DOCSLIB.ORG

"Weapon of Starvation": the Politics, Propaganda, and Morality of Britain's Hunger Blockade of Germany, 1914-1919

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) 2015 A "Weapon of Starvation": The Politics, Propaganda, and Morality of Britain's Hunger Blockade of Germany, 1914-1919 Alyssa Cundy Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, European History Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Cundy, Alyssa, "A "Weapon of Starvation": The Politics, Propaganda, and Morality of Britain's Hunger Blockade of Germany, 1914-1919" (2015). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 1763. https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/1763 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A “WEAPON OF STARVATION”: THE POLITICS, PROPAGANDA, AND MORALITY OF BRITAIN’S HUNGER BLOCKADE OF GERMANY, 1914-1919 By Alyssa Nicole Cundy Bachelor of Arts (Honours), University of Western Ontario, 2007 Master of Arts, University of Western Ontario, 2008 DISSERTATION Submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Doctor of Philosophy in History Wilfrid Laurier University 2015 Alyssa N. Cundy © 2015 Abstract This dissertation examines the British naval blockade imposed on Imperial Germany between the outbreak of war in August 1914 and the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles in July 1919. The blockade has received modest attention in the historiography of the First World War, despite the assertion in the British official history that extreme privation and hunger resulted in more than 750,000 German civilian deaths. This revelation of a humanitarian disaster may be the main reason why the British government delayed public release of the history for nearly thirty years after its completion in the 1930s. Yet scholarship has focused on the initial establishment of the blockade, and the complex legal, economic, and diplomatic issues that made it ineffective during the first part of the war. Much less has been written about its subsequent evolution into a powerful weapon, and less still on the Allies’ continuation of the blockade after the Armistice to compel German acceptance of the Treaty of Versailles. Britain first implemented the naval blockade of Germany not as a merciless hunger blockade, but rather as a time-honoured maritime strategy intended to weaken the enemy’s military resources and thereby assist the Allied land war on the Continent. However, its function changed over the course of the war, as Britain broadened the classes of goods subject to interdiction, from a traditional naval strategy focused on military supplies, into a much broader “weapon of starvation,” in the words of Winston Churchill, the British Secretary of State for War, by 1918-1919. The aim of this dissertation is to illuminate how and why this military transformation occurred and detail some of the political and moral consequences of the blockade’s expansion and its prolongation in full force through the whole of the treaty negotiations at Versailles. ii Acknowledgements Writing is usually an exercise of quiet contemplation. Researching and writing a dissertation, however, is a collaborative process sustained over many years. I am forever indebted to my advisor, Dr. Roger Sarty, and the members of my dissertation committee – Dr. Rhoda Howard-Hassmann, Dr. Alan McDougall, and Dr. David Olivier – for their welcome insight and sound suggestions at various stages throughout this process. Their considerable expertise and constructive feedback was invaluable. I would also like to thank the research staff at the National Archives in Kew, England, the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives at King’s College London, Imperial War Museum (London), the British Library, the Save the Children Fund Archive, and the Hoover Institution Archives at Stanford University. Their prompt assistance made the task of researching an international topic abroad considerably easier, as did the hospitality of my extended family in Surrey and London, England. Special thanks must go to Tony and Shirley Dalton, Joanne Lander, and Joan Wallace, for generously opening their homes to me. I am grateful to have received external funding from the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada, as well as scholarships and teaching assistantships from the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies and the Faculty of Arts at Wilfrid Laurier University. Their financial support made possible my ongoing research trips to Britain and the United States in search of material from newly available documents to well-combed archival collections. Thank you to my Tri-University History colleagues and friends, both in and outside the academic community, who have shown their support over the years. Above iii all, I could not have completed this project without the support of my wonderful family, especially my mother, Marion Lewis, my father and stepmother, Marty and Theresa Cundy, and my grandparents, Dan and Marion Miller and Bill and Vicky Cundy. I am so thankful for your wisdom and unconditional love and support. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract pp. ii Acknowledgements pp. iii-iv PART I: Chapter 1: Food as a Weapon, 1914-1919 Chapter Subheadings: Introduction pp. 1-3 Historiography pp. 3-11 Methods and Themes pp. 11-17 A Note on Archival Sources pp. 17-21 Chapter 2: A Transatlantic Quandary: British Implementation and International Stalemate, 1914-1916 Chapter Subheadings: The Hunger Blockade Contextualized pp. 22-26 Imperialism and Anxiety in Edwardian Britain pp. 26-30 Strategy and Finance: The Fisher Revolution in Naval Warfare? pp. 30-34 Prewar Planning and International Law pp. 34-38 The Short War Illusion and Business as Usual pp. 38-40 Indirect Trade and the Northern Neutrals pp. 40-42 French Economic Tactics: Too Little, Too Late? pp. 42-46 American Neutrality and the Moral Predicament pp. 46-53 Chapter 3: Beyond a “Needless Sacrifice”: Total War and the Tightening of the Blockade, 1916-1918 Chapter Subheadings: v New Players, New Approach pp. 54-57 Administrative Changes and the Price of Neutrality pp. 57-66 Germany and the Turnip Winter of 1916-1917 pp. 66-73 U-boats, American Intervention, and the Allied Blockade Committee pp. 73-79 Deprivation, Illness, and Defeat pp. 79-88 Chapter 3 Appendix pp. 89 PART II: Chapter 4: Print Wars and the Art of Persuasion: Lord Northcliffe and Anglo-German Propaganda Chapter Subheadings: Newspapers and the Press c. 1914 pp. 90-91 Patriotism and Propaganda: Two Sides of the Same Coin pp. 92-96 The Role of Censorship pp. 96-98 Alfred Harmsworth: The Making of a Propagandist pp. 98-101 The Propaganda of Crewe House pp. 101-109 (a) The Balloon Post pp. 103-106 (b) Inter-Departmental and Allied Cooperation pp. 106-109 The Success of British Propaganda and Collapse of Germany’s Allies pp. 109-116 (a) Austria-Hungary pp. 109-111 (b) Bulgaria pp. 111-113 (c) Turkey pp. 113 “We Were Hypnotized… as a Rabbit by a Snake”: pp. 116-120 The Legacy of Britain’s Propaganda Campaign Chapter 4 Appendix: pp. 121-122 The Organization of Official British Propaganda, 1918 pp. 121 The Department of Enemy Propaganda at Crewe House pp. 122 vi Chapter 5: “An End by Bullets is Preferable to Death by Starvation”: Peace Talks and Dissenting Diplomats, November 1918 - February 1919 Chapter Subheadings: An Act of Hubris pp. 123-127 Article XXVI of the Armistice Agreement pp. 127-129 The Continuation of the Blockade after the Armistice pp. 129-136 (a) The French Argument pp. 130-133 (b) The British Perspective pp. 133-136 Lloyd George and the General Election of 1918 pp. 136-139 Initial Relief Efforts pp. 139-144 (a) The Hoover Plan pp. 140-142 (b) Allied Obstructionism pp. 142-144 Conditions in Germany pp. 144-148 The Turn of the Tide pp. 148-151 Chapter 5 Appendix pp. 152 Chapter 6: “Famine is the Mother of Anarchy”: Herbert Hoover and an End to Economic Warfare, March - July 1919 Chapter Subheadings: A Troubling Realization pp. 153-159 Crafting the Peace: A Case of History Repeating Itself? pp. 159-166 The Humanitarian Argument to Feed Germany pp. 166-171 The Supreme War Council’s Response pp. 171-179 Brussels Food Agreement and the Relaxation of the Blockade pp. 179-188 PART III: Chapter 7: The Postwar Legacy of the Allied Naval Blockade vii Chapter Subheadings: The Long Shadow of War pp. 189-195 Fight the Famine pp. 195-200 Save the Children pp. 200-207 National Socialism and the Push for German Autarky pp. 208-214 Herbert Backe and the Nazi Hunger Plan pp. 214-219 Chapter 8: Concluding Remarks on the Hunger Blockade pp. 220-233 Bibliography pp. 234-270 viii CHAPTER 1 FOOD AS A WEAPON, 1914-1919 Introduction “All is fair,” remarked Admiral John Fisher in an April 1904 naval document on the tactics and strategies that Britain’s Royal Navy would employ in the event of war. The soon-to-be-appointed First Sea Lord qualified his remarks by asserting rather matter-of- factly “[that] moderation in war is imbecility.”1 This statement was certainly indicative of the Admiralty’s blockade policy of Imperial Germany throughout the First World War. Indeed, Great Britain, France and, later, the United States maintained a rigorous naval blockade of Germany from August 1914 to July 1919 when the Treaty of Versailles was eventually ratified. The blockade has received relatively little attention in the historiography of the First World War, despite the assertion in the British official history that extreme privation and hunger resulted in more than 750,000 German civilian deaths2 – a third of which occurred after 11 November 1918.3 While past scholarship has emphasized the blockade’s early imposition and its complex legal and economic framework, it has yet to sufficiently detail its use as an instrument of war and, equally, potent bargaining chip at the Paris peace table.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY Department of History & Art History
    GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY Department of History & Art History Ethnic Conflict: Britain & Ireland in the 20th Century Spring 2012 Course Building/Hall Room Day Time Hist 388-009 Robinson B 222 Tuesday/Thursday 1.30-2.45 p.m. Sinn Féin President Gerry Adams & British Prime Minster Tony Blair meet for the first time, recalling the fate of IRA leader Michael Collins Phelim Connolly cartoon for the Irish Independent, 11 December 1997 INSTRUCTOR: Dr Kevin Matthews OFFICE: Robinson B 373B OFFICE HOURS: 12.00-1.15 & 3.00-4.15 p.m. Thurs, or by appointment. TELEPHONE: 703/993-1250 (main department number) E-MAIL: [email protected] REQUIRED TEXT & MATERIALS: 1. McKittrick, David & David McVea. Making Sense of the Troubles: The Story of Conflict in Northern Ireland 2. Townshend, Charles. Political Violence in Ireland: Government & Resistance Since 1848 3. Strunk, William & E.B. White. The Elements of Style (Note: Because a number of sources relevant to this course are out of print, other readings will be provided by the instructor via the internet; see the syllabus calendar below for a tentative list.) - 2 - All students are required to purchase two Scantron cards Form No. 882-E, and two large blue books (11" x 8.5"). Both of your blue books must be delivered to the instructor no later than the third week of the course. Failure to meet this deadline will be grounds for a failing grade on the first exam. DO NOT WRITE YOUR NAME ON THE BLUE BOOKS BEFORE TURNING THEM IN. (If you drop the course, your unused blue books will be returned to you - but only after you have officially dropped.) Do not hand in your Scantron cards - but make sure you have one with you on both exam days.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Attitudes to Conscription: 1914–1918
    RESEARCH PAPER SERIES, 2016–17 27 OCTOBER 2016 Political attitudes to conscription: 1914–1918 Dr Nathan Church Foreign Affairs, Defence and Security Section Contents Introduction ................................................................................................ 2 Attitudes of the Australian Labor Party ........................................................ 2 Federal government ......................................................................................... 2 New South Wales ............................................................................................. 7 Victoria ............................................................................................................. 8 Queensland ...................................................................................................... 9 Western Australia ........................................................................................... 10 South Australia ............................................................................................... 11 Political impact on the ALP ............................................................................... 11 Attitudes of the Commonwealth Liberal Party ............................................. 12 Attitudes of the Nationalist Party of Australia ............................................. 13 The second conscription plebiscite .................................................................. 14 Conclusion ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Concord Mcnair Scholars Research Journal
    Concord McNair Scholars Research Journal Volume 9 (2006) Table of Contents Kira Bailey Mentor: Rodney Klein, Ph.D. The Effects of Violence and Competition in Sports Video Games on Aggressive Thoughts, Feelings, and Physiological Arousal Laura Canton Mentor: Tom Ford, Ph.D. The Use of Benthic Macroinvertebrates to Assess Water Quality in an Urban WV Stream Patience Hall Mentor: Tesfaye Belay, Ph.D. Gene Expression Profiles of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4 during Chlamydia Infection in a Mouse Stress Model Amanda Lawrence Mentor: Tom Ford, Ph.D. Fecal Coliforms in Brush Creek Nicholas Massey Mentor: Robert Rhodes Appalachian Health Behaviors Chivon N. Perry Mentor: David Matchen, Ph.D. Stratigraphy of the Avis Limestone Jessica Puckett Mentors: Darla Wise, Ph.D. and Darrell Crick, Ph.D. Screening of Sorrel (Oxalis spp.) for Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity Sandra L. Rodgers Mentor: Jack Sheffler, M.F.A. Rembrandt’s Path to Master Painter Crystal Warner Mentor: Roy Ramthun, Ph.D. Social Impacts of Housing Development at the New River Gorge National River 2 Ashley L. Williams Mentor: Lethea Smith, M.Ed. Appalachian Females: Catalysts to Obtaining Doctorate Degrees Michelle (Shelley) Drake Mentor: Darrell Crick, Ph.D. Bioactivity of Extracts Prepared from Hieracium venosum 3 Running head: SPORTS VIDEO GAMES The Effects of Violence and Competition in Sports Video Games on Aggressive Thoughts, Feelings, and Physiological Arousal Kira Bailey Concord University Abstract Research over the past few decades has indicated that violent media, including video games, increase aggression (Anderson, 2004). The current study was investigating the effects that violent content and competitive scenarios in video games have on aggressive thought, feelings, and level of arousal in male college students.
    [Show full text]
  • World War I Concept Learning Outline Objectives
    AP European History: Period 4.1 Teacher’s Edition World War I Concept Learning Outline Objectives I. Long-term causes of World War I 4.1.I.A INT-9 A. Rival alliances: Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente SP-6/17/18 1. 1871: The balance of power of Europe was upset by the decisive Prussian victory in the Franco-Prussian War and the creation of the German Empire. a. Bismarck thereafter feared French revenge and negotiated treaties to isolate France. b. Bismarck also feared Russia, especially after the Congress of Berlin in 1878 when Russia blamed Germany for not gaining territory in the Balkans. 2. In 1879, the Dual Alliance emerged: Germany and Austria a. Bismarck sought to thwart Russian expansion. b. The Dual Alliance was based on German support for Austria in its struggle with Russia over expansion in the Balkans. c. This became a major feature of European diplomacy until the end of World War I. 3. Triple Alliance, 1881: Italy joined Germany and Austria Italy sought support for its imperialistic ambitions in the Mediterranean and Africa. 4. Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty, 1887 a. It promised the neutrality of both Germany and Russia if either country went to war with another country. b. Kaiser Wilhelm II refused to renew the reinsurance treaty after removing Bismarck in 1890. This can be seen as a huge diplomatic blunder; Russia wanted to renew it but now had no assurances it was safe from a German invasion. France courted Russia; the two became allies. Germany, now out of necessity, developed closer ties to Austria.
    [Show full text]
  • Routledge Dictionary of Cultural References in Modern French
    About the Table of Contents of this eBook. The Table of Contents in this eBook may be off by 1 digit. To correctly navigate chapters, use the bookmark links in the bookmarks panel. The Routledge Dictionary of Cultural References in Modern French The Routledge Dictionary of Cultural References in Modern French reveals the hidden cultural dimension of contemporary French, as used in the press, going beyond the limited and purely lexical approach of traditional bilingual dictionaries. Even foreign learners of French who possess a good level of French often have difficulty in fully understanding French articles, not because of any linguistic shortcomings on their part but because of their inadequate knowledge of the cultural references. This cultural dictionary of French provides the reader with clear and concise expla- nations of the crucial cultural dimension behind the most frequently used words and phrases found in the contemporary French press. This vital background information, gathered here in this innovative and entertaining dictionary, will allow readers to go beyond a superficial understanding of the French press and the French language in general, to see the hidden yet implied cultural significance that is so transparent to the native speaker. Key features: a broad range of cultural references from the historical and literary to the popular and classical, with an in-depth analysis of punning mechanisms. over 3,000 cultural references explained a three-level indicator of frequency over 600 questions to test knowledge before and after reading. The Routledge Dictionary of Cultural References in Modern French is the ideal refer- ence for all undergraduate and postgraduate students of French seeking to enhance their understanding of the French language.
    [Show full text]
  • When Fear Is Substituted for Reason: European and Western Government Policies Regarding National Security 1789-1919
    WHEN FEAR IS SUBSTITUTED FOR REASON: EUROPEAN AND WESTERN GOVERNMENT POLICIES REGARDING NATIONAL SECURITY 1789-1919 Norma Lisa Flores A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2012 Committee: Dr. Beth Griech-Polelle, Advisor Dr. Mark Simon Graduate Faculty Representative Dr. Michael Brooks Dr. Geoff Howes Dr. Michael Jakobson © 2012 Norma Lisa Flores All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Dr. Beth Griech-Polelle, Advisor Although the twentieth century is perceived as the era of international wars and revolutions, the basis of these proceedings are actually rooted in the events of the nineteenth century. When anything that challenged the authority of the state – concepts based on enlightenment, immigration, or socialism – were deemed to be a threat to the status quo and immediately eliminated by way of legal restrictions. Once the façade of the Old World was completely severed following the Great War, nations in Europe and throughout the West started to revive various nineteenth century laws in an attempt to suppress the outbreak of radicalism that preceded the 1919 revolutions. What this dissertation offers is an extended understanding of how nineteenth century government policies toward radicalism fostered an environment of increased national security during Germany’s 1919 Spartacist Uprising and the 1919/1920 Palmer Raids in the United States. Using the French Revolution as a starting point, this study allows the reader the opportunity to put events like the 1848 revolutions, the rise of the First and Second Internationals, political fallouts, nineteenth century imperialism, nativism, Social Darwinism, and movements for self-government into a broader historical context.
    [Show full text]
  • Blitzkrieg: the Evolution of Modern Warfare and the Wehrmacht's
    East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 8-2021 Blitzkrieg: The Evolution of Modern Warfare and the Wehrmacht’s Impact on American Military Doctrine during the Cold War Era Briggs Evans East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Evans, Briggs, "Blitzkrieg: The Evolution of Modern Warfare and the Wehrmacht’s Impact on American Military Doctrine during the Cold War Era" (2021). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3927. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3927 This Thesis - unrestricted is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Blitzkrieg: The Evolution of Modern Warfare and the Wehrmacht’s Impact on American Military Doctrine during the Cold War Era ________________________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of History East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in History ______________________ by Briggs Evans August 2021 _____________________ Dr. Stephen Fritz, Chair Dr. Henry Antkiewicz Dr. Steve Nash Keywords: Blitzkrieg, doctrine, operational warfare, American military, Wehrmacht, Luftwaffe, World War II, Cold War, Soviet Union, Operation Desert Storm, AirLand Battle, Combined Arms Theory, mobile warfare, maneuver warfare. ABSTRACT Blitzkrieg: The Evolution of Modern Warfare and the Wehrmacht’s Impact on American Military Doctrine during the Cold War Era by Briggs Evans The evolution of United States military doctrine was heavily influenced by the Wehrmacht and their early Blitzkrieg campaigns during World War II.
    [Show full text]
  • The British Commonwealth and Allied Naval Forces' Operation with the Anti
    THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH AND ALLIED NAVAL FORCES’ OPERATION WITH THE ANTI-COMMUNIST GUERRILLAS IN THE KOREAN WAR: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE OPERATION ON THE WEST COAST By INSEUNG KIM A dissertation submitted to The University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham May 2018 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis examines the British Commonwealth and Allied Naval forces operation on the west coast during the final two and a half years of the Korean War, particularly focused on their co- operation with the anti-Communist guerrillas. The purpose of this study is to present a more realistic picture of the United Nations (UN) naval forces operation in the west, which has been largely neglected, by analysing their activities in relation to the large number of irregular forces. This thesis shows that, even though it was often difficult and frustrating, working with the irregular groups was both strategically and operationally essential to the conduct of the war, and this naval-guerrilla relationship was of major importance during the latter part of the naval campaign.
    [Show full text]
  • World War I: the War to End All Wars and the Birth of a Handicapped International Criminal Justice System
    Denver Journal of International Law & Policy Volume 30 Number 3 Summer Article 3 May 2020 World War I: The War to End All Wars and the Birth of a Handicapped International Criminal Justice System M. Cherif Bassiouni Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/djilp Recommended Citation M. Cherif Bassiouni, World War I: The War to End All Wars and the Birth of a Handicapped International Criminal Justice System, 30 Denv. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y 244 (2002). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Denver Journal of International Law & Policy by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. WORLD WAR I: "THE WAR TO END ALL WARS"AND THE BIRTH OF A HANDICAPPED INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM M. CHERIF BASSIOUNI* "Strategy is a system of stop-gaps." -Moltke' INTRODUCTION The words of Von Moltke, Germany's well-known general, are an apt prelude to the strategy of justice pursued by the Allies after World War I. It was, indeed, a "system of stop-gaps." World War I, commonly referred to as the "Great War" and "the war to end all wars," took place between 1914 and 1918 and "was the first general war, involving all the Great Powers of the day, to be fought out in the modem, industrialized world."2 The trigger for the war was an incident that occurred in the volatile Balkans 3 on June 28, 1914, in which Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated by Gavrilo Princip as they rode in a car in Sarajevo.4 The " Professor of Law, President, International Human Rights Law Institute, DePaul University College of Law; President, International Association of Penal Law; President, International Institute for Higher Studies in Criminal Sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • Blockade-Running in the Bahamas During the Civil War* by THELMA PETERS
    Blockade-Running in the Bahamas During the Civil War* by THELMA PETERS T HE OPENING of the American Civil War in 1861 had the same electrifying effect on the Bahama Islands as the prince's kiss had on the Sleeping Beauty. The islands suddenly shook off their lethargy of centuries and became the clearing house for trade, intrigue, and high adventure. Nassau, long the obscurest of British colonial capi- tals, and with an ordinarily poor and indifferent population, became overnight the host to a reckless, wealthy and extravagant crowd of men from many nations and many ranks. There were newspaper correspon- dents, English navy officers on leave with half pay, underwriters, enter- tainers, adventurers, spies, crooks and bums. Out-islanders flocked to the little city to grab a share of the gold which flowed like water. One visitor reported that there were traders of so many nationalities in Nas- sau that the languages on the streets reminded one of the tongues of Babel.1 All of this transformation of a sleepy little island city of eleven thou- sand people grew out of its geographical location for it was near enough to the Confederate coast to serve as a depot to receive Southern cotton and to supply Southern war needs. England tried to maintain neutrality during the War. It is not within the scope of this paper to pass judgment on the success of her effort. Certain it is that the Bahamians made their own interpretation of British neutrality. They construed the laws of neutrality vigorously against the United States and as laxly as possible toward the South.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of the Year April 2000 – March 2001 508964AR.CHI 8/23/02 12:18 PM Page *2
    508964AR.CHI 8/23/02 12:18 PM Page *1 THE ROTHSCHILD ARCHIVE Review of the year April 2000 – March 2001 508964AR.CHI 8/23/02 12:18 PM Page *2 Cover Picture: Mr S. V. J. Scott, a Clerk at N M Rothschild & Sons, photographed at his desk in the General Office, 1937 508964AR.CHI 8/23/02 12:18 PM Page *3 The Rothschild Archive Trust Trustees Emma Rothschild (Chair) Baron Eric de Rothschild Lionel de Rothschild Professor David Landes Anthony Chapman Staff Victor Gray (Director) Melanie Aspey (Archivist) Elaine Penn (Assistant Archivist) Richard Schofield (Assistant Archivist) Mandy Bell (Archives Assistant to October 2000) Gill Crust (Secretary) The Rothschild Archive, New Court, St. Swithin’s Lane, London EC4P 4DU Tel. +44 (0)20 7280 5874, Fax +44 (0)20 7280 5657, E-mail [email protected] Website: www.rothschildarchive.org Company No. 3702208 Registered Charity No. 1075340 508964AR.CHI 8/23/02 12:18 PM Page *4 508964AR.CHI 8/23/02 12:18 PM Page *5 CONTENTS Introduction ..................................................................... 1 Emma Rothschild, Chairman of the Rothschild Archive Trust Review of the Year’s Work .................................................. 2 Victor Gray The Cash Nexus: Bankers and Politics in History ......................... 9 Professor Niall Ferguson ‘Up to our noses in smoke’ .................................................. 16 Richard Schofield Rothschild in the News....................................................... 22 Melanie Aspey Charles Stuart and the Secret Service ...................................
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Military Journal, Issue 13, No 2
    Vol. 13, No. 2 , Spring 2013 CONTENTS 3 EDITOR’S CORNER 4 VALOUR 6 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR INTERDEPARTMENTAL CIVILIAN/MILITARY COOPERATION 8 CANADA’S WHOLE OF GovernMENT MISSION IN AFghanistan - LESSONS LEARNED by Kimberley Unterganschnigg Cover TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION A two-seater CF-188 Hornet flies over the Parc des Laurentides en 17 ACTIVE Protection SYSTEMS: route to the Valcartier firing A Potential JacKpot to FUTURE ARMY Operations range, 22 November 2012. by Michael MacNeill Credit : DND Photo BN2012-0408-02 by Corporal Pierre Habib SCIENCE AND THE MILITARY 26 AN Overview OF COMPLEXITY SCIENCE AND its Potential FOR MilitarY Applications by Stéphane Blouin MILITARY HISTORY 37 THE Naval Service OF CANADA AND OCEAN SCIENCE by Mark Tunnicliffe 46 Measuring THE Success OF CANADA’S WARS: THE HUNDRED DAYS OFFENSIVE AS A CASE STUDY by Ryan Goldsworthy CANADA’S WHOLE OF 57 “FIGHT OR FarM”: CANADIAN FarMERS AND GOVERNMENT MISSION THE DILEMMA OF THE WAR EFFort IN WORLD WAR I (1914-1918) IN AFGHANIstan - by Mourad Djebabla LESSONS LEARNED VIEWS AND OPINIONS 68 CANADA’S FUTURE FIGHTER: A TRAINING CONCEPT OF Operations by Dave Wheeler 74 REDEFINING THE ARMY Reserves FOR THE 21ST CENTURY by Dan Doran 78 NCM Education: Education FOR THE FUTURE Now by Ralph Mercer COMMENTARY ACTIVE PROTECTION 82 What ARE THE Forces to DO? SYSTEMS: A POTENTIAL by Martin Shadwick JACKPOT TO FUTURE ARMY OPERatIONS 86 BOOK REVIEWS Canadian Military Journal / Revue militaire canadienne is the official professional journal of the Canadian Forces and the Department of National Defence. It is published quarterly under authority of the Minister of National Defence.
    [Show full text]