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THE ETHICAL DILEMMA of SCIENCE and OTHER WRITINGS the Rockefeller Institute Press

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THE ETHICAL DILEMMA of SCIENCE and OTHER WRITINGS the Rockefeller Institute Press THE ETHICAL DILEMMA OF SCIENCE AND OTHER WRITINGS The Rockefeller Institute Press IN ASSOCIATION WITH OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK 1960 @ 1960 BY THE ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE PRESS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BY THE ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE PRESS IN ASSOCIATION WITH OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 60-13207 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE The Ethical Dilemma of Science Living mechanism 5 The present tendencies and the future compass of physiological science 7 Experiments on frogs and men 24 Scepticism and faith 39 Science, national and international, and the basis of co-operation 45 The use and misuse of science in government 57 Science in Parliament 67 The ethical dilemma of science 72 Science and witchcraft, or, the nature of a university 90 CHAPTER TWO Trailing One's Coat Enemies of knowledge 105 The University of London Council for Psychical Investigation 118 "Hypothecate" versus "Assume" 120 Pharmacy and Medicines Bill (House of Commons) 121 The social sciences 12 5 The useful guinea-pig 127 The Pure Politician 129 Mugwumps 131 The Communists' new weapon- germ warfare 132 Independence in publication 135 ~ CONTENTS CHAPTER THREE About People Bertram Hopkinson 1 39 Hartley Lupton 142 Willem Einthoven 144 The Donnan-Hill Effect (The Mystery of Life) 148 F. W. Lamb 156 Another Englishman's "Thank you" 159 Ivan P. Pavlov 160 E. D. Adrian in the Chair of Physiology at Cambridge 165 Louis Lapicque 168 E. J. Allen 171 William Hartree 173 R. H. Fowler 179 Joseph Barcroft 180 Sir Henry Dale, the Chairman of the Science Committee of the British Council 184 August Krogh 187 Otto Meyerhof 192 Hans Sloane 195 On A. D. Ritchie's History and Methods of the Sciences 197 Sir Alfred C. G. Egerton 199 CHAPTER FOUR Refugees The international status and obligations of science 205 Nazi dismissals 222 Racial hygiene and the Nobel Prize 227 Science and learning in distress 228 Our alien friends 2 31 An exile's faith in Britain 2 33 Alien internees (House of Commons) 236 Alien doctors (House of Commons) 244 CONTENTS vii Refugees as a symptom of an international disorder- isolationism 249 Victims of the Nazis 254 Refugee problem (House of Commons) 256 Punishing Nazi criminals 263 CHAPTER FIVE Science in Two World Wars Air defence 269 The creed of Saint Ribbentrop 272 Science in the war 274 Science and defence 28o The Red Army 285 The war situation (House of Commons) 288 Weapons (House of Commons) 296 What sort of people does he think we are? 301 Science and secrecy 303 The Royal Navy Club 306 CHAPTER SIX Science in the Commonwealth Colonial administration (House of Commons) 315 The Royal Society 321 India- scientific development or disaster 337 India (House of Commons) 347 Health, food, and population in India 356 Science in India 370 APPENDIX Chronological list of titles 385 TO MARGARET NEVILLE HILL AND IN MEMORY OF HER MOTHER AND OF MINE FLORENCE ADA KEYNES 1861-1958 ADA PRISCILLA HILL 1861-1943 PREFACE THE PERSUASION of various friends has led to the publication of these collected writings. They have no common theme, though common motives, hopes and feelings can be recognized (perhaps too often) in many of them. No single title could cover them all, so it seemed better to adopt the title of one of them, the presi­ dential address to the British Association in 1952, the one which received more blame, and perhaps more approval, than the others. Some of the contents have little, if any, direct relation to science; though often their origin can be traced to convictions which are part of custom or morality among scientific people anywhere. Some of the contents may seem flippant and some people dislike flippancy: but laughter may serve a useful purpose sometimes, ex­ cept to those who do not like it. In a few, exasperation had driven me to relieve my feelings in "verse," admittedly bad, and some people may not like that: but these fragments were given a place for historical, not aesthetic, reasons. Others, more prosaic, are included because they may possibly have an interest to those who want to know when and how some things started. In talks and writings scattered over forty years there was bound to be consider­ able repetition, together with much unworthy to be perpetuated. The kind reader may remember that nearly all that is printed here was written at the request of other people; I did my best, my fault is not to have buried it all since. Anyhow selection was necessary and two thirds has been buried. In making the selection, or rather the rejection, I have wondered how far to heed the advice quoted by Samuel Johnson ( 1773) :- Read over your compositions and where ever you meet with a passage which you think is particularly fine, strike it out. Xll PREFACE I have borne the principle in mind, but it was very little help in reducing the material to one third. Yet the reading of these papers again, after many years of forget­ fulness, has proved a less depressing business than I feared; partly because they brought back the endeavours and companionship of earlier years. Some of my friends, and particularly Detlev Bronk, recall at intervals remarks they say I made to them, often many years ago: with no memory of these left, or of the circumstances, they sound to me nevertheless like things I might possibly have said. For example (recalled by G. A. H. Buttle of an occasion when, he says, I found him renewing his strength, which did not need much renewing, in the middle of the morning), "You're a sort of irreversible process, a lot of food goes in and very little work comes out." The same feeling that I might have written these papers was evoked by their re-reading: but here the evidence of origin was better documented, though unfortunately, unlike the other stories, the material had not been improved by keeping. There is much in these papers that today one might prefer to alter, but that would be cheating; and no-one can be sure that what he thinks now is any wiser (or less wise) than what he thought forty years ago. Knowledge and the circumstances may have changed, and what may seem platitudinous now may have been comparatively bright then: and however insignificant these papers may be as history it was better to treat them with historical in­ tegrity. Extensive omission was necessary, partly to spare print and paper, partly to save the reader from repetition and boredom. A few obvious errors have been corrected, but no alterations of sense have deliberately been made; though occasional rephrasing was necessary to bridge omission. I hope there has been no bad cheating during the omission: there could be. The papers have been grouped in six Chapters, in each chrono­ logically. In order to make them intelligible, an introduction (gen­ erally short) has usually been included after each title and reference has been made, by numbers in the text, to notes at the end. For many years I have had such an interesting time that I have thought, now and then, that it might be nice to share it with others. But such an idea can lead one into being a terrible bore, and I sheered off. The actual impulse which set this volume going was applied by Dr. Paul Rosbaud and my son M. N. Hill. After PREFACE Xlll that Dr. D. R. Wilkie came in. Their original idea, however, of collected (or even selected) scientific papers rather shocked me: perhaps I did not feel that old: and in the end they were pro­ pitiated by the present plan. The next stage in its realization came when I mentioned it casually to Dr. Bronk, who at once suggested that the book should be published by the new Rockefeller Institute Press. I was the more inclined to trust his opinion, because of this remarkable capacity of his for remembering things said to him over many years: he would know the kind of thing the Press would be in for, there could be no claim afterwards for false pretences. Anyhow that is what happened. A. V. HILL University College, London. August 1959 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS are due to the publishers of the many journals and books in which these articles appeared. My cordial thanks are due to Dr. Paul Rosbaud for encouragement, help, and advice throughout the preparation of this book. THE ETHICAL DILEMMA OF SCIENCE AND OTHER WRITINGS ONE The ethical dilemma of science Living Mechanism The Present Tendencies and the Future Compass of Physiological Science Experiments on Frogs and Men Scepticism and Faith Science, National and International, and the Basis of Co-operation The Use and Misuse of Science in Government Science in Parliament The Ethical Dilemma of Science Science and Witchcraft, or, The Nature of a University THis CHAPTER, composed of philosophical and other reflexions assembled from thirty-six years, takes its title from one of its con­ stituents, which also gave the title to the book. Some kind of dilemma seems to be inherent in science, for every achievement, by its limitations, implies also a failure. The answer to a question generally raises a host of new questions, scientific, political, philo­ sophical or ethical. At times the dilemma becomes immensely practical as when reduction of death from disease fails to be ac­ companied by increased production of food, or when technological developments for warfare are not comprehended by political or military leaders. The papers in this Chapter refer to several such dilemmas as I have encountered them.
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