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Chapter 1 Introduction
Physiology
Genetics Ecology Behavior
Evolution
History of Physiology ancient Greek physis = "nature, origin“; logia, = "study of" Hippocrates (460-370 BC) 420 BC Hippocratic School of Medicine wrote about physiology Aristotle (384 BC - 322 BC) relationship between structure & function pioneer of physiology Galen (Claudius Galenus ( ~129-200/216) Greek physician in Rome founder of “experimental physiology” William Harvey (1578-1657) English physician studied fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds & mammals 1628 publication blood circulation – heart «capillaries» epigenesis Marcello Malphigi (1628-1694) Italian physician microscope anatomy Malphigian tubules
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Matthias Schleiden (1804-1881) German botanist cell theory Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) German physiologist Claude Bernard (1813-1878) French physiologist Father of Animal Physiology Ivan Pavlov 1891 conditioning reflex 1904 Nobel Prize in Medicine & Physiology Walter Cannon (1871-1945) American physiologist 20th century comparative physiology & ecophysiology August Krogh (1874-1949) Danish Per Scholander (1905-1980) Swedish C. Ladd Prosser (1907-2002) American Knut Schmidt-Nielsen (1915-2007) Norwegian George Bartholomew 1919-2006 American environmental physiology Peter Hochachka (1937-2002) Canadian biochemical adaptation George Somero (1940- current) American biochemical adaptation
Physiology: study of functions & their structural components
functions: physical & chemical processes in organisms
How organisms operate Salmon life history physiologically
1) Fundamental biology of all organisms 2) Non-human health & diseases 3) Human health & diseases
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Applied practical aspects of physiology Comparative approach nonhuman animals “models” understanding human health & diseases
Frog -- understanding human circulatory system
squid neuron cells — large axons for implanting electrodes
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Central Questions in Physiology Mechanism a) components of living animal b) interactions among these components allowing animal to perform
Firefly
1) What is mechanism by which function accomplished? How?
2) How did mechanism originate? Why?
2009 Dante Fenelio How do you like your eggs cooked, with bacon? Significance Inferences from past
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Evolutionary origins Natural selection differential survival & reproduction
Adaptation physiological mechanism/trait, product of evolution by natural selection
Adaptive significance: reason why trait is asset reason why natural selection favored evolution of trait Adaptation: mechanism of light production not implied Adaptive significance: mate attraction François Jacob: French biologist 1965 Nobel laureate engineering vs tinkering engineering: new tinkering: pre-existing & modify*
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Physiology
Mechanistic study of mechanisms Evolutionary study of evolutionary origins Comparative synthetic study of function of all animals
Environmental physiological ecology: study of how animals respond to physiologically to environmental conditions Integrative synthesis across levels of biological organization, e.g. relations between molecular & anatomical features of organs
animals structurally dynamic animals organized systems requiring energy maintaining organizations time & body size fundamental significance in lives of all animals
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Structurally dynamic Schoenheimer (1930s) first used radioisotopes in research
Organized systems requiring energy maintaining organizations
structurally dynamic losing elements/compounds daily-need to replenish them
Time & body size fundamental significance Structure relative constant through time but particular atoms constructing molecules of change from time to time
Claude Bernard (1813-1878 physician) Father of Comparative Physiology Coined: Constancy of “milieu intérieur” = internal environment Cells bathed tissue fluids/blood constancy of solutes (Na+), pH, temperature within an animal’s body external environment = conditions outside body constancy of mammalian blood glucose
“Constancy of the internal environment is the condition for free life” Animals are able to lead lives of greater freedom and independence to the extent that they maintain a stable internal environment, sheltering their cells from the variability of the outside world
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Conformity internal & external conditions equal Regulation internal constancy against varying external conditions
Homeostasis
Walter Cannon (1871-1945) physician/researcher developed term observed animals interact with environment which constantly alters stability of internal parameters (e.g. temperature, pH, ion concentrations) expanded Bernard’s constancy of internal mileu to also include existence of regulatory systems that automatically make adjustments to maintain internal constancy Homeostasis = “the coordinated physiological processes which maintain most of the constant states in the organism.”
Cannon (1933)
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Homeostasis Negative feedback controlled variable
+
set point
-
chronic change acclimation chronic response to an environment change under lab conditions acclimatization chronic response to several environmental changes under field conditions phenotypic plasticity Individual ability to express 2 or more genetically controlled phenotypes
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1 2
Internally Programmed Changes in Two Time Frames physiological change occurs even external environment constant e.g. hemoglobin: HbF (fetus/newborn) α2γ2 ~12 weeks postnatal to HbA adult) α2β2 1) developmentally e.g. metamorphosis
2) biological clocks endogenous (daily— circadian) hibernation
jet lag
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Body Size scaling: mammalian physiological/morphological traits vary systematically with size
26.5:32
27: 26
dikdik duiker zebra duiker water buffalo
Environment animals do not live in a vacuum Environment: all chemical, physical & biotic components of animal’s Immediate surroundings Microenvironment/microclimate
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Key environmental parameters temperature
O2
H2O salinity pH pressure Masking Factors wind temperature
Temperature
Antarctica rock cod lay eggs, hatch, grow feed & mate at ~-1.9 C
Desert iguana up to 42 C; can survive 48.5 C
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O2
High Altitude
Lower Depth in Oceans
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Temperature effects on Coral Reefs
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Bernard & Cannon: studied mammals & humans presumptuous elevation of mammals “superior” to other taxa
mammalian homeostasis – achievement of evolutionary/ecological success
Questions physiologists ask
Proximal causes/cues: how Ultimate causes/cues: why
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