................. 271 Összefoglalók (angol) ........................................................................................ 283 Összefoglalók (kínai) ......................................................................................... 289 TABLE OF CONTENTS Erika Nánai: Birth of the Han dynasty: Xiang Yu’s Basic Annals in The Records of the Grand Historian .................................................................. 7 Mónika Kiss: Problematic points in the iconography of Fugen Enmei Bosatsu ... 67 Katalin Helfenbein: “When all dharmas are the Buddha Dharma.” The interpretation of the first three lines of theGenjōkōan 現成公按 ............. 93 Erika Vörös: Symbolism of the goddess Benzaiten in the 14th century Keiran shūyōshū ............................................................................................ 117 Balázs Szabó: Foreigners at the gates: Tokugawa Nariaki’s letter to the shōgunal government in 1853 .............................................................. 137 Melinda Papp: The changes of the institution of the Japanese family in light of the celebration practices in pre-war Japan (1868–1945) .............. 159 Janka Strausz: The phenomenon of impurity at the village border and in the process of delimitation ......................................................................... 179 Delgermaa Amina Jambajantsan: Forms of human and animal sacrifices in medieval (12th – 15th centuries) Mongolian society ................................... 193 Olivér Kápolnás: The (Asian) Hun tradition in the Mongolian sources............. 223 Zsolt Szilágyi: The first steps toward the Far East: the Russian–Mongolian contacts in the 17th century ............................................................................ 233 ___________ Reviews ............................................................................................................... 259 Chronicle ............................................................................................................. 271 Abstracts (English) .............................................................................................. 283 Abstracts (Chinese) ............................................................................................. 289 目录 诗风: 汉代的诞生 ––– 史记中的项羽本纪 ............................................................. 7 基什 • 莫妮卡:普贤延命菩萨肖像研究质疑 ...................................................... 67 赫尔费贝恩•卡塔林: “當所有法成為佛法”現成公按前三行釋義 ............... 93 艾丽: 14世纪渓嵐拾葉集中辨財天的象征 ......................................................... 117 萨布: 外国人在国门：1853年徳川斉昭给征夷大將军的政府的一封信 ....... 137 帕伯 • 麦琳妲:日本家庭结构的变化基于日本战前时期（1868-1945） 的庆典活动 ......................................................................................................... 159 施特劳斯 • 扬卡: 村庄边界的不纯净现象和界定过程 .................................. 179 德尔格玛 • 阿米娜: 中世纪蒙古社会人与动物的祭祀形式 ......................... 193 卡波尔纳什 • 欧利韦尔: 蒙古族保留下来的匈奴传统 .................................. 223 西拉吉 • 乔尔特: 跨入远东第一步–––17世纪俄蒙建交 ................................ 233 书评 ........................................................................................................................... 259 纪实 ........................................................................................................................... 271 摘要 (英文 ) .............................................................................................................. 283 摘要 (中文) ............................................................................................................... 289 Távol-keleti Tanulmányok 2014/1-2: 7–66. Nánai Erika A Han birodalom születése Xiang Yu évkönyve A történetíró feljegyzéseiben1 I. Bevezetés Amikor i. e. 221-ben Ying Zheng 嬴政 (uralk. i. e. 247–210), az északnyugat- kínai Qin állam királya – hat riválisát legyőzve – a történelem folyamán először egyesítette Kínát, örökre beírta nevét a világtörténelembe. A kínai császárság, amelyet ő alapított meg, több mint kétezer éven át állt fenn, s hatását egyebek között a mai kínai közigazgatás szervezetén és keretein is fel lehet ismerni. Ying Zheng maga is tisztában volt azzal, hogy maradandót alkotott. Úgy vélte, dinasztiája az idők végezetéig – kínai kifejezéssel: „tízezer nemzedéken át” – fenn fog maradni, ezért uralkodói névnek csupán egy sorszámot választott: ő lett Qin Shi Huangdi 秦始皇帝, vagyis Qin Első Császára.2 Qin Shi Huangdi sikerei csúcsán építtette fel a kínai történelem egyik legnagyobb palotaegyüttesét, hegynyi síremlékét, valamint a mai Nagy Fal elődjét,3 és számos dicsőítő feliratot állíttatott magáról az országban.4 Qin Shi Huangdi i. e. 210-ben bekövetkezett halála után trónja tehetségtelen, öntelt és könnyen befolyásolható – legalábbis az utókor által ilyennek ábrázolt – fiára szállt, aki uralkodását azzal kezdte, hogy fivéreit lemészároltatta. A Második Császár (Qin Er Shi Huangdi 秦二始皇帝) azonban csupán néhány éven át uralkodott, i. e. 207-ben saját kegyence végzett vele. Ekkor a birodalom már lángokban állt, minden tartományában felkelések törtek ki, s a Qin-ház harmadik uralkodója már fel sem merte venni a „császár” (huangdi 皇帝) címet, hanem 1 Az alábbi cikk a 2005-ben elkészült szakdolgozatom átdolgozott változata. 2 Az Első Császár életéről, tevékenységéről, jelentőségéről lásd a nyugati nyelven megjelent egyik legjobb monográfiát: Bodde 1938. Magyarul lásd Ecsedy 1992: 14–21; Gernet 2001: 98–102; Polonyi 1994: 34–41. 3 Qin Shi Huangdi építkezéseiről lásd Thilo 1985: 67–68. 4 A feliratok többségét szó szerint közli a Shiji 6. fejezete, Qin Shi Huangdi évkönyve (Shiji 6: 480–664). Martin Kern (2000) egy egész kötetet szentelt Qin Shi Huangdi feliratainak. A Shijire a továbbiakban a következőképpen hivatkozunk: „[Shiji] [fejezet száma]: [oldalszám a pekingi Zhonghua Shuju 1963-as, illetve 2010-es kiadásában]. A Hanshura való hivatkozások ehhez hasonlóan, a Zhonghua Shuju 1962-es kiadására történnek. Ahol egész fejezetre hivatkozunk, ott az oldalszámot általában nem adjuk meg. 8 Nánai Erika csupán „királynak” (wang 王) nevezte magát. I. e. 206-ban, alig néhány hónapnyi uralkodás után azonban fővárosát az egyik felkelő csapat elfoglalta, őt magát pedig elfogták, majd kivégezték, s ezzel a dicsőséges Qin-ház végleg megbukott. A következő évek Kína történetének egyik legzűrzavarosabb időszakát hozták: mintha a Hadakozó fejedelemségek két évszázadának (i. e. 453–221) eseményei ismétlődtek volna meg fél évtized alatt. A lázadók visszaállították a régi
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