The Physiologist Also Receive Call for Abstracts 211 News from Senior Abstracts of the Conferences of the Physiologists 247 American Physiological Society

The

A Publication of The American Physiological Society Physiologist

Volume 40 Number 5 October 1997

The Banbury Conference JN Genomics to Physiology and Beyond: Online October 1997 How Do We Get There? Allen W. Cowley, Jr. Medical College of Wisconsin

Recognition that the Human Genome Project is as the attendees expressed the view that there was likely to result in the identification of nearly all the need to direct major resources and effort 100,000 human genes by 2002 has stimulated the toward the development of a functional under- Inside leadership of APS to develop strategies to expedite standing of genes. This effort was viewed as phase the application of physiological approaches for the II of the Human Genome Project and was named research that will be required to develop an under- the “Genes to Health Initiative.” Council Meets in standing of the relationships between genes and Before providing an overview of the discus- Bethesda function. The Society’s first effort brought togeth- sions from the Banbury Conference, it is impor- p. 212 er a small, diverse group of scientists to plan how tant to recognize some of the events that have to link this knowledge to human health. The meet- already been initiated as a result of the February ing was organized and funded by APS with addi- conference. First, a “Hot Topics” symposium EB ‘98 Preview tional support from Norvartis Corporation and focusing on the Cold Spring Harbor meeting was Burroughs Wellcome Foundation. A group of 33 held at EB ‘97 in New Orleans, LA, to direct the p. 219 internationally recognized scientists from the physiological community’s attention to the need fields of molecular genetics, physiology, and phar- to develop a functional understanding of the genes macology (basic and clinical), representing isolated as part of the Human Genome Project. Career Corner academia, industry, and government, convened at Second, Jim Bassingthwaighte, who participated p. 237 the Banbury Conference Center in Cold Spring in the Banbury Conference, organized a two-day Harbor, NY, to consider how to harness the vast workshop in Petrodvoretz, Russia, following the potential of the Human Genome Project. Nobel IUPS meeting to evolve plans for designing what laureate James D. Watson, whose discoveries and he has called the Physiome Project. This is an The Physiology leadership paved the way for the Human Genome international effort to design, archive, and dissem- and Functional Project, opened the meeting by emphasizing that inate quantitative information and functional the next challenge is that of understanding the models of organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and Diversity of function of these genes in health and disease. organisms. Web-based accessibility of these types Amiloride- The emerging need for a partnership between of data represents a prerequisite bridge to inte- Sensitive Na+ physiologists and molecular geneticists was grate genome database information with function- Channels echoed a year ago by Francis S. Collins, Director ally based data. Third, a major focus on “physio- p. 265 of the National Human Genome Research Insti- logical genomics” is presently being organized for tute, at the Physiology InFocus symposium at EB EB ‘98 in San Francisco, CA. Collins will coordi- ‘96 in Washington, DC, and through his support in nate the Physiology InFocus program entitled organizing the agenda for the Banbury Confer- “Genomics to Physiology and Beyond - How Do ence. The Banbury Conference generated consid- We Get There?” The four symposia scheduled as erable discussion and a high level of enthusiasm, (continued on page 207) Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 Visit Our Web Site at http://www.faseb.org/aps 205 Published bimonthly and distributed by The The American Physiological Society

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Volume 40 Number 5 October 1997 Allen W. Cowley, Jr. President James A. Schafer Past President L. Gabriel Navar Contents President-Elect Martin Frank Editor and Executive Director The Banbury Conference Education Councillors Genomics to Physiology Dale J. Benos, Walter F. Boron, Ger- Outreach Teams Meet ald F. DiBona, Celia D. Sladek, and Beyond: How Do at Summer Institute 234 We Get There? 205 Richard J. Traystman, Allen W. Cowley, Jr. Retreat Held for Summer John A. Williams Research Teachers 235 Ex Officio APS News Francis L. Belloni, Edward H. Blaine, Career Corner Council Meets in Bethesda 212 John E. Hall, Leonard R. Johnson, A Transition From NIH Ethan R. Nadel Cowley Thanks APS Staff 213 Postdoctoral Fellow Nominations Invited for to Industry 237 Publications Committee: Chairman: Teacher of the Year Award 213 Nicholas S. Gantenberg Leonard R. Johnson; Members: Jerome A. Dempsey, Donald S. Faber, Virginia Applications Invited for AAAS Positions Available 240 M. Miller, Stephen H. Wright. Publi- Mass Media Fellow 227 cations Manager: Brenda B. Rauner. Web News 243 Design and Copy Editor: Keith Membership Walsh. Election of New Members 214 Subscriptions: Distributed to members Chapter News Sustaining Associates 216 as part of their membership. Nonmem- APS Chapter Program Adds bers in the USA: individuals $36.50; Deceased Members 245 Two New Chapters 244 institutions $53.00. Nonmembers elsewhere: individuals $46.50; institutions Experimental Biology People and Places $67.00. Single copies and back issues EB ‘98 Symposia Preview 219 when available, $10.00 each; single Hall to Leave NINDS copies and back issues of Abstracts Distinguished Lecturers 228 in December 244 issues when available, $20.00. Sub- Renal Teaching Workshop: scribers to The Physiologist also receive Call for Abstracts 211 News From Senior abstracts of the Conferences of the Physiologists 247 American Physiological Society. Meetings The American Physiological Society Book Reviews 251 assumes no responsibility for the state- 1998 APS Conference: ments and opinions advanced by con- Endothelial Regulation tributors to The Physiologist. of Vascular Tone 230 Books Received 253 Deadline for submission of material for 1998 APS Conference: publication: Jan. 1, February issue; Paraventricular Nucleus Announcements March 1, April issue; May 1, June issue; of the Hypothalamus 231 Nominations Sought for Bristol- July 1, August issue; Sept. 1, October Myers Squibb Award 254 issue; Nov. 1, December issue. Public Affairs Life Fitness Academy Seeks Please notify the central office as NRC Issues Report Candidates for Grants 254 soon as possible if you change your on Long-term Care address or telephone number. of Chimpanzees 232 PRAT Program Sponsors Research in Pharmacological Headquarters phone: 301-530-7118. APHIS Compiles List Sciences 254 Fax: 301-571-8305. of AWA Requirements 232 http://www.faseb.org/aps/ Judge Throws Out Part Scientific Meetings Printed in the USA of Lawsuit Against PETA 233 and Congresses 255

206 The Physiologist The Banbury Conference part of this program will be coordinated with an American Society for Pharmacol- ogy and Experimental Therapeutics- sponsored “Workshop on Utilization of Resources from the Human Genome Pro- ject.” Thus, there have been considerable efforts made to inform the physiological community of the opportunities available in the area of “physiological or functional genomics.” Avenues are being explored to develop a new APS journal, Physiological Genomics, that can publish research bridging the activities of the Human Genome Project with those scientists currently engaged in Attendees at the Banbury Conference. cellular, organ, and organismic function. It is my hope that these activities will Dumpty back together again?” Was it time Toward Function not only provide new opportunities to to begin these efforts and how and who physiologists at all levels of research but will do this? The term “functional genomics” has been coined to describe the continuum from a also attract and expand the scientific The conferees strongly believed that membership of APS and bring a new gene’s physical structure and its regula- now was the time, and it was stated tion to its role in the whole organism. It level of excitement to our scientific pro- repeatedly that the success of these efforts gramming and publications. I have been is a term that is used to imply different would rest heavily on scientists who had things to people working on different lev- gratified by the enormous level of a solid understanding of complex living enthusiasm and support I have received els of gene function, ranging from the simple gene expression of a protein to the from both the APS membership and The major issue facing the Council in moving this agenda forward. function of genes at the level of the conferees at Banbury was whole, complex organism. It is, indeed, The Banbury Conference really the ultimate question nothing more than the expressed physiological function of genes, i.e., “physio- The major question addressed at the con- of modern biology: how do we take all of this detailed logical genomics.” The breadth of the ference was how best to go about defining definition reflects a paradigm shift that is the function of tens of thousands of genes information of the human underway; investigators interested in within complex organisms. A more genome and “put Humpty studying the function(s) of a particular detailed summary of the specific scientif- Dumpty back together gene will increasingly employ multiple ic strategic recommendations made at this again?” model systems. The Human Genome conference will be published elsewhere. Project has indeed supported work on However, it is important for the APS model organisms besides humans, membership to be informed of this meet- systems, that is, physiologists. There was including Escherichia coli (bacteria), ing because of the tremendous impact that also a clear realization that defining and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), it is likely to have upon the future of phys- understanding the function of genes Arabadopsis thaliana (plant), iology and our Society and the influence would require as much dedication as that Caenorhabditis (roundworm), Drosophi- that this meeting has already had in defin- shown by the legions of international sci- la melanogaster (fruitfly), Mus musculus ing APS scientific programs. It is clear entists who have revealed the genetic (mouse), and Rattus norvegicus (rat). The that the Human Genome Project provides blueprints of life. It was stated repeatedly results of all of these genome projects opportunities to understand the control in many ways that physiologists must developed in parallel have been made and regulation of organisms at a level that now step forward and embrace the chal- available on the World Wide Web, thanks we never dreamed would be possible in lenge that is before them, and that others to the data release policy of NIH. Nearly our lifetime. The major issue facing the will have to be trained to meet these 93% of the positionally cloned disease conferees at Banbury was really the ulti- needs. genes (100+ genes) match a gene in at mate question of modern biology: how do least one of these model organisms. In we take all of this detailed information of addition, it is amazing how well function the human genome and “put Humpty

Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 207 The Banbury Conference follows the sequence of the correspond- Model Systems relatively inexpensive and breed rapidly, ing proteins so that the use of databases gene manipulation in mice could lend to determine sequence similarities of for Identification itself to a high-throughput approach. Yet, gene products and to identify homologs of Gene Function even this small mammalian organism will greatly facilitate the discovery of comes at a high cost. There are also sig- gene function. Lower order model systems of the nificant technical limitations related to A number of technologies, such as genome project, such as E. coli and yeast, genetic background effects and physio- “cDNA micro arrays,” (4) are available have now been completely sequenced and logical methodologies based on size con- for the study of multiple gene expression are proving to be highly informative siderations, as well as limited amounts of profiles using a large number of model systems to link genes to metabolic physiological data for mice. expressed sequence tag sites (ESTs) and functions. These and similar model sys- Other novel approaches are being cDNAs. These are still at the experimen- tems, including vertebrate systems such as explored, such as the production of tal level but are likely to facilitate the the zebrafish, are proving highly mutant mice, that have enabled gene dis- rapid and cheap analysis of large num- amenable to high-throughput strategies of covery. For example, large numbers of bers (up to ~30,000 with current technol- mutating and knocking out genes and mutant mice have been developed using ogy) of genes. Parts of genes can be looking for loss or gain of structure and an alkylating agent followed by identifi- arrayed and then analyzed by hybridiza- function. Data from such model systems cation of associated phenotypic changes tion of total RNA from cell, tissue, or combined with the dense genetic and for such genes as those responsible for organ to determine the expression pat- physical maps of mammalian organisms circadian rhythms (6). However, the terns. These technologies are likely to that are rapidly emerging can provide a approach is still daunting if used to char- provide a quick and powerful screening means to hypothesize a gene’s function by acterize all of the approximately 100,000 tool. looking for homologous genes with a genes. It was the view of the Banbury partic- known function in another species. Uti- A parallel strategy for identification ipants that the functions of all the approxi- lization of the mouse represents the first of gene function is to utilize existing mately 100,000 genes could not be studied successful approach in mammals for well- model systems. Over approximately the last 100 years, scientists from all fields The focus is likely to be on the genes most responsible for have developed or identified animals human morbidity and mortality, thereby fulfilling our con- with genetic predispositions to disease by tract with our public benefactors. selecting for disease phenotypes. There now exist several hundred inbred strains of mice and rats with various disease over the next few decades, given the limi- controlled studies of gene function in traits. Typically, these strains are only tations on resources and manpower. The mammalian organisms. The refinement of studied for the traits for which they were focus is likely to be on the genes most transgenic techniques to delete or add spe- selected. Yet it is likely that many genes responsible for human morbidity and mor- cific genes of interest (knockout and in these strains that were also fixed tality, thereby fulfilling our contract with knockin, respectively) is being used exhibit unique phenotypes. For example, our public benefactors. Toward this end, increasingly in a number of laboratory set- the fawn-hooded rat was developed and however, it was thought to be essential that tings (3, 7). Especially interesting to phys- inbred for a single-gene bleeding disor- a detailed plan be developed that fosters iologists are the Cre-loxP recombination der. However, this model system has the creation of an essential, “functional” systems that enable site-directed recombi- been shown to be a good model for infrastructure and technologies that will nation events to occur in the adult mouse hypertension-associated end-stage renal accelerate “functional” discoveries and upon demand. disease (2), pulmonary hypertension, and drive down the costs of analysis, thereby These studies emphasize that gene- alcohol preference, in addition to the setting the stage for the characterization of based, hypothesis-driven research can bleeding disorder. Consequently, the var- the function of all genes at some level. now be applied to identify disease states, ious inbred strains are likely to carry Physiologists need to be involved in these to determine physiological and patho- many “naturally” occurring disease traits rapidly emerging events and participate in physiological gene function, and to that have yet to be identified. These mod- the development of the plans for the exe- determine gene-gene interactions of els are likely to provide an excellent ini- cution of these momentous events. complex traits. tial source of sequence-variant effects of Mouse models can be used to evalu- individual genes or gene families. ate the effects of mutations in specific genes and to devise ways of correcting gene defects. Because mice are small and

208 The Physiologist The Banbury Conference

Lessons Learned number of published genes identified by dict the impact of a mutant gene upon all positional cloning is currently 84, and an of these levels of biological function. From the Success additional 100+ disease genes have been Physiology has been built on the precept of the Genome Project identified by using positional candidate that the properties of a biological system gene(s) and functional cloning strategies. at high levels of organization are not pre- Completion of the initial goals of the (“Positional candidate genes” are genes dictable from the properties of the con- Human Genome Project was clearly within a genetic interval that have been stituent parts, i.e., the whole is greater dependent upon the development of a crit- linked to a disease phenotype, and “func- than the sum of its parts. As has been ical infrastructure and technology and sci- tional cloning” refers to the use of match- emphasized by Jim Bassingthwaighte entific personnel. The initial plan was ing sequence information to known pro- (1), current computational tools, which revised several times as a consequence of teins or enzymes.) Perhaps the more free us of the need to limit our analysis to important technological advances that telling statistic is that 93% (78 of 84) of simple linear systems, are sufficiently occurred in the seven years of the project. these positionally cloned genes match a robust to encompass systems in which As a consequence of the parallel study of a gene in at least one of the five model the whole differs from the sum of its number of model organisms, together with organisms, according to a report by Fran- parts. Merging of these current biological an early data release policy and the devel- cis Collins presented at the Fifth Interna- and technological achievements may opment of public databases on the World tional Nature Genetics Conference. As spawn yet another scientific revolution Wide Web, the results of all of these more and more genomic sequences and represent the future of integrative genome projects have been brought to become available and genes are identi- physiology. biologists, biomedical scientists, and clinical scientists. Merging of these current biological and technological The advent of DNA “chips” ushered achievements may spawn yet another scientific revolution in a new era for genetic mapping, sequencing, and functional studies (5). and represent the future of integrative physiology. Analysis of an individual’s DNA, using a “resequencing chip,” can now be per- fied in both the model systems and the The current publically and privately formed overnight. This technology, when human, the number of disease genes available genomic databases are impres- combined with the rapid pace of gene identified using the positional candidate sive data warehouses that, when linked discovery and genome sequencing, has gene strategy and cross-species function- with software tools, enable one to changed the way we look for disease al correlates will increase. retrieve arrays of oligonucleotides genes, particularly for the common, mul- (cDNAs, ESTs, and genomic DNA) and tifactorial (genes and the environment) Pivotal Role of genetic and physical map positions as disorders. Information, Technology, well as to carry out homology searches In the last few years, there has been and Computer Modeling between species (“in silico biology”). a tremendous amount of activity revolv- Databases and software tools must now ing around the sequencing of ESTs, Fortunately, along with the accomplish- be expanded to include protein function which are partial cDNAs. Currently, ments related to the genome projects, and the continuum from biochemical there are more than 750,000 ESTs, there have been equally remarkable pathways to function in the context of a cDNAs, and full-length genes in public technological accomplishments related cell, tissue, or organism. The increasing databases, with the majority being ESTs. to our computational abilities and glob- availability of electronic versions of bio- Recently, a UNIGENE set of ESTs was al communications. These develop- logical journals will expedite these published identifying 16,000 clusters of ments are enabling the development of efforts. A prototype of such a database is mapped ESTs, presumably representing the new mathematical expressions of presently available on the Web individual genes (see complex biological systems that are (http://www.ai.sri.com/ecocyc) for E. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SCIENCE necessary to bridge the avalanche of coli, and it is imperative to develop such 96). While it is difficult to know what DNA and protein sequence information strategies for biological systems of percentage of the complete human gene to functions of organisms. There is also greater complexity. This database was set has been captured, it is very likely an increasing need to “recover” the designed using sequence similarities of that considerably more than 50% of the results of decades of important research gene products. It is amazing how well human gene set is represented by at least from journals and to place them into function follows the sequence similari- one EST. accessible electronic data warehouses. ties of proteins. As more functions are The fruits of this parallel strategy Interactive models of biological determined and correlated with the and the public databases are evident. The function must become available to pre- sequence of the corresponding proteins,

Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 209 The Banbury Conference the identification of homologs will be tlenecks would be the current lack of It was only 15 years ago that the facilitated. appropriately trained physiologists and Human Genome Project was launched pharmacologists. It was the view of all of amidst much skepticism that the goals A Call for Action the participants at the conference that were overly ambitious or even impossi- During the Banbury Conference, partici- these investigators will be required to ble. Many members of the scientific and pants were each asked to address from define the necessary in vitro and in vivo clinical community have been caught off their own perspectives what scientific systems, create appropriate animal mod- guard by the speed at which the “impos- initiatives would be required to utilize the els, and define the functions of the many sible” has already been accomplished. knowledge of gene sequence and loca- identified genes, merging hypothesis- Although the next phases of discovery tion within the genome to understand driven research with largescale technol- must encompass the coordinated efforts gene function in health and disease. ogy. It was proposed that new paradigms of a broader segment of the basic and However, as the conference evolved, a for multidisciplinary research would clinical research communities, the scien- compelling case was made for an even have to be developed within our academ- tists of the Banbury Conference believed broader goal. The conferees emphasized ic institutions, within NIH, and by inter- that the goals were achievable. that if meaningful health benefits were to national partners. Essential for success A Bold Agenda emerge from the detailed knowledge of would be the rapid establishment of mul- the genomes of humans and other In keeping with the scale of the Human Genome Project, there emerged from this species, novel strategies would need to It was only 15 years ago be formulated to allow us to link gene conference a vision of what could be structure to function and for the diagno- that the Human Genome accomplished during the first decade of sis, treatment, and prevention of major Project was launched the new millennium. A bold agenda was diseases. It was emphasized repeatedly amidst much skepticism outlined with a 10-year goal of determin- that the scientific and clinical communi- that the goals were overly ing the underlying genetic and functional basis of many of the most complex and ties at large need to be better positioned ambitious or even impos- to capitalize on the information emanat- devastating illnesses that afflict our civi- ing from the Human Genome Project. It sible. Many members of lization. A compelling case was made for was evident that to the extent that the the scientific and clinical an international research effort that mouse, rat, and other animal models community have been would lead to treatment and prevention resemble human disease states, these caught off guard by the of several forms of cancer (e.g., breast and prostate cancers), cardiovascular dis- models could be used effectively to eval- speed at which the uate specific interventions for diseases. It eases (e.g., atherosclerosis and hyperten- was also emphasized that existing model “impossible” has already sion), neurological disorders (e.g., systems could be used effectively to been accomplished. schizophrenia), diabetes, end-organ dam- uncover gene function. age (e.g., kidney and eye), osteoporosis, and asthma. A case was made for the Major Bottleneck tidisciplinary training programs. Partner- compelling need to formulate strategies of Appropriately Trained ships between governmental agencies that will effectively link the foundations (e.g., NIH, NSF, Department of Defense of the Human Genome Project to that of Physiologists for the Genes in the US), industry, and foundations gene function for the diagnosis, treat- to Health Initiative would be required to provide the ment, and prevention of diseases. It was resources for success of these efforts. emphasized that efforts must now be The view from Banbury was that great Enhanced clinical and public education made to position the scientific and clini- progress would be possible if adequate for awareness of the genetics of common cal communities at large to capitalize on resources could be made available by the diseases coupled with health care support the information emanating from the relevant institutes of NIH working in for genetic services would also be Human Genome Project. One reason the partnership with other governmental required. To link these efforts to a human Human Genome Project was such a suc- agencies, industry, and foundations to health initiative, strategies would need to cess was the development of a detailed, support the training and research efforts be developed to establish patient DNA yet malleable plan. It was the view of that will be required for the “Genes to registries to provide the appropriate pop- many of the Banbury conferees — and a Health Initiative.” ulations for human studies and to provide strongly held view of my own — that it is The obstacles to such a bold initia- the infrastructure for the diagnostics, pre- now time to begin formulating a similar tive were considered at length. It was vention, and therapeutics that will plan for the postgenome era, so the acknowledged that one of the major bot- emerge from this research. appropriate infrastructure and technolo-

210 The Physiologist The Banbury Conference gies are in place to meet the challenge in translating the Human Genome Project The five goals of the “Genes to Health Initiative”: from benchside to bedside. • To develop over the next 10 years the essential, “functional” infrastructure and The Banbury conferees unanimous- technologies enabling investigators to determine the underlying genetic and ly agreed that now is the time to launch a functional basis of a minimum of 10 complex diseases that impact broadly on coordinated effort called the “Genes to public health. This effort should be spearheaded by NIH. Health Initiative” that would involve NIH • To train life scientists so that they will be able to utilize the Human Genome in partnership with other governmental Project infrastructure to define in vitro and in vivo systems suitable for merg- agencies, industry, and foundations to ing hypothesis-driven research with largescale technology to deduce the func- provide the required resources. Consen- tions of the many identified genes. sus was achieved on the five goals of the • To develop multidisciplinary research between NIH, academic institutions, initiative recommended above.❖ industries, and international partners. Acknowledgments • To develop databases of genetic, biochemical, biophysical, and physiological data and develop software tools to facilitate the integration and use of these The meeting was sponsored by APS with the advice of Francis S. Collins, Director of the disparate data resources. National Human Genome Research Institute. • To enhance physician and public education. Awareness of the genetics of Additional financial support for the confer- common diseases coupled with strategies to develop patient DNA registries ence was provided by Novartis Pharmaceuti- will be required to provide the appropriate population for human studies and cals Corporation and the Burroughs Well- the infrastructure for the diagnosis, prevention, and therapy that will emerge come Fund. from this research. The author also wishes to thank Claude Lenfant, Director of the National Heart, susceptibility and hypertension are under 6. King, D. P., Y. Zhao, A. M. Sangoram, L. D. Lung, and Blood Institute, and Marvin Cass- independent genetic control in the fawn- Wilsbacher, M. Tanaka, M. P. Antoch, T. D. L. man, Director of the National Institute of hooded rat. Nature Genet. 12: 44-51, 1996. Steeves, M. H. Vitaterna, J. M. Kornhauser, P. General Medical Sciences, for their encour- L. Lowrey, F. W. Turek, and J. S. Takahashi. agement and support for this endeavor and 3. Chien, K. R. Genes and physiology: molecu- Positional cloning of the mouse circadian Clock Howard Jacob and George Koike for their lar physiology in genetically engineered ani- gene. Cell 89: 641-653, 1997. valuable assistance in summarizing and cap- mals. J. Clin. Invest. 97: 901-909, 1996. turing the essence of the two-and-a-half day 4. DeRisi, J., L. Penland, P. O. Brown, M. L. Bit- 7. Smithies, O., and N. Maeda. Gene targeting Banbury Conference. tner, P. S. Meltzer, M. Ray,Y. Chen,Y. A. Su, and approaches to complex genetic diseases: J. M. Trent. Use of a cDNA microarray to anal- Atherosclerosis and essential hypertension. Proc. Selected References yse gene expression patterns in human cancer. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 5266-5272, 1995. 1. Bassingthwaighte, J. B. Toward modeling Nature Genet. 14: 457-460, 1996. the human physionome. In: Molecular and 5. Hacia, J. G., L. C. Brody, M. S. Chee, S. P. Subcellular Cardiology: Effects on Structure A. Fodor, and F. S. Collins. Detection of het- and Function, edited by S. Sideman and R. erozygous mutations in BRCA1 using high Beyar. New York: Plenum, 1995, p. 331-339. density oligonucleotide arrays and two-color 2. Brown, D. M., A. P. Provoost, M. J. Daly, fluorescence analysis. Nature Genet. 14: 441- E. S. Lander, and H. J. Jacob. Renal disease 447, 1996.

Renal Teaching Workshop at EB ‘98: Call for Abstracts The APS Education Committee is sponsoring a symposium entitled “Refresher Course for Teaching Renal Physiology” during EB ‘98, April 18-22 in San Francisco, CA. The purpose of this course is to review concepts and teaching strategies related to renal physiology. An important segment of the course will consist of poster presentations of teaching strategies, demonstrations (e.g., computer simulations), and exhibits (e.g., books, lecture outlines, syllabi, and problem-based learning cases). Abstracts of these posters, demonstrations, and exhibits will be published in the FASEB Journal. All interested individuals who have developed educational materials that emphasize innovative approaches for teaching renal physiology should submit an abstract — under topic category number 1138-1 Methods of teaching renal physiology — to APS using the forms and procedures outlined in the Call for Abstracts booklet. Abstracts are due December 1, 1997. Any inquiries should be directed to: Virginia L. Brooks, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, L-334, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201, Tel: 503-494-5843; fax: 503-494-4352; e-mail: [email protected].

Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 211 APS News Council Meets in Bethesda The summer Council meeting was held in also have indicated interest in forming summer Integrative Biology Workshops. Bethesda, MD, at APS Headquarters on chapters, and Council noted it was look- One workshop in cardiovascular physiol- July 25-27, 1997. This summer meeting is ing forward to welcoming more chapters ogy is scheduled to take place at the Med- highlighted by the Council meeting with in the near future. ical College of Wisconsin, organized by a majority of the committee chairs, An accelerated schedule for the on- William Chilian. The new “Call for Pro- receiving reports on the committees’ line publication of the remainder of the posals” will consider proposals on any accomplishments during the past area of physiology, not just cardio- year, and listening to their plans for vascular. Council voted to subsidize the coming year. These committee the entire cost of publicizing the reports were published in the workshops. Any profits generated August issue of The Physiologist. from holding the workshops will In addition, Council met with remain with the host department. Mordecai P. Blaustein, President- President-elect L. Gabriel elect of the Association of Chairs of Navar will be spearheading a new Departments of Physiology membership campaign to reach a (ACDP), to discuss the possibility target goal of 10,000 members by of a future joint meeting of APS the year 2000. Working in conjunc- Council and ACDP in 1998. tion with the Membership Commit- Among the issues discussed by Back (l to r): Francis Belloni, John Williams, Richard Traystman, tee and staff in both the Membership Council were new awards/lecture- Steven Bealer, Edward Blaine. Front (l to r): L. Gabriel Navar, Wal- Services and Marketing Depart- ships/symposia, two new petitions ter Boron, phone (James Schafer), Celia Sladek, John Hall, Allen ments, Navar plans to approach not from groups for chapter status, a Cowley, Jr., Gerald DiBona, and D. Neil Granger. only the traditional physiology proposal for a new journal and departments but other related acceleration of on-line publication of the Society’s research journals was approved. departments and colleges, junior colleges, remainder of the Society’s journals, dis- Journal of Neurophysiology is scheduled and perhaps high schools as well. His aim cussions about sponsorship of integrative to go on-line in October, with issues from will be to tap into a new pool of members biology summer workshops, and a new January 1997 available. The individual by showing them how membership in membership campaign. journals of the American Journal of Phys- APS can help them in their chosen Among the new awards, lectureships, iology are scheduled to go up in April careers. Much of the focus of this mem- and/or symposia approved were the Walter 1998. This is one to two years ahead of bership campaign will be drawn from B. Randall Annual Lectureship on initial plans for on-line publication, but responses to the recent “Member Needs Biomedical Ethics, to be supported by with the increased interest among Assessment Survey” conducted this past Taylor University; Arthur C. Guyton researchers and other publishers for on- year. A report on the results of the survey Award for Excellence in Integrative Physi- line publications, Council realized that will be forthcoming in The Physiologist. ology, to be supported by donations; con- the Society would have to take steps to Council plans a retreat in conjunc- tinuance of the (renamed) APS Postdoctor- remain at the forefront of electronic pub- tion with the fall Council meeting at al Fellowship in Physiological Genomics lications. In addition, Council approved which representatives from the 12 sec- in the form of two awards for 1998; partic- in principle the idea for a new journal tions will meet to discuss ways in which ipation in the AAAS Mass Media Fellow- suggested by President Allen Cowley, the Society can encourage and strengthen ship Program; and Liaison With Industry Jr., on physiological genomics. The Pub- sections for greater involvement in Soci- graduate student and postdoctoral fellow lications Committee will appoint a sub- ety governance and programming of the awards, supported by Abbott Laboratories. committee to explore the potential reader- spring meeting. Council approved petitions from the ship of such a journal, develop a scope Additional details of Council’s Nebraska Physiological Society and the and focus for the journal, and report back actions during the June meeting will be Oklahoma Society of Physiologists for to the Publications Committee at its communicated to the membership at the chapter status. This brings to five the September meeting, allowing for a report next business meeting and in The Physi- number of chapters currently affiliated to Council at its fall meeting on the feasi- ologist.❖ with APS. The other three are the Ohio bility of starting such a journal. Physiological Society, the Iowa Physio- A revised “Call for Proposals” will logical Society, and the Wisconsin Physi- be distributed late this summer to chairs ological Society. Members in other states of departments of physiology concerning

212 The Physiologist APS News Cowley Thanks APS Staff APS President Allen W. Cowley, Jr., hosted a staff appreciation reception for the 70 employees at the Headquarters Office in Bethesda, MD. Together with Council and the committee chairs, Cowley thanked the staff for all their efforts over the past year. He noted that without the continued efforts of the staff — especially this past year in eliminating the backlog of manuscripts for all the journals — APS would not be able to maintain its leadership position in all the areas in which it is involved. A major portion of the staff appreciation reception is the recognition of years of service to the Society. This year, Cow- ley presented a 20-year certificate to Maria Daca (Senior Manuscript Assistant); 10-year certificates to Anna Trudgett Back (l to r): Martin Frank, Alice Hellerstein, Beth Caseman, Eric Pesanelli, (Senior Copy Editor) and Mona Trang (Manuscript Assistant); Allen Cowley, Jr. Front: Maria Daca. and 5-year certificates to Alice Hellerstein (Public Affairs Offi- cer), Eric Pesanelli (Senior Art Editor), Beth Caseman (Journal efforts of all the staff in implementing the actions of the Council Copy Editor), and Michael Folker (Copy Editor). Cowley and committee chairs and their hope that the staff would contin- expressed Council’s appreciation for their years of service. ue in their tradition of excellence for many more years.❖ In addition, Cowley expressed his appreciation for the

Nominations Are Invited for the Sixth Annual Arthur C. Guyton Physiology Teacher of the Year Award The APS Teaching of Physiology Section and the W. B. Saunders Company are again sponsoring the “Arthur C. Guyton Physiology Teacher of the Year” award. Nominees must be full-time faculty members of accredited colleges or universities and members of APS. They must be involved in classroom teaching and not exclusively the teaching of graduate students in a research laboratory. Each proposed person must be nominated by an APS member. The nominator is responsible for providing the following application materials and forwarding three copies to the Chairperson of the Award Selection Committee, postmarked no later than November 30, 1997: 1. A letter of nomination from the nominator. 2. Letters of support from three other colleagues familiar with the nominee’s teaching career, including one being the nominee’s chairperson if possible. 3. Letters of support from up to 10 current and/or former students. 4. Scores on standard student evaluations of teaching effectiveness. 5. Competitive teaching honors received, such as the Golden Apple. 6. Evidence of education-related activities outside the classroom, such as developing laboratory exercises or teaching software, authoring textbooks or educational research articles, education-related presentations at professional meetings, educational committees within the institution, education consultation with other organizations, public appearances, etc. 7. A copy of the nominee’s curriculum vitae. 8. Any additional documentation that the nominee wishes to include, such as number of graduate students trained, number of undergraduate students pursuing careers in physiology, teaching innovations introduced, etc. The person selected will receive the award at the banquet of the Teaching of Physiology Section during the next APS annual meeting during EB ‘98 in San Francisco, CA, in April 1998. The Arthur C. Guyton Physiology Teacher of the Year will receive a framed, inscribed certificate, an honorarium of $1,000, and expenses of up to $750 to attend the meeting. The awardee is requested to write an essay on his/her philosophy of education for publication in The Physiologist and is expected to deliver this essay as an address at the annual Section dinner. Send nominations to: Michael D. Johnson, Department of Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, PO Box 9229, Morgantown, WV 26506-9229 (Tel: 304-293-1514; fax 304-293-3850).

Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 213 Membership Election of New Regular Members (50) * Upgrade from Student Venkataraman Balaraman * Craig A Harms Richard E. Rawson University of Hawaii University of Wisconsin Cornell University Christopher L. Berger * Peter J. Havel Michael Regnier Univ. of Vermont College of Medicine University of California at Davis University of Washington Cesar E. Blanco Russell T. Hepple Whitney M. Reilly University of Southern California University of California at San Diego Indiana University Nina S. Bradley Eduardo W. Hsu Ronald A. Schachar University of Southern California Duke University Medical Center Presby Corporation Chung-Lin Chou * Mark J. Hubley National Institutes of Health Washington College Deborah L. Segaloff University of Iowa Dale E. Claassen Yoshihiro Ishikawa Kansas State University Allegheny University Willard W. Sharp University of Illinois at Chicago David E. Cochrane Faramarz Ismail-Beigi Tufts University Case Western Reserve University * Ann M. Sherry Lawrence B. Cohen Eric Jakobsson University of Cincinnati Yale University School of Medicine University of Illinois Fred Sullivan, Jr. David J. Coughlin Bruce D. Johnson Baylor College of Medicine Widener University Mayo Clinic Uma Sundaram Jay B. Dean Raouf A. Khalil Ohio State University Wright State University University of Mississippi Medical Center * Glenn M. Toney Gary Desir * Richard Kinkead Univ of Texas Hlth. Sci. Ctr. at San Antonio Yale University School of Medicine University of Wisconsin David R. Van Wagoner Niki M. Dietz Roy G. Knickelbein Cleveland Clinic Foundation Mayo Medical School Yale University School of Medicine * Nicholas Ralph DiPaola Robert Kraemer Cecile Rose T. Vibat Cleveland Clinic Foundation Southwestern Louisiana University University of California at Davis Marlowe W. Eldridge Joseph Loscalzo Susan M. Wall University of California at Davis Boston University School of Medicine Univ. of Texas Hlth. Sci. Ctr. at Houston Sean D. Farley Mark J. M. Nijland Margaret T. Weis Washington State University Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Philadelphia College of Pharmacy Laurie J. Goodyear * Dina Nicole Paltoo Gerald R. Weiss Joslin Diabetes Center Univ. of Med. and Dentistry of New Jersey Univ. of New Mexico School of Medicine Daryl K. Granner Thomas Pannebecker Flavia Pinheiro Zanotto Vanderbilt University Medical Center University of Arizona University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Election of New Corresponding Members (26) * Upgrade from Student Sebastian Bachmann Weibiao Cao Wayne R. Fitzgibbon Klinikum Charlottenburg, Germany Rhode Island Hospital Medical University of South Carolina Michele Beaudry Aidan Curran Martin Fryer University of Nice, France University of Wisconsin University of New South Wales, Australia Rekia Belahsen Tammo Delhaas Michael Fuchs Université Chouaib Doukkali, Morocco University of California at San Diego University of Luebeck, Germany Andrzej Breborowicz Johannsson Erlingur Shintaro Funahashi Poznan Medical School, Poland University of Oslo, Norway Kyoto University, Japan Margaret D. Brown *Sylvain Ernest Christoph P. R. Klett University of Birmingham, UK Univ. of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston University of California at San Diego

214 The Physiologist Membership

Sawsan Kreydiyyeh Katsuki Nakamura Naotoshi Sugimoto American University of Beirut, Lebanon Kyoto University, Japan Legacy Portland Hospitals Sanli Sadi Kurdak Andrew G. Ramage Masato Tsutsui University of Cukorova, Turkey Royal Free Hospital, UK Mayo Clinic Sarra Kirsti Laycock Noboru Saito Elena Volpi New York Medical College Magoya University, Japan Shriners Burn Institute Raynond Mengual K. M. Spyer Laboratoire de Biochimie, France University College, UK

Approved Student Members (51) Carlos A. Mejias Aponte Jennifer Anne Florian Steven Pohnert University of Puerto Rico Michigan State University East Carolina University Gudbjorn K. Asmundsson Kathryn M. Gauthier-Rein Kit Erica Purdy University of New England, Australia Medical College of Wisconsin University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Brian Peter Bagatto Donna Ann Goff Glen Pyle University of Nevada at Las Vegas Univ. of Massachusetts at Amherst University of Tennessee Jennifer Beck David A. Golod Matthew Sardelli Notre-Dame Hospital Purdue University Michigan State University William J. Becker Timothy M. Griffin Timothy P. Scheett Pennsylvania State University University of California at Berkeley University of Connecticut Douglas R. Bolster Sierra R. Guynn Beverlyn D. Settles-Reaves University of Connecticut Long Island University Howard University Carol A. Bossone Zishan A. Haroon Apichai Shuprisha Uniformed Services Univ. of Hlth. Sciences Duke University Medical Center University of Arizona Ako D. Bradford David Hostler Andrea M. Stahl Tougaloo College Ohio University Yale University Kristina Brannstrom Craig M. Houck Michael S. Stephens University of North Carolina Wayne State University Wright State University David L. Buchanan Keith Mitchell Hume Francis A. Sylvester University of Illinois University of Georgia Drake University Hunter Clay Champion Haiying Jiang Erica Noelle Vincent Tulane University University of Illinois at Chicago Michigan State University Young-hui Chang Rachel A. Laudadio Yanlin Wang University of California at Berkeley Temple University University of Texas Medical Branch Myron A. Chornuk Shad John Lewis Christopher S. Williams University of Washington University of Scranton Vanderbilt University Flavio C. Coelho Angela M. Maddux Jocelyn Wilmot University of Texas at Arlington University of Cincinnati University of Colorado at Boulder Matthew Crill William Marshall Rui Xu Ohio University Kansas State University Wayne State University Qun Dong Michael M. Neeki Zhi-Wei Yang Duke University Medical Center University of Akron SUNY Health Science Center Shannon Dunn Valentino Piacentino, III Qian Zhou Laurentian University, Canada Rutgers University East Carolina University Approved Affiliate Applicants (3) Patricia B. Ahrens Omar Cano David M. Flynn, Jr. Mount Mary College Texas State Technical College Pfizer, Inc., Central Research

Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 215 Sustaining Associates Know Your Sustaining Associate Members Abbott Laboratories infection associated with some forms of chemotherapy. Abbott Laboratories started in 1988 and has evolved into one of Axon Instruments, Inc. the world’s leading healthcare companies with a major presence Axon Instruments, Inc. designs and manufactures instruments in diagnostic, pharmaceutical, nutritional, hospital, and agricul- and software for electrophysiology. Axon Instruments produces ture markets. Abbott is committed to technological leadership. full-featured amplifiers for single-channel and whole-cell patch In 1995, Abbott spent more than $1 billion on research and clamp and for single- and two-electrode current/voltage clamp development activities in an effort to maintain its leadership applications. These hardware products are supported with PC position. In addition to internal discovery, leading-edge medical and Macintosh software and acquisition hardware for the acqui- technologies are being pursued through global pursuit of appro- sition and analysis of biophysical data. The latest products are priate acquisitions, licenses, and collaborations. A few of the CyberAmp series of general-purpose analog signal condi- Abbott’s products are Similac, Ensure, Biaxin, Norvir, Ery- tioners. They provide up to eight channels of computer-con- thromycin, Hytrin, Depakote, Abbokinase, Survanta, ADD-Van- trolled adjustment of gain, offset, and low-pass Bessel filtering. tage, Ultane, Calcijex, AxSYM, IMx, and PRISM. Abbott Lab- Virtually any type of transducer can be adapted for the Cyber- oratories is an equal opportunity employer that recognizes its Amp. The computer can instantly determine the scaling and business performance is strongly linked to its ability to success- units of each transducer. Support for the CyberAmps is provid- fully attract, retain, and develop a diverse employee population ed by software from Axon Instruments and others. The Cyber- Alliance Pharmaceutical Corporation Amp used in conjunction with Axotape software and TL-1-125 acquisition hardware makes a complete computer-based chart Alliance Pharmaceutical Corporation is a research and devel- recorder system. opment company focused on transforming innovative scientific discoveries into therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Berlex Biosciences Oxygent is in clinical development in conjunction with John- Berlex Biosciences is a US subsidiary of the multinational phar- son & Johnson as an oxygen carrier (“blood substitute”) to reduce maceutical and chemical firm Schering AG West Germany (not the need for donor blood transfusions during surgery. LiquiVent is connected with Schering-Plough Corp. or Schering Corp. of New an intrapulmonary agent for treatment of acute respiratory fail- Jersey). It conducts research and markets prescription drug prod- ure. LiquiVent has Subpart E (“fast track”) FDA status and is in ucts primarily for cardiovascular, diagnostic imaging, metabolic, clinical trials with neonates, children, and adults. Imagent US is endocrine, and central nervous system uses. in preclinical development for enhancement of ultrasound images of blood flow abnormalities related to myocardial infarc- Genentech, Inc. tions, blood clots, or solid tumors. Genentech, Inc., founded in 1976, is a leading biotechnology company focusing on the development, manufacture, and mar- American Medical Association keting of pharmaceuticals produced by recombinant DNA tech- The American Medical Association promotes the art and sci- nology. Four approved therapies derived from biotechnology ence of medicine and the betterment of public health. The AMA were pioneered by Genentech: human insulin, alpha-interferon, accomplishes this mission by advancing standards of medical human growth hormone, and recombinant tissue plasminogen education, promoting support for biomedical research, repre- activator. senting the medical profession, providing information about medical matters, and upholding professional conduct and per- Grass Foundation formance. The Grass Foundation underwrites the annual Walter B. Cannon Lectureship given at the APS spring meeting. The naming of this Amgen, Inc. lectureship serves two functions: to commemorate the enormous Amgen, Inc., the largest independent biotechnology company in contribution of Cannon to the growth of knowledge of physiol- the world, is a global company that discovers, develops, manu- ogy and to pay a tribute to Cannon on behalf of many of the factures, and markets human therapeutics based on advanced cel- founding trustees of the Grass Foundation who were members lular and molecular biology. Amgen’s four areas of research are of his research group at Harvard Medical School early in their hematopoiesis, neurobiology, inflammation/ autoimmunity, and careers. soft tissue repair and regeneration. This lectureship is in accordance with the Grass Founda- Amgen has developed several biopharmaceutical products tion’s charter mandate to support research and education in neu- using recombinant DNA technology. Amgen currently markets rophysiology. Other programs include funding for other annual two products: EPOGEN® (Epoetin alfa), used to treat anemia asso- and visiting lectureships, summer fellowship support for young ciated with chronic renal failure failure for dialysis patients, and students, and occasional relevant course support. NEUPOGEN® (Filgrastim), used to decrease the incidence of

216 The Physiologist Sustaining Associates

Harvard Apparatus Pharmacia and Upjohn, Inc. Harvard Apparatus, since its inception in 1904 at the Harvard Human health care is at the heart of Pharmacia and Upjohn’s Medical School, continues to design, develop, and supply the endeavors. Pharmacia and Upjohn, Inc., a multinational corpo- unique apparatus that has shaped the development of teaching ration and one of the largest research-based pharmaceutical and research in physiology and allied science, including syringe manufacturers in the world, has research, production, and peristaltic and respiration pumps, recording systems, and warehousing facilities in more than 45 countries, and its prod- research accessories. ucts are sold in more than 150 countries. Some of Pharmacia and Upjohn’s most promising research Jandel Scientific has been in the fields of oncology, peptide hormones, cataract Jandel Scientific designs and sells IBM-compatible software for surgery, nutrition, and allergy diagnostics. scientific research. Products include Sigma-Plot for publication-quality scientific graphs (with automatic error bars, Procter & Gamble Co. regression lines, and many other scientific graphing options); Procter & Gamble is a multinational consumer products and Sigma-scan for x-y digitizing, morphometric measurement, and health care company committed to world-class research and analysis; and PC3D for generating three-dimensional reconstruc- product development. It has major technical centers in Cincin- tions of objects from serial sections. JAVA, the latest product, is a nati, Ohio; Norwich, New York; Hunt Valley, Maryland; Mexico video analysis system capable of image processing, densitometry, City, Mexico; Caracas, Venezuela; Brussels, Belgium; Egham automatic object counting and edge tracking, and morphometric and Newcastle, UK; and Kobe, Japan. measurement. JAVA works with a video digitizing board and input The worldwide PhD population of Procter & Gamble is from a video camera, VCR, or other video source. 1,200, divided about equally between life scientists and Janssen Research Foundation chemists. Total employees number 100,000. Janssen Pharmaceutica was founded in Belgium in 1953 by Sales in the health care/pharmaceuticals, beauty care, cos- Paul Janssen. It is now an international company built on the metics and fragrances, food and beverage, laundry and clean- foundation of research and a bedrock of innovation. The coming, and paper products make Procter & Gamble one of the pany remains under the direction of Janssen and has an unpar- largest companies in the US. Fortune magazine consistently alleled record in the successful development and marketing of recognizes Procter & Gamble as one of the “Most Admired new pharmaceutical products. According to the Japan Drug Corporations.” Research studies, Janssen was responsible for more significant Quaker Oats Company new drug discoveries during the period 1970-1983 than any pharmaceutical company in the world. The Quaker Oats Company is a leading consumer products The company currently has approximately 6,000 employees company marketing both human and pet food products around world-wide. It is a world leader in medication used in the treat- the world. The development of new food and beverage prod- ment of allergies, mental disorders, digestive and intestinal ucts and the refinement of existing Quaker products occurs in problems, cardiovascular conditions, and worm and fungal the laboratories of Quaker’s Research and Development facili- infections. Janssen’s compounds have also enabled major ty in Barrington, Illinois. Quaker food scientists, nutritionists, advances in anesthesia and immunology. In addition, Janssen biochemists, and physiologists devote their energies to making has also discovered many chemical compounds to identify and certain that Quaker products meet the high standards con- characterize receptors in the brain and the periphery that have sumers expect of The Quaker Oats Company. played a prominent role in advancing our knowledge about neurotransmitters. Rhone-Poulenc Rorer An international company dedicated to health, RPR is the first Eli Lilly and Company pharmaceutical company in France, the third in Europe, with a The Lilly Research Laboratories is dedicated to the advance- turnover in 1994 of US$4.5 billion: a research-driven compa- ment of basic scientific information upon which further targeted ny with 14 percent re-invested in Research and Development medical breakthroughs may be identified. Scientists in the Lilly and 3,000 employees in R&D. With research centers located in Research Laboratories are committed to excellence in research France, the US, and the UK Research and Development is as evidenced by a steadily increasing investment in research and focused on seven main therapeutic areas: Oncology; Cardio- development over the years. Scientific research is being sup- vascular diseases; Infectious diseases/AIDS; ported by the construction of new research facilities and with the Rheumatology/Bone metabolism; Central nervous system disuse of a Cray II supercomputer. Scientists are focusing on basic orders; Respiratory diseases/Allergies; and Plasma proteins. To research and targeted medical therapy for cardiovascular dis- invest in new technologies and gene and cell therapies is RPR’s ease, central nervous system dysfunction, cancer, diabetes, and commitment to the future. pulmonary disorders.

Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 217 Sustaining Associates

Schering-Plough Research Institute Research employs high throughput robotic screening to Born out of a 1971 consolidation of two companies (Plough, define chemical or protein leads, medicinal chemistry and pro- Inc. and the Schering Corporation), Schering-Plough Research tein biochemistry, including protein mutagenesis, to maximize Institute is dedicated to the discovery, development, and mar- the properties of the chemical or protein lead, and extensive keting of novel therapeutic entities. The company focused its animal testing to determine proof of concept. Molecular and research in the fields of anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, cardio- cell biology are utilized extensively to support screening efforts vascular, and anti-infective disorders. The company has also and to define the molecular targets underlying a particular dis- attained a leading position in immunology and recombinant ease, including the use of differential display PCR. The DNA technology. approach is to integrate expertise across scientific disciplines to rapidly determine proof of concept underlying a disease target. G. D. Searle and Company The physiologic and scientific directions of G.D. Searle and SmithKline Beecham Company are primarily in areas related to arthritis and inflam- SmithKline Beecham is one of the world’s leading health care mation, cardiovascular disease, and oncology with an emphasis companies. Its principal activities are the discovery, develop- on adjunctive therapy and opportunistic infections. In these ment, and marketing of both human and animal pharmaceuti- three major therapeutic areas, the emphasis is on defining new cals, over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, health-related con- molecular targets that are likely to elicit a dramatic shift in ther- sumer brands, and clinical laboratory testing services. ❖ apeutic efficacy with a true ultimate enhancement of therapeutic benefit.

APS Sustaining Associate Members The Society gratefully acknowledges the contributions received from Sustaining Members in support of the Society’s goals and objectives.

Abbott Laboratories The Mack Printing Group Alliance Pharmaceutical Corporation Merck & Company, Inc. American Medical Association Nycomed, Inc. Amgen, Inc. Pfizer, Inc. Astra Arcus USA, Inc. Pharmacia and Upjohn, Inc. Axon Instruments, Inc. Procter & Gamble Company Berlex Biosciences Quaker Oats Company Genentech, Inc. Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Gould, Inc. Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation Grass Foundation W. B. Saunders Company Harvard Apparatus Schering-Plough Research Institute Jandel Scientific G. D. Searle and Company Janssen Research Foundation SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals Kabi Pharmacia Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company

218 The Physiologist Experimental Biology ‘98 April 18-22, 1998 • San Francisco, CA EB ‘98 Symposia Preview

Neurochemical and Peptidergic In resting skeletal muscle and the unstimulated heart, lipids, mainly blood-borne free fatty acids (FFAs), comprise most of Pathways of the Baroreflex the energy substrate. However, as power output increases in Neural Control & Autonomic Regulation, Central Nervous Sys- skeletal muscle, use of carbohydrate-derived fuels (glycogen, tem, and Cardiovascular Sections glucose, and lactate) increases, whereas lipid (FFA and intra- muscular triglyceride) oxidation decreases. Similarly, under David A. Averill and Sue A. Aicher resting conditions the heart depends mostly on FFA oxidation, Sue A. Aicher, Jeanne Seagard, Alan Sved, David B. Averill, but as work of the heart increases, glucose and lactate become David Mendelowitz, and William Rose important energy substrates. What explains the switch from This symposium will highlight recent studies of the processing lipid- to carbohydrate-derived energy sources in working mus- and integration of baroreceptor input through neural pathways cle? To address this and related questions, contemporary work- residing in the medulla oblongata. The first talk will review ers in the field evaluate the central role of carnitine palmitoyl neuroanatomical studies of the synaptic connections among cell transferase-1 by malonyl-CoA. groups of the medulla oblongata that constitute pathways medi- Lopaschuk will review the biochemical pathways and pre- ating reflex control of sympathetic nerve activity (Aicher). The sent his original research on mechanisms regulating the switch second talk will focus on the neurochemical mechanisms toward increased use of carbohydrate-derived fuels when car- responsible for activation of the nucleus tractus solitarii neu- diac muscle is stressed. rons that receive arterial baroreceptor input (Seagard). The third Winder will review results of his research on the effects of talk will review inhibitory neurotransmitter systems that consti- exercise and exercise training on malonyl-CoA responses in tute an important element of the baroreflex arc for regulation of rodent muscle. Further, he will describe acute and chronic sympathetic outflow (Sved). Peptidergic pathways impinging effects of exercise on induction of key regulatory enzymes, on components of the central baroreflex arc modulate the such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase. baroreceptor response. The role of angiotensin II in this context Heigenhauser will present results of his work on regulation will be reviewed as it relates to the development of hyperten- of pyruvate dehydrogenase and the interrelationships among sion (Averill). The parasympathetic nervous system is the other activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase, phosphorylase, and CPT- arm of the autonomic nervous system that plays a crucial role 1 in working human muscle. in baroreceptor reflex regulation of the heart. Thus, the neuro- Wolfe will present results of his studies on exercising chemical mechanisms responsible for regulation of parasympa- humans in which the malonyl-CoA/CPT-1 hypothesis was eval- thetic motoneuron activity and function will be addressed uated using isotopic tracers. (Mendelowitz). The symposium will conclude with a talk that And finally, Brooks will describe the effects of exercise explores the utility of dynamic systems modeling as an intensity and prior endurance training on substrate flux in men approach to understand information processing of barorecep- and women. tor-related signals at various sites within the baroreflex pathway (Rose). It is hoped that by bringing together the diverse Refresher Course approaches of neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and dynamic for Teaching Renal Physiology systems modeling, this symposium will generate new inves- tigative approaches to further understanding of the normal and Renal and Water & Electrolyte Homeostasis Sections and Edu- pathological functions of the baroreceptor reflex. cation Committee Virginia L. Brooks and Arthur J. Vander Control of Mitochondrial Free Fatty Acid Virginia L. Brooks, James A. Schafer, Bruce M. Koeppen, Uptake and Oxidation Franklyn G. Knox, and Arthur J. Vander in Working Skeletal Muscle A workshop will be presented that will review concepts and teaching strategies related to renal physiology. The course will Environmental & Exercise Physiology and Endocrinology & consist of several segments: poster presentations, demonstra- Metabolism Sections tions (e.g., computer simulations), exhibits (e.g., books, lecture George A. Brooks outlines, and problem-based learning cases), and didactic lec- George A. Brooks, Gary D. Lopaschuk, William W. Winder, J. tures. Material for the exhibits, demonstrations, and posters F. Heigenhauser, and Robert R. Wolfe will be solicited from APS membership and publishing companies. The didactic portion will begin with three 30-minute

Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 219 Experimental Biology ‘98 April 18-22, 1998 • San Francisco, CA lectures, each with 10-minute discussion periods, and will negative” approaches have been developed to evaluate the func- review selected important topics of renal physiology. These tion of specific genes at the cellular and whole animal level. topics include renal transport mechanisms (Schafer), regula- Disruption of gene function has been studied at several molec- tion of potassium excretion (Knox), and renal aspects of acid- ular levels: gene ablation is achieved by homologous recombi- base balance (Koeppen). The emphasis will be to enhance the nation, translation of mRNA can be interrupted by antisense understanding of renal physiology and to provide an update on RNA and hammerhead ribozymes, and protein function can be new information. A syllabus that summarizes course content neutralized by targeted overexpression of mutant proteins as will be produced and handed out during the workshop. In addi- well as specific protein inhibitors. This symposium will tion, a short lecture will focus on miscellaneous areas of renal describe current “dominant negative” technologies. The speak- physiology that are difficult to teach (Arthur J. Vander). The ers will provide insight to bridge molecular biology and physi- lecture portion of the workshop will end with a panel discus- ology. sion that will draw not only from the previous lectures but from other questions submitted in writing by the audience Vascular Biology of Homocysteine throughout the workshop. Cardiovascular Section Emerging Technologies’ Role Stephen J. Elliott and Kilmer S. McCully in Physiology Instruction Stephen J. Elliott, Kilmer S. McCully, Neil Hogg, Joseph Loscalzo, Stephen J. Elliott, and Nobuyo Maeda Teaching of Physiology Section and Education Committee Homocysteine is a risk factor for atherosclerosis. The molecu- Robert G. Carroll and Michael J. Davis lar and chemical mechanisms by which homocysteine promotes Robert G. Carroll, Michael J. Davis, Thomas M. Nosek, and vascular occlusive disease are poorly understood. The reaction Linda Schreiber of homocysteine with low-density lipoprotein to form the reactive metabolite homocysteine thiolactone and the reaction of Technological innovation proceeds at an accelerated pace and homocysteine with nitrosating agents to form S-nitrosohomo- has facilitated many recent research advances. Emerging tech- cysteine will be explored. The potentially adverse effects of nologies, however, have found a limited application in under- homocysteine thiolactone and the potentially protective effects graduate and professional physiology instruction. This sympo- of S-nitrosohomocysteine will be discussed. Homocysteine is sium will examine the strengths and limitations of four different technologies currently being introduced into instructional set- converted to cystathionine via cystathionine synthase, and in tings. First, Carroll will explore the use of teleconferencing and patients with cystathionine synthase deficiency, the develop- other forms of distance learning. The next two speakers will ment of premature arteriosclerosis is common. The vascular focus on multimedia developments. Schreiber from Prentice- phenotype of the cystathionine synthase knockout mouse will Hall will explain the role of the publishing house in multimedia be presented and discussed. The multidisciplinary slate of development and projects. This will be followed by Nosek’s speakers in this symposium will vertically integrate homocys- evaluation of student and faculty performance and his reaction teine chemistry, vascular wall biology, and the functional to the multimedia resource developed and in use since 1993 at genomics of homocysteine metabolism. Medical College of Georgia. The final speaker, Davis, will describe the use of World Wide Web resources in the medical Intestinal Adaptations to Fasting physiology course at Texas A&M University. Following a brief Gastrointestinal and Endocrinology & Metabolism Sections discussion, the symposium will conclude with demonstrations Ronaldo P. Ferraris and Hannah V. Carey projects where interested attendees can test the discussed technologies. Ronaldo P. Ferraris, Leonard R. Johnson, Richard A. Hodin, and Hannah V. Carey Dominant-Negative Approaches This symposium will focus on the response of the intestinal to Explore Physiology mucosa to fasting, a practice common in weight management and an accepted presurgical procedure. Prolonged fasting or Cell & General Physiology and Respiration Sections caloric restriction has also attracted enormous interest because John R. Dedman of its dramatic effect on lifespan. The symposium will begin with an overview of how mucosal growth is influenced by local John R. Dedman, Ira Herskowitz, Thomas Doetchman, Guido nutrition and various regulatory molecules released during Krupp, Michelle L. Hermiston, and Jiahong Wang feeding. Changes in gene expression that occur during fasting Molecular biology techniques have provided several unique and refeeding will then be described, including alterations in approaches to understand physiological concepts. “Dominant levels of transcription factors and brushborder proteins inin

220 The Physiologist Experimental Biology ‘98 April 18-22, 1998 • San Francisco, CA response to hormones and growth factors provided exogenous- New Perspectives of Pulmonary Blood ly. The influence of fasting on intestinal ion transport and permeability will be outlined, as well as how the absence of lumi- Flow Distribution nal nutrients alters regulation of ion transport. The final speak- Respiration and Teaching of Physiology Sections and er will describe adaptations in hormonal and nutrient trans- Education Committee porter gene expression to acute fasting and to caloric restriction. Michael P. Hlastala The symposium will close with a discussion of unsolved problems and future research directions. John B. West, Mike Hughes, Robb Glenny, Kim Prisk, and Michael P. Hlastala Interaction Between Vascular The primary framework for interpreting pulmonary blood flow data over the past thirty years has been the zone model devel- Endothelium and Smooth Muscle: oped by West, Hughes, and colleagues. Recent experimental Advances in Physiology findings with enhanced spatial resolution take issue with gravi- and Pathophysiology ty as the dominant factor determining perfusion distribution. Experiments performed on astronauts in the Space Shuttle have Respiration Section and MyoBio (Muscle) Group revealed a considerable amount of heterogeneity in gas exchange at zero G. On the Earth’s surface, detailed micro- Guo-Wei He and Richard A. Cohen sphere measurements of pulmonary perfusion distribution now Michael S. Wolin, Richard A. Cohen, Wolfgang F. Graier, Guo- demonstrate a considerable degree of heterogeneity within iso- Wei He, and Bruce M. McManus gravimetric planes. Thus, the relative importance of gravity ver- There has been great progress in the understanding of the func- sus pulmonary vascular structure in determining distribution of tion of vascular endothelium and smooth muscle in the last perfusion is questioned. decade. In particular, the interaction between endothelium and This symposium will bring together the leaders in this con- smooth muscle has greatly interested not only basic scientists troversy. It will provide a setting for the airing of opinions on but also clinicians. The important role of endothelium in the both sides of the controversy, allowing the attendees an oppor- physiological and pathophysiological status of blood vessels tunity to evaluate both sides of this important and current phys- has been recognized with regard to the following. How does iological issue. West and Hughes were the original developers of the endothelium modulate the vascular tone through its inter- the zone model and are currently very active in this field. Glen- action with vascular smooth muscle? What is the target in the ny is the developer of the fluorescent microsphere technique that smooth muscle for individual endothelium-derived relaxing has provided data contrasting with the zone model. Prisk has factors such as nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpo- worked with West in obtaining the first respiratory gas exchange larizing factor? How to protect the coronary circulation with data at prolonged zero G demonstrating persistent heterogeneity regard to its endothelium and smooth muscle during ischemia? in the absence of gravity. Hlastala will present data obtained on What is the role of the interaction between endothelium and the centrifuge at Brooks Air Force Base that quantifies the rela- smooth muscle on the development of atherosclerosis, such as tive importance of increased inertial force on pulmonary perfu- posttransplant vascular disease? sion heterogeneity. The aim of this symposium is to provide in depth lectures to the audience, given by world-renowned researchers in these Mechanisms of Adaptation to Hypoxia: areas, and to connect the basic science findings to clinical prob- Organizational, Cellular, and Molecular lems. Some of the lectures may involve new insight into the Responses major theme, which is still controversial, and may bring our audience to a new step to further explore the interaction Respiration, Environmental & Exercise Physiology, and Car- between endothelium and smooth muscle. The speakers will diovascular Sections and Hypoxia Interest Group point out future directions for their own topics and the clinical Faramarz Ismail-Beigi and Cynthia M. Beall implications when applicable. Therefore, we believe that these Cynthia M. Beall, Robert S. Balaban, Gregg L. Semenza, state-of-the-art lectures will provide our audience with updated Napoleon Ferrara, and Sanders R. Williams knowledge and future directions and attract both basic scientists and clinical researchers working in this widely pursued field. Maintenance of adequate delivery of oxygen to cells and tissues is critical for the survival of homeotherms. A decrease in the availability of oxygen (hypoxia) results in a variety of cellular derangements that in turn lead to a host of acute and chronic adaptive responses. In acute hypoxia, major responses include stimulation of glycolytic ATP synthesis, modulation of ion

Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 221 Experimental Biology ‘98 April 18-22, 1998 • San Francisco, CA channels, release of neurotransmitters, and channeling of ATP insights into the molecular basis of protein traffic. The pro- usage towards “essential” cellular functions. Adaptive respons- posed symposium should expose physiologists to current views es to prolonged hypoxia, on the other hand, are mediated by of the protein traffic machinery and illustrate how this informa- additional events, including regulation of gene expression, phe- tion can improve our understanding of basic physiological pro- notypic remodeling of specific tissues and organs, and angio- cesses that are regulated by this machinery (e.g., neurotrans- genesis. Examination of mechanisms underlying these adaptive mitter secretion and ion transport). responses constitute an important and a highly active area of investigation. Is the Development of Atherosclerotic The aim of the proposed symposium is to summarize the current understanding of mechanisms mediating the adaptive Lesions Determined by Monocyte- responses to both acute and chronic hypoxia. The conceptual Endothelial Adhesion? framework and design of the symposium is to examine the Cardiovascular Section hypoxic adaptive responses from the level of the organism to cellular and molecular levels. Beall will examine the contrasts Klaus Ley and Arthur L. Beaudet between the responses of Tibetan and Andean high-altitude Don P. Giddens, Michael A. Gimbrone, Myron I. Cybulsky, natives to chronic hypoxia and will explore the genetic basis for Paul E. DiCorleto, Arthur L. Beaudet, and Klaus Ley the observed differences. Balaban will summarize our under- Atherosclerosis is known to have an inflammatory component. standing of the cellular, energetic responses in the acute phase Monocytes recruited into early lesions are believed to differen- of adaptation to hypoxia utilizing noninvasive, NMR tech- tiate into macrophages and foam cells. These cells secrete niques. Semenza will describe the regulatory role of hypoxia- cytokines and growth factors that may promote smooth muscle inducible factor-1 in the expression of specific genes, including proliferation and formation of a fibrous cap. Recently, inter- erythropoietin, glycolytic enzymes, and vascular endothelial ventional studies have become possible that bear the potential growth factor. Ferrara will summarize the role of vascular of elucidating the role of endothelial-leukocyte adhesion endothelial growth factor expression of angiogenesis in molecules in the atherosclerotic process. This interdisciplinary response to hypoxia. Finally, Williams will examine the expres- symposium will explore the interrelation between hemodynam- sion and function of stress proteins (especially that of HSP-70) ic forces, shear stress-induced and -suppressed gene products, in the adaptive response to hypoxia and ischemia. Overall, the lipoproteins, and endothelial cell adhesion molecules in the for- above series of presentations and the resulting discussions will mation and maturation of atherosclerotic lesions. The tech- not only serve to enhance our understanding of molecular, cel- niques used by the presenting investigators include endothelial lular, and organismal adaptive responses to hypoxia, but the cell biology, differential display, flow modeling, and transgenic topic of the proposed symposium is of great relevance to relat- and gene-targeted mice. ed fields of investigation, including cellular energetics, apopto- sis, and cancer biology. Neuronal Assembly Dynamics: Molecular Mechanisms of Protein Cellular and Network Mechanisms Traffic and Secretion in Cardiorespiratory Control Cell & General Physiology and Renal Sections and Epithelial Central Nervous System and Neural Control & Autonomic Transport Group Regulation Sections Kevin L. Kirk and Hugo J. Bellen Susan M. Barman and Bruce G. Lindsey Kevin L. Kirk, William Balch, Kathryn Howell, and Hugo J. Eve E. Marder, Jeffrey C. Smith, James S. Schwaber, Susan M. Bellen Barman, and Bruce G. Lindsey The intracellular traffic of physiologically relevant proteins This symposium will highlight recent advances in our under- such as ion channels and hormone receptors can be regulated in standing of how brain function emerges from dynamic interac- response to specific physiological cues. The major aim of this tions among neurons. The introductory talk will describe high- symposium is to introduce physiologists to the basic paradigms er order properties in an invertebrate motor system that depend that have led to our current understanding of the protein traffic on cellular and molecular mechanisms for their expression and machinery. These paradigms include genetic approaches to stability. Mammalian brainstem networks involved in car- studying membrane traffic, the reconstitution of regulated diorespiratory control will then be considered. Cellular and net- secretion in semiintact cells and the combined use of cell bio- work properties of the respiratory oscillator and computer mod- logical approaches and high resolution electron microscopic els will suggest cooperative mechanisms that produce the tim- methods to study membrane vesicle formation. The speakers in ing and phases of breathing. Next, recent results from models this symposium have utilized these paradigms to provide novel of intracellular signal transduction pathways as a computation-

222 The Physiologist Experimental Biology ‘98 April 18-22, 1998 • San Francisco, CA al network will be linked to the neuron’s connectional network has led investigators to focus their attention on how these factors activity. Another perspective will come from both time and fre- directly interact. It has been known for some time that the quency domain analysis of cooperative phenomena in brain- vasodilator actions of ET were due, in part, to release of NO. stem networks that coordinate sympathetic activity. Finally, More recently, however, it has been reported that some of the repeated patterns of synchrony in neuronal assemblies will be vasoconstrictor responses to inhibition of NO production are described; they may reflect distributed mechanisms involved in mediated by ET. It has also been postulated that the tubular the dynamic regulation of breathing by baroreceptors and actions of ET are mediated by NO. This symposium will specif- chemoreceptors. ically address the question of how ET and NO interact to regulate cardiovascular and renal function. Studies using molecular Strength, Functional Capacity and Train- to whole animal techniques will be discussed to provide a comprehensive analysis of this interaction. The physiological condi- ability of Aging Skeletal Muscle tions under which NO regulates ET activity and the mechanism Environmental & Exercise Physiology Section and MyoBio for this regulation will be key components of this symposium. (Muscle) Group Several speakers will address issues related to how ET and NO may influence function within the renal tubules. Finally, the role Robert S. Mazzeo of ET and NO in endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis Robert S. Mazzeo, Lars Larsson, Frank Booth, Susan V. will be discussed. It is expected that the speakers will provide Brooks, and William J. Evans some of their latest insights into this fascinating relationship in The well-documented loss of muscle mass and function associat- an effort to further our understanding of endothelial cell func- ed with advancing age carries with it a number of clinical and tion. health consequences. As the elderly population continues to grow at a dramatic rate, it becomes imperative to have a better under- Current Mechanisms of Blood Coagulation standing of the causes, mechanisms, and possible interventions Cardiovascular Section and Physiologists in Industry Group for sarcopenia. This symposium is intended to give a thorough overview of what is currently known regarding sarcopenia, rang- Stephen T. Rapundalo and Benedict R. Lucchesi ing from the functional implications to the potential underlying Stephen T. Rapundalo, James H. Morissey, Thomas S. Edging- molecular mechanisms. Additionally, as disuse atrophy of mus- ton, Katherine A. High, Shaun R. Coughlin, and Benedict R. cle appears to contribute significantly to the pathophysiology of Lucchesi. this disorder, the role of exercise (both aerobic and strength train- The focus of the symposium will be on the recent advances ing) as a possible intervention or therapeutic modality will also made towards understanding the pathobiology of thrombosis, be examined. Specifically, Larsson will discuss the remodeling of particularly as it relates to the function and regulation of spe- the motor unit that occurs with advancing age as well as the cific molecular components of the coagulation cascade. New potential mechanisms for this observation. Booth will examine insights will be given into the molecular and biochemical char- the molecular mechanisms associated with sarcopenia and the acteristics of protein-protein interactions between tissue factor influence of possible interventions. Brooks will examine intrinsic and factor VIIa. Emerging structural evidence will also be pre- age-related changes in muscle that render them more susceptible sented that may explain the interplay between these two com- to contraction-induced injury as well as a decrease in ability to ponents and thereby define their roles as primary cellular ini- recover from injury. Finally, Evans will discuss the functionality tiators of coagulation. A discussion of the key role of factor X and health-related consequences of sarcopenia and the extent to in thrombogenesis will emphasize the specific residues in the which regular exercise can preserve or prevent muscle loss with molecule that are critical for its function in the prothrombinase age. complex as the primary activator of thrombin. This will be followed by a presentation on new advances in understanding Hemodynamic and Renal Tubular structure-function of the thrombin receptor, its cell signaling Interactions of Endothelin pathways, and implications for pathophysiology, much of it based on studies using a genetic mouse knockout model. Final- and Nitric Oxide ly, the various coagulation processes will be integrated at a Renal, Water & Electrolyte Homeostasis, Cardiovascular, and physiological and pharmacological level by a description of the Respiration Sections use of novel antithrombotic agents to regulate clotting in clinically relevant animal models. The session will create a unique David M. Pollock and Timothy D. Warner forum for interdisciplinary dialogue regarding current concepts Timothy D. Warner, Christine Baylis, David M. Pollock, Jeffrey and state-of-the-art knowledge of coagulation protein function. L. Garvin, and Michael S. Goligorsky The enormous interest in endothelin (ET) and nitric oxide (NO)

Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 223 Experimental Biology ‘98 April 18-22, 1998 • San Francisco, CA Role of Sex Steroids in Cardiovascular- Protein Phosphatases in Cell Signaling Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology Pathways Water & Electrolyte Homeostasis, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Cell & General Physiology and Respiration Sections Respiration Sections Avril V. Somlyo and Claude B. Klee Jane F. Reckelhoff and Leonard Share Avril V. Somlyo, Anjana Rao, Kyle W. Cunningham, Claude B. Carmen Hinojosa-Laborde, Jane F. Reckelhoff, Leonard Share, Klee, Andrew P. Somlyo, and Nicholas K. Tonks Virginia M. Miller, and Peter W. Ramwell Protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation is a major cellular Gender has long been known as a predisposing factor for signal-transduction mechanism. It has only recently become increased cardiovascular-renal disease. For example, men are at apparent that protein phosphatases, like protein kinases, are greater risk for chronic cardiovascular and renal diseases than also highly regulated and important participants in many sig- are premenopausal women. As such, sex steroids have been naling pathways in a wide variety of cells. Examples reflecting implicated in the mechanisms responsible for the higher inci- this diversity will be presented, including the interplay of the dence in men and protection in women. The fact that the inci- calcium-calmodulin-activated phosphatase protein phosphatase dence of cardiovascular disease increases in postmenopausal 2B with transcription factors and immunophilins in T-cell sig- women suggests that estrogen may play a protective role in pre- naling; the regulation of ion transporters by phosphatases; an venting cardiovascular disease, whereas numerous studies in example of a unique mode of phosphatase regulation by cou- rats have shown that the progression of hypertension and sub- pling Ca2+-dependent dephosphorylation to the redox state of sequent renal injury can be ameliorated by gonadectomy in the cell; the ability of protein tyrosine phosphatases to serve as male. The exact mechanisms by which androgens promote and receptors for adhesion molecules; and finally, the role of the estrogens may protect against cardiovascular-renal disease are small GTPase RhoA in the regulation of smooth muscle myosin not completely understood and have thus recently been given light chain phosphatase and, through it, smooth muscle con- increased scientific investigation. This symposium will address traction and nonmuscle cell motility. the highlights of the recent advances into the mechanisms by which sex steroids are involved in cardiovascular and renal function and will also address the important research questions Pluripotent Effects of Tumor Necrosis yet to be answered. Factor on Insulin Sensitive Tissues Role of Tight Junctions in the Endocrinology & Metabolism Section and Physiologists in Regulation of Tissue Permeability Industry Group Jacqueline M. Stephens and Philip A. Kern Renal, Cell & General Physiology, and Respiration Sections Jacqueline M. Stephens, Bruce M. Spiegelman, Andrew G. and Epithelial Transport Group Swick, Andrew Greenberg, and Philip A. Kern Luis Reuss and Kenneth R. Spring In conditions of obesity and insulin resistance, tumor necrosis Luis Reuss, Marcelino Cereijido, James M. Anderson, James L. factor (TNF) is produced from adipocytes and has been shown Madara, Olga Kovbasnjuk, and Roger Adamson to play a key role in mediating the pathogenesis of obesity- The junctions between epithelial or endothelial cells constitute associated insulin resistance. TNF has a number of effects on an essential barrier to the movement of solutes. Regulation of adipocytes, including the regulation of glucose transport, inter- the solute and water permeability of these junctions by a vari- ference with insulin signaling, stimulation of lipolysis, and reg- ety of intracellular and extracellular factors is the subject of this ulation of gene expression. Since the bulk of glucose disposal symposium. The recent advances in our understanding of the in the body is mediated by muscle, more recent studies have molecular structure of epithelial tight junctions have been par- examined the effects of TNF in muscle. An important consider- alleled by evidence for functional regulation of junctional tight- ation is whether TNF derived from adipocytes acts in an ness by a wide range of substances. Presentations will include endocrine manner on muscle or whether local production of state-of-the-art talks on the molecular structure and organiza- TNF from muscle is necessary. tion of tight junctions, the relationship between the tight junc- This symposia will focus on the actions of TNF in fat and tion and the cytoskeleton, regulation of the intestinal epithelial muscle that are associated with obesity. There are conflicting tight junctional barrier in both physiologic and pathophysiolog- issues in this area, particularly concerning the mechanisms ic states, modulation of water permeation through epithelial involved in the interference of insulin receptor signaling. The tight junctions, factors that alter the structure and permeability session offers a comprehensive examination of the considerable of the endothelial cell cleft, and junctional tightness in capillar- regulation of insulin-sensitive tissues by TNF and the related- ies. ness of these effects. The future direction considered in this

224 The Physiologist Experimental Biology ‘98 April 18-22, 1998 • San Francisco, CA symposia is the role of thiazolidinediones in their ability to basolateral membrane of epithelia. Recent cloning of both overcome TNF-induced insulin resistance and the implications cotransporters has revealed numerous splice variants and has of these observations. enabled study of the tissue distribution of the cotransporters and their molecular regulation. This symposium will explore the Molecular Approaches to Understanding diversity of the cotransporters in structure, function, and regula- Cellular Responses to Stress tion. The structure and functional expression of the cotransporters will be discussed by Forbush. The role of the cotrans- Comparative Physiology, Renal, Respiration, and Environmen- porters in fluid secretion and volume regulation will be reviewed tal & Exercise Physiology Sections by Turner and O’Donnell. Finally, the contribution of the cotrans- Kenneth B. Storey porters to urinary concentration and acid secretion will be dis- Kenneth B. Storey, Bruce Demple, David M. Cohen, Douglas cussed by Ecelbarger and Wall. V. Faller, and Richard I. Morimoto Glutamate Transport, Metabolism, Comparative physiologists and biochemists strive to find out “How Animals Work,” how they adapt, endure, and prosper and Physiological Responses under a range of environmental stresses and constraints. The Renal, Cell & General Physiology, and Gastrointestinal Sec- focus of comparative research has gradually shifted “down- tions and Epithelial Transport Group wards” from whole organism to organ, cell, and metabolic lev- Tomas C. Welbourne els to unravel the mechanisms of adaptation. The last remaining frontier is that of the gene. Molecular biologists working with Susan Amara, Matthias A. Hediger, John D. McGivan, Itzhak mammalian cell lines are making great strides in identifying Nissim, and Tomas C. Welbourne gene responses to external stresses (e.g., osmotic, temperature, The role of glutamate and glutamate transporters in regulating oxygen) applied in vitro using systems that are largely stress- cellular processes in the central nervous system and the kidney intolerant. Comparative physiologists and biochemists have a and intestine will be the general theme. In the mammalian cen- range of naturally stress-tolerant organisms but are only begin- tral nervous system, glutamate sequestration and regulation of ning to become acquainted with molecular techniques that glutamate transporters is seen from the perspective of fine tun- could be applied to their systems. This symposium will intro- ing the excitatory neurotransmission and maintaining extracel- duce the techniques and approaches of molecular biologists to lular glutamate below neurotoxic levels. In epithelial cells, the the field of comparative physiology and biochemistry. Most role of glutamate and glutamate transporter turnover is viewed speakers are molecular biologists who are at the forefront of from the perspective of regulating multiple cellular processes their fields in stress-induced gene expression and who will involving metabolic, osmolar, and acid-base homeostasis. illustrate the enormous scope of this approach for identifying Functional expression of the transporters, ionic and substrate the genes and gene products that are upregulated as adaptive fluxes, and gene expression will be matched, when possible, to responses to stress. the physiological stimuli promoting their activity in order to define these systems (glia/neurons; nephron segments; intes- Na-K-2Cl Cotransporters: tine) in a biologically meaningful manner. Multiple levels of Heterogeneity of Structure, Function, and investigation include molecular (cloning, gene expression, pro- Regulation tein structure) and physiological (functional expression, ionic and metabolic fluxes, signaling pathways, and organ respons- Renal and Cell & General Physiology Sections and Epithelial es). The aim is to provide a coherence attractive to investigators Transport Group across multiple disciplines and to invite further exploration. Susan M. Wall and Bliss Forbush III APS Public Affairs Symposium: Susan M. Wall, Bliss Forbush III, R. James Turner, Martha O’Donnell, and Carolyn M. Ecelbarger Institutional Animal Care and Use The Na-K-2Cl cotransporters serve a variety of functions includ- Committee (IACUC) Issues Roundtable ing net acid secretion, volume regulation, and both NaCl secre- Animal Care and Experimentation Committee tion and absorption. The physiological role and the regulation of the cotransporters is varied and often tissue-specific. The Na-K- C. Terrance Hawk and Steven W. Mifflin 2Cl cotransporters are encoded by two distinct genes, BSC-1 and This session is intended to serve as a forum where scientists BSC-2. BSC-1, or the absorptive isoform, is kidney specific and who serve on IACUCs can compare how their institutions’ localized to the apical membrane of the thick, ascending limb of committees respond to various issues in protocol review. Henle’s loop. The secretory isoform of the cotransporter, BSC-2, Among the issues likely to come up for discussion are death as is widely distributed. It is found in nonepithelial cells and on the an endpoint, justification of animal numbers, verification that

Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 225 Experimental Biology ‘98 April 18-22, 1998 • San Francisco, CA research is not duplicative, footpad injections, and other areas and contributions, including the development and dissemina- that the USDA regulations and the Guide for the Care and Use tion of SAAM and CONSAM, the compartmental analysis soft- of Laboratory Animals leave to the discretion of each IACUC. ware distributed from his laboratory at the National Cancer Symposium organizers also invite audience discussion of what Institute, and his uncanny and unique understanding of the scientists find frustrating and rewarding about IACUC service, human body from an engineering systems point-of-view. The as well as what scientists would like to see changed in the cur- final two presentations describe novel uses of the Internet to rent animal care regulatory framework. promulgate models developed by Loren Zech and others and develop from shared databases a new generation of models Guest Societies linking genomic and molecular information to health care practice. Alternative Premessenger RNA Splicing: Biology and Pathology Transport Phenomena in Cellular and Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine Molecular Processes Edward J. Benz and Philip A. Sharp Biomedical Engineering Society, APS MyoBio (Muscle) and Epithelial Transport Groups and Cell & General Physiology Sec- Philip A. Sharp, Paula Grabowski, Stephen Berget, Shu Huang, tion and John Conboy Scott L. Diamond The appearance of intrans in the genomes of organisms creat- ed the necessity for a molecular mechanism that provided for Joel Keizer, Johannes Nitsche, David A. Edwards, George the elimination of transcripts of the intrans from messenger to Oster, and Scott L. Diamond precursors and the precise ligation of, in the correct register, This session seeks to report some of the recent advances in the the exons that ultimately form mature mRNA. This process, study of transport phenomena as it regulates to biological pro- called premessenger RNA splicing, has been extensively stud- cesses from the molecular to cellular level. With the increase of ied with respect to both its fundamental biochemical mecha- computational power and the advance of computational tech- nisms and the elements responsible for modulating it in differ- niques that include molecular and Brownian dynamics, statisti- ent tissues. In particular, the identical premessenger RNA tran- cal mechanics, large scale simulation, and rapid imaging, the scripts are spliced differently in different tissues, yielding an time is perfect for a session on this topic. Speakers have been array of messenger RNA products that, in turn, can cope for an selected to provide insight and discussion on topics of array of proteins of like, but nonidentical function. This sym- microscale diffusion and convective transport. A range of top- posium will focus on the role of intrans and posttranscription- ics will cover ion mobility through gap junctions, intracellular al premessenger RNA splicing in normal cell physiology, the calcium diffusional dynamics, the role of reaction and transport anatomy and physiology of splicing apparatus that support pre- on endocytotic systems inside the cell, diffusive and convec- messenger RNA splicing, emerging information about the fac- tive/reactive events in human blood, and finally, mechanochem- tors that govern the use of alternative mRNA splicing path- ical coupling in biological systems whereby chemical energy ways in different tissues, and examples drawn from the impact drives mechanical events and transport. This session will be of normal and abnormal alternative mRNA splicing in health attractive to a range of biophysicists, biologists, bioengineers, and disease. and clinicians interested in fundamental processes of transport phenomenon at the microscale. Speakers have been selected Understanding Biological Systems across a range of expertise and disciplines. Through Mathematical Modeling Engineering Gene Therapeutics Biomedical Engineering Society Jerry C. Collins Biomedical Engineering Society Ray C. Boston, Kevin Lewis, Janet A. Novotny, Stephen P. Martin L. Yarmush and Jeffrey R. Morgan Coburn, Blossom Patterson, Meryl E. Wastney, and James B. Jeffrey R. Morgan, Mitchell Finer, Scott Diamond, Jeffrey L. Bassingthwaighte, and Jerry C. Collins Nordstrom, and David Curiel This crossdisciplinary symposium has been organized to honor Gene therapy holds great promise for the treatment of a vari- the memory of Loren Zech, senior scientist in the Mathematical ety of inherited and acquired diseases. During the past decade, Biology Laboratory of the National Cancer Institute. An this potential of gene therapy has spawned the development of endocrinologist and engineer, his interests, knowledge, and numerous gene transfer technologies for the introduction of influence spanned a wide spectrum and crossed several FASEB therapeutic genes into cells in vitro as well as tissues in vivo. societies. The talks in this symposium center on his interests These gene transfer technologies are diverse, from the com-

226 The Physiologist Experimental Biology ‘98 April 18-22, 1998 • San Francisco, CA plex viral mediated approaches to the more simple chemical Molecular and Cellular Changes and mechanical approaches. Although each gene transfer technology fundamentally seeks to attain the same goal, During Aging namely the introduction and expression of a therapeutic gene Chinese Physiological Society into a target cell or tissue, the success of the clinical applica- Paulus Shyi-Gang Wang and Yau-Huei Wei tion of these technologies will ultimately depend on the advantages and limitations of each technology and its suit- Paulus Shyi-Gang Wang, Zee-fen Chang, Tsuei-Chu Mong Liu, ability to its medical application. At this juncture in the Byung Pal Yu, and Yau-Huei Wei progress of gene therapy, the limiting factor is not the avail- The topics in gene expression, signal transduction, and the role of ability of therapeutic genes. Rather, the limitations lie within the mitochondria will be included to discuss the relationship the dynamics of the gene transfer processes. The objective of between aging and cellular or molecular changes. Chang will this session is to highlight the studies in life sciences and bio- demonstrate the temporal relationship between downregulation engineering that are addressing these issues surrounding the of thymidine kinase and changed levels of cell cycle regulators technologies of gene transfer. A few of the issues include the p16, p21, and E2F-1 during senescence of human diploid fibrob- production of high-titer stocks, the efficiency of gene delivery lasts. Liu found that the inhibition of transforming growth factor in vitro, the trafficking and targeting of genes and gene deliv- beta 1 on prolactin synthesis and mRNA expression — but not on ery vehicle in vivo, the persistence and level of gene expres- prolactin secretion — is age dependent. Wang will present the sion after gene delivery, and the inflammatory consequences correlation between cAMP production and steroidogenesis in rat and immunogenicity of in vivo gene delivery vehicles. This testicular interstitial and adrenocortical cells with different ages. session will bring together leading experts from academia and Yu’s presentation will support the hypothesis of the oxidative the biotechnology industry to discuss recent advances by life stress theory of aging by using pertinent data to elaborate on the scientists as well as the new and emerging efforts of the bio- involvement of free radicals in the oxidative modification of pro- engineering community to address these important issues in tein, DNA, and lipids involved in cellular structure and function gene therapy. during aging. Wei will indicate that the vicious cycle operates in various cells at different rates and leads to differential accumula- tion of oxidative damage and to mutation of mitochondria DNA, which may explain the difference in functional decline and structural deterioration of different tissues in human aging.❖

APS To Sponsor AAAS Mass Media Science and Engineering Fellow Applications Invited In 1998, APS will sponsor an American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Mass Media Science and Engi- neering fellow. This individual will spend a summer working in the newsroom of a newspaper, magazine, or radio or television station, sharpening his or her ability to communicate complex scientific issues to nonscientists and helping to improve public understanding of science. The fellowship program is a 23-year-old AAAS initiative that has already provided summer place- ments for some 359 advanced students of the sciences. The APS-sponsored fellow will spend 10 weeks helping to cover science and technology issues. AAAS will arrange place- ments at a participating media outlet as part of the selection process. Fellows will travel to Washington for an advance orientation to journalism and a wrapup and evaluation session at the conclusion of their assignments. The fellowship includes travel to these sessions and the job site and a weekly stipend based upon local cost of living. Application information: To be eligible for the program, you must be currently enrolled as a graduate or postgraduate student of physiology or a related discipline. Application forms are available from Alice Hellerstein in the APS Office of Public Affairs at the address below. In addition to the completed form, applicants must submit a current resumé, at least one three- to five-page writing sample directed to the general public, transcripts of graduate and undergraduate work, and three letters of recommendation. Two recommendation letters should be from faculty members, and the third should be a personal reference. The selection process is designed to seek out qualified candidates especially from underrepresented communities, including blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans, as well as scientists with disabilities. The application deadline is January 15, 1998. For more information, contact Alice Hellerstein, APS Office of Public Affairs, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814-3991. Tel: 301-530-7105; fax: 301-571-8305; e-mail: ahellers@ aps.faseb.org.

Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 227 Experimental Biology ‘98 April 18-22, 1998 • San Francisco, CA

HENRY PICKERING BOWDITCH PHYSIOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE: AWARD THE WALTER B. CANNON AWARD L ECTURE (SUPPORTED BY THE GRASS Michael Caplan FOUNDATION) Yale University Eric R. Kandel The Sorting of Ion Transport Columbia University Proteins in Polarized Cells: From Molecular Signals To be announced to Physiological Function

Distinguished Lectureships

ROBERT M. BERNE HUGH DAVSON DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR THE CELL AND GENERAL PHYSI- SECTION OLOGY SECTION Kenneth R. Chien University of California Sir Andrew Huxley at San Diego Trinity College (UK)

Genetically Engineered The Unpredictability Animal Models of Cardiac of Science: Lessons Development and Disease: from Muscle Physiology Genes and Physiology

JOSEPH ERLANGER AUGUST KROGH DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS THE COMPARATIVE SYSTEM SECTION PHYSIOLOGY SECTION Harold T. (Ted) Hammel Lawrence B. Cohen Indiana University Yale University

Optical Measurement of Brain Evolving Ideas About Osmosis Activity in Aplysia and Turtle: Spikes and Waves

SOLOMON A. BERSON EDWARD F. ADOLPH DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF OF THE ENDOCRINOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL METABOLISM SECTION AND EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY SECTION Phyllis M. Wise University of Kentucky Kenneth M. Baldwin University of California “Menopause”: Interplay at Irvine Among Several Endocrine Pacemakers Interaction of Mechanical Activity and Thyroid Hormone on Skeletal Muscle Plasticity

228 The Physiologist Experimental Biology ‘98 April 18-22, 1998 • San Francisco, CA

CARL LUDWIG CARL W. G OTTSCHALK DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP THE NEURAL CONTROL AND OF THE RENAL SECTION AUTONOMIC REGULATION SECTION Walter F. Boron Yale University K. Michael Spyer Royal Free Hospital, UK Acid-Base Transport: From the Squid Giant Axon Neuromechanisms to the Renal Proximal Tubule Underlying Autonomic Control of Circulation

JULIUS H. COMROE,JR. CLAUDE BERNARD DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF THE RESPIRATION SECTION OF THE TEACHING OF PHYSIOLOGY SECTION John M. Harlan University of Washington Donald T. Frazier Leukocyte-Endothelial University of Kentucky Interaction: Molecular Basis and Clinical Relevance Appreciation and Enhancement of Physiological Teaching Through Outreach Involvement

ERNEST H. STARLING HORACE W. DAVENPORT DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL SECTION OF THE WATER AND ELECTROLYTE HOMEOSTASIS SECTION George Sachs John E. Hall University of California at Los Angeles University of Mississippi Cardiovascular and Renal Gastric Acid and Gastric Microorganisms Pathophysiology of Obesity and Insulin Resistance

Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 229 Meetings

1998 APS Conference Endothelial Regulation of Vascular Tone: Molecular to Integrative Physiology September 16–19, 1998 • Augusta, GA Radisson Riverfront Hotel ORGANIZER: Interaction of Nitric Oxide With Other Mediators David M. Pollock David Pollock, Medical College of Georgia; Pam Carmines, Uni- Medical College of Georgia versity of Nebraska; Tom Hintze, New York Medical College Regulation of NOS in Vascular Smooth Muscle STEERING COMMITTEE: Jennifer Pollock, Medical College of Georgia John D. Catravas Medical College of Georgia TGF in Fibrotic Disease Wayne Border, University of Utah Harris J. Granger Texas A&M University FRIDAY, September 18, 1998 L. Gabriel Navar Transgenic Mice as Models for Hypertension Tulane University Ed Shesley, Henry Ford Hospital Jennifer S. Pollock Medical College of Georgia Endothelial Dysfunction: Pharmacology Joan Keiser, Parke-Davis; Lou Ignarro, University of California at Subsequent to the realization that endothelial cells are important reg- Los Angeles; Ulrich Förstermann, Gütenberg University, Germany ulators of vascular, immunological, and probably many other functions, endothelial cell biology has rapidly expanded into a distinct Endothelial Dysfunction: Pulmonary discipline. Simply in terms of vascular function, this relatively new Bruce Pitt, University of Pittsburgh; John D. Catravas, Medical area covers an extremely wide range of the more traditional disci- College of Georgia; Steve Abman, University of Colorado plines, including physiology, pharmacology, and cell and molecular Endothelial Dysfunction: Cardiovascular biology. The purpose of this conference is to present the most recent Richard Paul, University of Cincinnati; Leslie Fuchs, Medical Col- information on the interaction among major endothelial factors in the lege of Georgia; Richard Cohen, Boston University control of the vascular tone. Peptidase Activity in the Vascular Endothelium The conference brings together rapidly growing areas of Jim Ryan, Medical College of Georgia endothelial cell biology so as to develop a more cohesive picture of the vascular endothelium as a physiological organ system. While the Pivotal Role of Endothelium to Heart-Lung Transplantation primary emphasis will be on specific mediators, related subjects such Sir Magdi Yacoub, Imperial College, London, UK as shear stress and vascular remodeling will also be covered. Molec- SATURDAY, September 19, 1998 ular and whole animal physiologists will demonstrate how their methodologies integrate into a central hypothesis and also define the Endothelial Regulation of Angiogenesis similar aspects and unique mechanisms that exist among the differ- Harris Granger, Texas A&M University ent vascular beds. The conference is different from other vascular Vascular Remodeling related meetings in that it attempts to bring together diverging areas Mary Gerritsen, Bayer; David Harrison, Emory University of endothelial cell biology to develop a more cohesive picture of vas- Shear Stress cular endothelial function. John Frangos, University of California at San Diego; Robert Nerem, WEDNESDAY, September 16, 1998 Georgia Tech; Barbara Ballerman, Johns Hopkins Discovery of EDRF Estrogen Modulation of the Vascular Endothelium: Salvador Moncada, University College, London Implications for Development of Coronary Artery Disease Virginia Miller, Mayo Clinic Signal Transduction and Gene Regulation Robert Highsmith, University of Cincinnati; Rudi Busse, J.W. Endothelial Gene Transfer in Restenosis Goethe University, Germany; Ferid Murad, Molecular Geriatrics; Brian Duling, University of Virginia OOOOOOps! Attention: All APS members. We sin- THURSDAY, September 17, 1998 cerely regret an error made in a recent Paracrine Regulation of the Renal Circulation mailing to you about this APS meeting’s L. Gabriel Navar, Tulane University program. Joan Keiser (and not John Kaiser as listed) is the speaker from Endothelial Control of the Renal Microcirculation Parke-Davis for the session “Endothelial Josephine P. Briggs, Univ. of Michigan; Christopher Wilcox, George- Dysfunction: Pharmacology.” town University; William J. Arendshorst, Univ. of North Carolina

230 The Physiologist Meetings

1998 APS Conference The Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus: A Crossroads of Integrative Physiology December 5–9, 1998 • San Antonio, TX The Menger Hotel

ORGANIZER: TENTATIVE PROGRAM Joseph R. Haywood Anatomy, Neural Pathways and Neurochemistry University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio Arthur Loewy, Washington University; Paul Sawchenko, Salk Institute; Larry Swanson, University of California at Los Angeles STEERING COMMITTEE: Integration of Ingestive Behaviors Alan K. Johnson Alan Kim Johnson, University of Iowa; Glenn Stanley, University University of Iowa of California at Riverside; Stephen Woods. University of Washington; Joseph Verbalis, University of Virginia; John Wright, Washington Arthur D. Loewy State University Washington University Leo P. Renaud Role in Metabolism and Energy Balance University of Ottawa Anton J. W. Scheurink, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Catherine Rivier John Vissing, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Barry Levin, Veter- Salk Institute ans Affairs Medical Center., East Orange, New Jersey; Gerjan van Dijk, University of Washington, Martine Orosco, College of France A. J. W. Scheurink University of Groningen, The Netherlands Neuroendocrine Regulation Leo P. Renaud, University of Ottawa; Stanley Watson, University of Washington; Ruud Buijs, Netherlands Institute of Brain Research; Charles Bourque, Montreal General Hospital; William Crowley, Uni- The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) serves as versity of Tennessee; Paul Plotsky, Emory University the crossroads of integrative physiology. This discrete hypothalam- ic area receives neural, humoral, and endocrine input regarding the Stress and the Immune System state of the cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune systems, as well Catherine Rivier, Salk Institute; Serge Rivest, Laval University; as fluid and electrolyte and energy balance. Integration of afferent Dwight Nance, University of Manitoba; Adrian Dunn, inputs results in efferent neural or hormonal regulation of specific Louisiana State University Medical Center; James Herman, organ systems. This conference will bring together scientists who University of Kentucky study different physiological systems and who use a variety of Control of Cardiovascular-Renal Function technical approaches ranging from molecular biology to whole ani- Joseph R. Haywood, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, mal physiology. The goal will be to understand how the PVN inte- San Antonio; Steven Bealer, University of Tennessee; Quentin grates afferent information, controls specific physiological func- Pittman, University of Calgary; Marianna Morris, Bowman Gray tions, and coordinates interactions among organ systems. School of Medicine; Kaushik Patel, University of Nebraska; Alastair Ferguson, Queen’s University at Kingston

Attention Authors! Manuscript Submission Fee Required effective January 1, 1998 All manuscripts submitted to the American Journals of Physiology and the Journal of Neurophysiology must be accompa- nied by a Mandatory Submission Form and a manuscript submission fee of US$50. This fee is a processing fee, not a reviewing fee, and is nonrefundable. Payment must be made at the time of submission in US dollars only, by money order, check drawn on a US bank, credit card (Visa/MasterCard), or institutional purchase order. Checks should be made payable to The American Physiological Society and should indicate clearly the corresponding author’s name. No wire transfers will be accepted. Please see Instructions for Authors on the Web at http://www.faseb.org/aps/publications or see the June and December issues of the journal for more information.

Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 231 Public Affairs NRC Issues Report on Long-term Care of Chimpanzees in Research

A National Research Council report has The panel urged that a federal agen- Some animals will need to be main- recommended that the US government cy such as NIH create a central office to tained as research candidates, and some consolidate ownership of chimpanzees take over ownership and long-term care should be kept as potential breeders in used in medical research and take a series of the 1,000 government-owned chim- case a public health emergency such as a of steps to improve long-term manage- panzees. Chimpanzees are expensive to new infectious disease increases demand ment of the animals. care for, with per diem costs reaching as for them. These animals should be kept in Currently, about 1,500 chimpanzees high as $30. While the average lifespan is controlled environments staffed by are housed in six biomedical facilities 25 years for males and 34 years for trained personnel. throughout the US. About 1,000 are females, some may live as long as 55 to About 260 of the government-owned owned by various federal agencies or are 60 years. It is estimated that NIH current- chimpanzees that are candidates for being used in federally sponsored ly spends $7.3 million per year to provide retirement from research are infected research. The remaining 500 are privately care for chimpanzees, in some cases with disease-causing agents that might owned. charging researchers $60,000 per animal pose a public health risk. These animals Chimpanzee breeding was stepped to use them in research projects because will have to be housed at designated facil- up in 1986 in response to expectations of the need to cover their long-term care ities that can safely contain them. that these animals would play a major costs. If a centralized management sys- The majority of the panel rejected role in AIDS research. However, only in a tem provides cost savings, the govern- euthanasia as a population control option. few rare instances have chimpanzees ment may be able to reduce or eliminate However, Sarah Williams-Blangero of the become infected with the AIDS virus, so those user fees. Southwest Foundation for Biomedical the need was smaller than expected. The panel recommended a five-year Research offered the dissenting view that In response to a request from NIH, moratorium on chimpanzee breeding to “in the face of limited financial resources, the Committee on Long-term Care of avoid contributing further to the current euthanasia is an appropriate mechanism Chimpanzees in Biomedical and Behav- surplus. It also recommended transferring for maximizing the quality of life for the ioral Research, which was convened by as many animals as possible to facilities remaining chimpanzee population while the National research Council, spent a where care can be provided more cheaply facilitating the continued production of year assessing research needs and the sta- over the long run than in existing govern- chimpanzees to fulfill critical needs in tus of the existing chimpanzee popula- ment facilities. Options include remodeled medical and behavioral research.” tion. The committee released its report, government facilities, zoos, or govern- The report was sent to NIH for its Chimpanzees in Research: Strategies for ment-funded and private sanctuaries. Rec- consideration. Lou Sibal, Director of their Ethical Care, Management, and Use ognizing the special status of chimpanzees NIH’s Office of Laboratory Animal on July 16. as a close relative to human beings, the Resources, told the New York Times NIH The panel concluded that there are panel recommended criteria for any facil- was “very pleased” with the report. “It more chimpanzees than are currently ity that houses chimps for more than six includes a series of good options that needed for research, but that the animals months, including daily access to the out- make sense,” Sibal said, “and we will might again be needed in the future. doors and social contact with other ani- have to see which ones we take up and Therefore, the panel recommended a mals unless a research protocol prohibits determine how we will support them.”❖ series of steps be taken. it.

APHIS Compiles List of Animal Welfare Act Requirements The Animal Care Program of USDA’s By publishing the material in a use of APHIS inspectors, the policies are Animal and Plant Health Inspection Ser- comprehensive manner, USDA hopes available upon request from the APHIS vice (APHIS) has compiled and pub- to increase the quality and uniformity Animal Care headquarters office at 301- lished 20 policies on various aspects of of AWA reports, inspections, and 734-4981. The material is also available Animal Welfare Act (AWA) require- enforcement. This is also a first step in on the APHIS Animal Care home page at ments. These policies now replace all the developing a program manual to http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ac.❖ previous memoranda and response letters explain, clarify, and interpret Animal that were used by inspectors in the Welfare Act standards and regulations. APHIS Animal Care Program. Although primarily intended for the

232 The Physiologist Public Affairs Judge Throws Out Part of Lawsuit Against PETA, Court Date Set US District Court Judge Henry Morgan tographs, and wore a video camera lion in damages — reduced recently on dismissed part of a lawsuit filed by Hunt- embedded within her eyeglasses to com- appeal to $315,000 — to Food Lion ingdon Life Sciences, Inc., against Peo- pile allegations of animal abuse. In June, Supermarkets after using undercover ple for the Ethical Treatment of Animals Judge Rebecca Beach Smith issued a video surveillance to acquire information (PETA) over its undercover operation temporary restraining order to prevent about the company. Huntingdon cited the against Huntingdon. PETA from releasing the Rokke docu- Food Lion case in its lawsuit. “This case PETA still faces 16 other charges in ments to the public. is about the law,” the Huntingdon suit the lawsuit, including allegations of rack- The temporary restraining order begins. “More particularly, about eteering, trespassing, conspiracy, and ille- against PETA was set to expire in July. whether a radical special interest group gal wiretapping. The suit is set to go to During that time, PETA violated the with an extreme political agenda is above trial on December 8. Judge Morgan, how- order by releasing Huntingdon’s client the law, or whether it must be held ever, dismissed Huntingdon’s claim that list to the public and staging a protest accountable to those injuries when it PETA was a competitor with an inherent outside Huntingdon’s facility in New Jer- chooses to take the law into its own interest in harming its business during a sey. A preliminary hearing was held in hands.” hearing in September. Earlier, Hunting- the case, and Judge Robert G. Doumar An editorial in the September 1997 don dropped four other claims against imposed an injunction against PETA bar- issue of Lab Animal examined possible PETA, including allegations of disruption ring it from using the videotapes and implications of the Huntingdon case. of business and stealing trade secrets. documents it seized. Judge Doumar also “What is significant about the case is Huntingdon, which tests products levied a $50,000 bond against PETA to more subtle than legal precedence. Hunt- for pharmaceutical companies, sued prevent any further violations of court ingdon seemingly made a decision to use PETA in June after it released to the pub- orders. Doumar ruled that PETA the courtroom as a forum to — as some lic “undercover” videotapes of alleged obtained the Huntingdon documents and put it — ‘kick back,’ instead of shadow animal abuse at Huntingdon’s East Mill- videotapes “surreptitiously and fraudu- boxing with PETA,” the editorial stated. stone, NJ, facility. In its lawsuit, Hunt- lently” and therefore had limited free It noted further that if Huntingdon gets a ingdon claimed that PETA-paid investi- speech rights in distributing these materi- favorable ruling, “This will encourage gator Michelle Rokke infiltrated its labo- als further. Doumar has since resigned other targeted research facilities to use ratory and stole confidential information from the case after concerns arose over a the law for protection, forcing PETA to while posing as an animal care techni- possible conflict of interest, turning the consider the consequences of being per- cian. During the eight months she case over to Judge Morgan. petually tied up in court and litigation.”❖ worked at Huntingdon, Rokke testified The Huntingdon case has been com- she photocopied more than 8,000 docu- pared to Food Lion vs. ABC News, in ments off coworkers’ desks, took pho- which ABC was ordered to pay $5.5 mil-

Applications Available for the 1998 Frontiers in Physiology Summer Research Program for middle and high school teachers. This program is designed: • to create ongoing relationships between scientists and teachers. • to promote adoption of national standards for science education.

Application Deadline: January 5, 1998

Please contact the APS Education Office 9650 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20814-3991 Tel: 301-530-7132; fax: 301-571-8305; e-mail: [email protected]; Internet: http://www.faseb.org/aps

Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 233 Education Outreach Teams Meet at Summer Institute Members of the 1997-98 APS Local Out- Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA; of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. reach Teams (LOTs), which will lead pro- Gerald K. Weiss, University of New Mex- Also assisting were Richard Carruba, fessional development workshops on ico School of Medicine; and Barry T. SRT ‘96 and a member of the University physiology topics for middle and high Peterson, University of Texas Health Sci- of Texas Health Science Center at San school teachers in their communities, ence Center at Tyler. APS member Birgit Antonio LOT, and Mary Lightbody, a received their training June 26-29 at the Bach, of the University of Wisconsin at science teacher in the Columbus, OH, Airlie Center in Warrenton, VA. Madison LOT headed by member James public schools and a member of the LOT The Outreach Institute participants Will, also attended the Institute. that developed the “Neural Networks” included at least one APS member LOT teams headed by APS members activities. researcher and one local science teacher James C. Schadt of the Dalton Cardiovas- This fall, local workshops were suc- from the eight teams named by Council cular Research Center in Columbia, MO, cessfully held in Indianapolis, IN; in April. The Institute was designed to and Stephen C. Wood of the East Caroli- Columbia, MO; and Albuquerque, NM. provide training for LOT members in na University School of Medicine in Other workshops planned are in Tyler, using the APS-developed, hands-on, Greenville, NC, also attended the work- TX, on October 11; Natick, MA, on inquiry-based physiology activities in the shop. October 15; Indianapolis, IN, on October modules, “Neural Networks” and “The Two of the teacher LOT members 24; and Madison, WI, and Chicago, IL, Physiology of Fitness.” present included past Summer Research on November 14. LOT team leaders present were APS Teachers (SRTs) Nancy Pelaez (‘93 For more information about these members H. Bruce Bosmann, University SRT) and Teri Sheldahl (‘96 SRT). workshops, contact the APS Education of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine; Past LOT members assisting in the Office, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, C. Subah Packer, Indiana University training of the new LOT teams included MD 20814-3991. Tel: 301-530-7132; fax: School of Medicine; Candace B. APS member and team leader of the Dal- 301-571-8305; e-mail: educatio@ Matthew, US Army Research Institute of las, TX, LOT, Jureta Horton, University aps.faseb.org.❖

Activities from the 1997-98 APS Local Outreach Team Summer Institute at the Airlie Center in Warrenton, VA, June 26-29, 1997.

234 The Physiologist Education Retreat Held for Summer Research Teachers More than 30 teachers, participants in research among teachers of Native their performance and ultimately their the APS Frontiers in Physiology and American students on Montana reserva- students’ achievement. Explorations in Biomedicine science tions, worked at institutions in states Past Summer Research Teachers teacher summer research programs, par- distant from their homes. (SRTs) assisted in training the 1997 participated in a summer retreat at the Air- The teachers attending the retreat ticipants. These former SRTs were: lie Center in Warrenton, VA, July 14-20. came from nearly 20 states to share Evelyn Bradshaw, ‘95 SRT; John Nis- In addition to this week-long their research experiences and to brain- han, ‘95 SRT; Jeanna Pisegna, ‘95 retreat, these teachers worked for seven storm the development of hands-on, SRT; Jay Sylvester, ‘95 SRT; and to nine weeks during the summer in the inquiry-based laboratory activities they Karen Wickersham, ‘96 SRT. APS research laboratories of APS members. could bring back to their classes. The member Robert Carroll from East Car- The 28 middle and high school teachers week also provided intensive training olina University in Greenville, NC, funded through the Frontiers program in using hands-on, inquiry-based activ- served as the “physiologist in residence” worked at research institutions in or ities in their classrooms. Teachers also during the retreat.❖ near their home communities. The learned how to look at their current Explorations program, which is teaching methods and practices and designed to encourage physiology reflected on how they could improve

Activities from the Retreat of the 1997 Summer Research Teachers at the Airlie Center in Warrenton, VA, July 14-20, 1997.

Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 235

Career Corner A Transition From NIH Postdoctoral Fellow to Industry This article is an illustration of one phys- success during graduate school and was complicated by a dual career plan I iologist’s transition into an industrial throughout a career is noteworthy. Differ- shared with my spouse. The greater research career. It highlights some ent mentors are needed throughout life, Washington, DC, area offered the most important themes and gives my experi- although they are not always present. hope for a physiologist and a biomedical ence and perceptions of a necessary During graduate school, look for a mentor engineer at the time. I remember the two change in perspective to enter industry. It who has more than a sociobiological gut of us meeting after our simultaneous gives some of my insights, which I hope feeling that he/she is making the world a interviews. We hesitated to say much are helpful to students, postdoctoral fel- until we found out how the other felt lows, and established scientists alike. I about the interview, not wanting only one welcome any questions or feedback that of us to be happy about the prospect. We may arise. both passed “the test” and felt positive about our respective opportunities, mine The Academic Life at NIH and hers at FDA. When working Live a long, scholarly life and enjoy it. for the government, one needs a certain Graduate students are impressionable as amount of fortitude to get through little they experience the stress of information things like a budget crisis! Within weeks overload from course work and the of starting our new positions, we both impressions of professorship, lectureship, received furlough — funny word for no and academic administrators. Graduate pay — notices. The federal budget was students must compete constantly against settled, and we both kept our positions for each other, professional students, post- Nicholas S. Gantenberg a few years. While at NIH, I witnessed, doctoral fellows, faculty, and even the paradoxically, times of financial famine occasional secretary. The quick learner better place by coaching and directing that occurred early in the fiscal year and realizes what is most important for his/her you. Graduate mentors have the biggest times of feast very late in the fiscal year. research program, sets priorities, and stake in your development because it During my NIH postdoctoral fellow- leaves the rest behind. Every graduate reflects on them, their department, and ship, my goal was to gain experience and student becomes disillusioned from time the university. You may be able to count exercise independence. I wanted to learn to time. Do your best to remain focused on a life-long friendship. I am still in numerous disciplines and techniques. My on your scientific challenges and, above touch with my graduate mentor, Gilbert biggest lesson was that it can take years all, make it fun. R. Hageman, who has entered yet anoth- to master a discipline. The postdoctoral While in graduate school, I was not er career phase, an NIH sabbatical, mov- fellowship is the time to show you can be trained to market myself. I thought that ing from Birmingham, AL, to Bethesda, more than just a pair of hands for some- postdoctoral fellowship offers would MD, a trip I made seven years ago. The one’s hypothesis or agenda. It is a time to come from friends of my mentor or other availability of these types of mentors design your own hypothesis and set your faculty. Students should be more aggres- decreases when you leave the university own agenda. Too many projects without sive and assertive, marketing themselves and graduate level training. Good mentor- significant focus can be detrimental. If and envisioning the next five or ten years. ing is not valued or encouraged at the you become a jack of all trades and a Set a timeline for completion of your postdoctoral stint nor is it easily attained master at none, you will shape yourself degree and look into the future. Do not at a large Research and Development for an industry career. If you are the mas- overextend your abilities and remember organization. Helping, coaching, and ter of one, however, you will likely be that things are not always under your guiding young careers is not a high prior- sought after by academia. Industrial and control. Develop a vision of what you ity. academic timelines, priorities, and mis- can do and what is needed for a postdoc- sions are vastly different. Understanding toral fellowship or employment. I had to The Government how to solve a problem and progress the figure these elements out in the last Postdoctoral Fellowship result to a marketed product is important months of my degree program. for the industrial pursuit. Being the The importance of good mentors for Toward the end of my graduate studies in world’s authority on a method or scien- physiology and biophysics, I was moti- tific process will aid your success at a vated and sought out postdoctoral fellow- university and with granting agencies. Nicholas S. Gantenberg is a member of the ship positions. I really wanted to go No pathway is necessarily better than the APS Career Opportunities in Physiology Committee. abroad to Europe or Australia, but this other, just different.

Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 237 Career Corner

The postdoctoral years are also a time fun of it have little room in most, not all, you are in business for the marketshare to place a self-marketing plan into action. industry research endeavors. of the product. One can expect opportu- Envision where you want to be and get After two years of postdoctoral nities to learn different sides of the busi- any help you can to make it happen. work, I realized a career at NIH would ness, management training, and a Going to society meetings and one-on-one not fit my needs to find solid applica- crosslinking of scientists who are really interactions are important. Interact with tions of my scientific work, as I would after the science first. Everyone has the people from all scientific walks of life. see in drug development. Playing NIH common goal that the science will drive Interact with APS and its membership. grant lotto and struggling up the aca- the products that are driven by consumer During most of my graduate years, the demic ranks seemed daunting. I became need. Your ability to work with others in only industrial contacts I made were in intrigued by working with a drug or other disciplines to help solve your prob- drug sales. A lot of “free looks” and a mul- biotechnology company. I wanted to lem is a key element to your personal and titude of information on companies have work for a profitable company with an business success. Your willingness to become available on the World Wide Web. established infrastructure and not a start- help others and share ideas internally are Attend career workshops and job fairs. Be up with only two years worth of venture also important characteristics; return the selective so that you target companies and capital. I sought information on larger favors. Most companies will want to positions for which you offer a good companies with programs that were assist your development and train you to match. Be open with people and talk to compatible with my interests and skills. lead and manage. These are very differ- them. Discovering what is available and I was willing to change disciplines as ent, although often mistaken for the possible for your career growth and happi- long as there was a chance to do integra- same. A manager organizes and main- ness is just as important as the cellular tive physiology and pathophysiology. In tains a process or a group of people. A mechanisms of induced gene expression my search, I learned of Procter and leader can be someone at any level who that you are working on in the laboratory. Gamble (P&G), a Fortune 50 company sets direction by envisioning the future Do both. with big aspirations to maintain or build endpoint and makes it happen. Compa- While the emphasis differs, your global leadership in healthcare and phar- nies have a vested interest in developing application package is the same for maceuticals. Another postdoctoral fel- their employees’ abilities to gain empow- industry and academia. Offer a total low tipped me off that P&G was recruit- erment. The diversity of personalities package: good grades, successful pro- ing physiologists. Initially, I interviewed offers a wealth of human resources and jects, publications, scientific excellence, for a cardiovascular position, but I was may present difficulties for project scientific creativity and innovation, hired to use my integrative skills for teams. The “adaptors” are stable, precise human factors, manager/leadership inflammatory respiratory diseases. P&G problem solvers, and the “innovators” skills, and a business sense (a recruiter’s had two programs that were of interest, dream, challenge, and discover problems. delight). The ability to get along well over-the-counter medicines and pharma- A balance must be set to overcome the with others and a crime-free/drug-free ceuticals. The company also offered scientific, management, and business lifestyle should not be under emphasized. global technical sites, a $1 billion issues to drive your career, project, prod- When making applications, you must Research and Development budget, a uct, and the company. External competi- demonstrate that your application pro- large community of PhD scientists, and, tion exists at the company level and vides a good fit for what is being sought of course, an attractive compensation unfortunately, internal competition exists and a good fit with the organization. Your package. I joined at a time when this part as projects compete for funds and application must set you apart from oth- of P&G’s business was in its infancy, a employees compete for career advance- ers so that you are chosen. Rigorously great time to get in and help set the ment. The playing field is rarely level. interrogate the institution as well. Ulti- course and strategies. The scientist interacts with others to mately, you must also choose them. set project direction, manage laboratory There are self-help books at local The Industry Research associates, and direct extramural research libraries that discuss many of these prin- Position contracts and grants. Because these activ- ciples and offer detailed recommenda- ities can take time, there is less time to tions on the process from letter writing to The industry research position has many actually do experiments in the laboratory. interviewing. faces. It is a mix of science, science man- One needs to find a happy medium Before moving on to gainful agement, business, and politics. It is between laboratory work and science employment, postdoctoral fellows should dynamic and often changes under busi- management that is mutually agreed upon enjoy the time with other postdoctoral ness pressures, with a focus on con- by the company and the employee. State fellows and cherish those experiments sumers. To manage the transition, you your expectations, get clear alignment on done in a “just for fun” mode. A relaxed need to develop a science manager skill- the job description, and recheck this peri- posture and experiments done just for the base, with a business approach. After all, odically. Draw from personal experience,

238 The Physiologist Career Corner read a bit, and observe the patterns of suc- numbers. Researchers may also sit in on against others. Is the company progress- cessful peers and superiors as part of your a consumer focus group to better under- ing in your field, healthcare, versus its “on the job training.” The independence stand the many facets of business. The competition? Examine your job satisfac- and trailblazing skills of graduate stu- financial numbers usually drive the deci- tion. How is your career tracking? Are dents and postdoctoral fellows remain sion in a particular area. Because this is a you being developed, valued, and pro- necessary for the industrial position. The business reality, you need to be prepared moted within the norm? Most companies company has hired you to take it to new to hear the bad words, “You did great have excellent compensation packages heights in a particular field that they work, but the business prospect looks that include good salaries and good ben- expect to own. Scientists work on a bleak, so we are canceling the project.” efits. Remember to evaluate the total focused level but with many disciplines Solid communicative (people) skills compensation package, not just salary. In and numerous pieces of data. You must be are needed to work with others and con- general, industry competes very well and willing to skip certain steps and think vince them you are on the right track or usually at a premium versus its academic ahead to the final chapter to get to the your position has merit. Candidates or and government counterparts. When you market more quickly. Remember the employees with demonstrated success at feel settled, become a mentor to younger competition is inside and outside of the working things out between people or scientists who may need your comments, company. motivating others against a common suggestions, or direction. Give back your The scientist must demonstrate a effort are sought after by many. Commu- skills and experience. It can serve you willingness to get along with others and nicate effectively and demonstrate edu- well. work in a team environment. Anyone who cated risk taking with milestones to Thus, I have given you a picture of reads the want ads can often see this stat- enable your managers to clearly follow some perceptions and operative changes ed up front. Teamwork is very important, your progress and fund your cause. Sell that are required for the industrial as you will collaborate, internally and your science to management, marketers, research position that is centered on externally, and you will count on a team product developers, financial analysts, product conception and development. of experts to address your problem in the and to regulatory and clinical affairs spe- With this information, you can enter a most rational way. You need to be expert cialists. Create a need for your science position with a sense of what will occur. enough to know you need an expert. and ideas in other business functions to If you are working perhaps in the indus- Effective use of company or external ensure your position and leverage within trial field, you can reflect and act on experts can advance the project. Instead the company. Market yourself inside the changes that would make the process of of doing all of the work in your laborato- walls, selling your ideas and building a science and scientific career development ry, you will empower or beg another sci- network that ties you to many projects in easier and more pleasant for all. A suffi- entist, perhaps from another function, to order to maintain your position. Know- cient number of worthy challenges are advance your project. One day, if all goes ing how to interact effectively with peo- presented to the scientific researcher to well, you will give your whole project ple aids your fight for money, time with offer a rewarding career in physiology over to another business function so that management, and your ideas and data. and other disciplines. Because scientific the product can go to market. Communication plays a key role in your problems are so numerous and seeming- A major difference between academ- ability to distill the most complex prob- ly so difficult, the need for integrative ic science and industry is the meetings. lems into a few sentences that can be physiologists and molecular physiolo- We have a ton of them — some very understood by a sixth grader. Simplify- gists will remain for many generations to worthwhile, others a waste of time. We ing problems when they are not is diffi- come.❖ have meetings to plan more meetings and cult. meetings to discuss past meetings. We Finally, the present environment for Nicholas S. Gantenberg have even had meetings to discuss cutting scientists demands that they maintain a The Procter and Gamble Company down the number of meetings. Make sure state of dynamism and readiness to move the meeting needs you or you need the on to another project, business focus, dis- meeting. cipline, or company. Business priorities An understanding of the market and change, and personal philosophies may the consumer base are helpful. After all, separate. The days of joining a company you are in it for the money and share- for 30 years with a grand retirement party holder value. Push that stock higher, split are vanishing. Make personal progress it, and do it again. While many compa- reports and checks of your professional nies have vast experience with consumer development and happiness with XYZ, and market research, there are times Inc. By talking with your peers and when even scientists review the market supervisors, you can benchmark yourself

Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 239 Positions Available

Fellowship in Pulmonary/Thoracic Research. A two- to Assistant/Associate Professor. Tenure-track position in the three-year fellowship in pulmonary/thoracic research is offered Department of Exercise Science at the University of Iowa, for qualified MD, PhD, or MD/PhD applicants with experience commencing in August 1998. The position is expected to be in human pulmonary mechanics measurements, small animal at the assistant professor level; however, exceptional candi- model of asthma (including pharmacology and biochemical dates may be considered at the associate professor level. assays on BAL fluid), or epithelial cell function. An individual Applicants must have a PhD and a strong potential to attract receiving this appointment will participate in three potential external research funding. Postdoctoral training and teaching areas of investigation, including human pulmonary mechanics, experience are highly desirable. Preference will be given to small animal model of hyperventilation-induced asthma, or individuals with training and/or expertise in exercise physi- mediator release using cultured epithelial cells, at the Mayo ology. The successful candidate will be expected to establish Foundation in Rochester, MN. Salary will be determined by the an independent research program and teach undergraduate successful candidate’s experience. There is an attractive benefit and graduate courses in the broad areas of exercise and package. Mayo Foundation is a nonprofit, physician-led clinical human physiology. Review of applications will begin in practice integrated with education and research in a unified mul- October 1997. Submit a letter of application, curriculum ticampus system. Interested individuals should send copies of vitae, representative publications, a five-year research plan, their curriculum vitae and three letters of reference to Kenneth teaching interests, and three letters of reference to Kevin Beck, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Third Kregel, Department of Exercise Science, University of Iowa, Floor Plummer Building, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, 516 FH, Iowa City, IA 52242. Minorities and women are before November 1, 1997. [EOE/AA] especially encouraged to apply. [EOE/AA]

Tenure-Track Assistant Professor of Physiology. The Physi- Postdoctoral Fellow. The Department of Pharmacology, Uni- ology Department at the University of North Dakota School of versity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, has a postdoc- Medicine and Health Sciences invites applications for a toral position available. Current research involves damage to tenure-track assistant professorship to begin July 1, 1998. sensory nerves, which can invoke changes in their pharmaco- Applicants should have a PhD or MD degree with postdoctor- logical and electrophysiological properties and can lead to the al experience and should demonstrate proven success applying generation of chronic pain. Investigations are ongoing concern- modern cellular and molecular approaches to physiologically ing the mechanism of such changes in dorsal root ganglion and based biomedical research. A competitive startup package and spinal neurons with a view to developing better therapeutic state-funded salary are available as well as extensive collabora- approaches. The salary will be approximately $30,000 (Canadi- tive support. Teaching at the graduate and medical school level an) per year. Funding is for a minimum of one year with and participation in the development of disease-oriented renewals for up to three years by mutual agreement. The suc- research consortia will be expected. Please forward a statement cessful applicant will be expected to submit applications for of professional goals, a current curriculum vitae, and a list of competitive funding. Applicants who are more than three years three references with addresses to: W. K. Samson, Chair in past receiving their PhDs will not be considered. The position Physiology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine will remain open until it is filled. Inquiries should be directed and Health Sciences, 501 N. Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND to: Peter Smith, Dept artment of Pharmacology, University of 58202-9037. Screening of applications will begin on Alberta, 9-75 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, November 1, 1997. [EOE/AA] Canada T6G 2H7.

Faculty Position. The Department of Biology at Davidson Col- Postdoctoral Position in Physiology/Surgery-Mayo Clinic. lege seeks applicants in the fields of animal physiology. The A position is available immediately in an NIH training grant teaching responsibilities for this position will include comparative to study neutral regulation of water and electrolyte absorp- animal physiology and introductory biology. Research program tion-secretion. Applicants must have a PhD or MD degree involving undergraduates expected. Startup funds available. with expertise in methods involving Ussing chamber work Appointments begin August 1, 1998. Interested persons should and in vitro transport studies. Applicants must be a US citi- send their curriculum vitae, teaching and research statements, zen or permanent resident. Send resume and letters of refer- selected reprints, and three letters of reference to: Verna Miller ence to: Michael G. Sarr, Mayo Clinic/Mayo Foundation, GI Case, Department of Biology, Davidson College, P.O. Box 1719, Research Unit, Alfred Building, Second Floor, 200 First Davidson, NC 28036 by November 3, 1997. Women and minori- Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. [EOE/AA] ties encouraged to apply. [EOE/AA]

240 The Physiologist Positions Available

Faculty Position. The Department of Molecular and Cellu- Tenure-Track Faculty Position for Systems Neurophysiolo- lar Physiology at the Louisiana State University Medical gist/Neuroscientist. The Departments of Physiology and Physical Center in Shreveport invites applications for a tenure-track Medicine and Rehabilitation at Northwestern University are joint- faculty appointment beginning in the spring of 1998. ly seeking a full-time, tenure-track faculty member at the assistant Although preference will be given to candidates at the rank or associate professor level to pursue studies of physiology, phar- of assistant professor, outstanding applicants at the associ- macology, and pathophysiology of normal and injured spinal cord. ate or full professor levels will also be considered. Appli- The appointee will hold a primary appointment in physiology and cants must have a PhD and/or MD degree and appropriate a secondary appointment in physical medicine and rehabilitation. postdoctoral research experience. We are seeking individu- The appointee will undertake neurophysiological studies of spinal als with demonstrated competence in the use of modern cell cord physiology and acute spinal cord injury in animal models and and/or molecular biological approaches and whose research will establish interactions with clinical faculty sharing interests in interests complement existing areas of excellence in the spinal cord injury to develop approaches for diagnosis and treat- biology of the vascular wall and/or inflammation. The ment of spinal cord injury in humans. The appointee will have appointee will be expected to establish a vigorous indepen- teaching and administrative responsibilities within both depart- dent research program supported by extramural funding and ments. These will include teaching of medical students, teaching to participate in the teaching of graduate and medical stu- and supervision of graduate students from several interdisciplinary dents. Applicants must submit a curriculum vitae, a brief programs, and participation in educational programs for physical summary of current and future research plans, and the medicine and rehabilitation residents. The applicant should have names of three references to Shari Boyett, Search Commit- earned a doctorate in physiology, neuroscience, or related disci- tee Coordinator, Department of Physiology, LSU Medical plines with a minimum of three years postdoctoral experience. Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130. The Experience with electrophysiological and biophysical studies in closing date for applications is October 31, 1997, or until mammalian central nervous system preparations is required. A his- the position is filled. [EOE/AA] tory of successful publication and extramural grant acquisition is strongly preferred. Please send a curriculum vitae, statement of research interests, and a list of four potential references who are able to comment on research capacity, teaching, and personal Faculty Positions. The Department of Physiology and Bio- attributes to: Barry W. Peterson, Chair, Search Committee, physics at the University of Mississippi Medical Center invites Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Medical applications for tenure-track faculty appointments at the rank School, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. Applications of assistant, associate, or full professor. Applicants must have must be received by December 1, 1997. [EOE/AA] a PhD and/or MD and postdoctoral training and must be a permanent resident or citizen of the US. We are seeking individuals with expertise in molecular and/or cellular physiology with Tenure-Track Assistant Professor of Physiology. The Depart- research interests that complement existing areas of excellence ment of Biological Sciences at Mary Washington College is in cardiovascular and/or renal physiology. Special considera- seeking a physiologist for a tenure-track appointment at the tion will be given to candidates with research interests in areas assistant professor level beginning August 1998. Applicants are of regulation of extracellular matrix, angiogenesis, or hyper- required to have a PhD or an equivalent terminal degree and trophy of vascular or cardiac muscle. Successful applicants are must be committed to excellence in teaching. Previous teaching expected to establish a nationally recognized research program experience preferred. Course responsibilities will include human in his/her field, supported by extramural funding, and con- physiology, general biology, and an upper level course in your tribute to the teaching of graduate and medical students. The area of expertise. The area of research interest should comple- department has a large nucleus of faculty in the areas of car- ment those of current members of the department, with prefer- diovascular and renal physiology and offers excellent opportu- ence given to investigators working at the systemic or organis- nities for research collaboration in many areas, including vas- mal level. Mary Washington College is a liberal arts and science cular biology, hypertension, heart failure, diabetes and obesi- college located midway between Washington, DC, and Rich- ty, atherosclerosis, and preeclampsia. Applicants should send a mond, VA. Interested persons must submit a curriculum vitae, curriculum vitae, an indication of past and current research transcripts (unofficial acceptable), and brief statements of teach- funding, a statement of research interests and career goals, and ing philosophy and research goals and must arrange to have three the names of at least three references to: Faculty Search Com- letters of reference sent directly to the Personnel Office, Mary mittee, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University Washington College, Box 615, Fredericksburg, VA 22401-5358. of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216-4505. Deadline for receipt of applications is October 24, 1997 [EOE, M/F/D/V] [EOE/AA]

Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 241

Web News Virus Alert! If you work on the Web and you have an messages describe viruses that are being virus may be transmitted and installed to e-mail system, chances are you have transmitted by e-mail, and almost all of your hard drive by e-mail. A computer received at least a few messages with the them turn out to be hoaxes. Some of the virus, like the Trojan Horse virus, sits subject line, “Virus Alert.” Take the fol- more well known virus hoaxes debunked within an executable program and needs lowing message for example: recently include the AOL4 FREE virus, to be run before it can perform the mali- the EBOLA virus, the cious task for which it was designed. — Mail to: ALL APS MEMBERS ▲ ▼ Good Times virus, the Second, when in doubt, research it. Penpal Greetings There are a number of sources available File Edit View Send Actions Tools Window Help virus, the Undeliver- on the Web that specialize in debunking From: Paul Lombard CC: able Mail virus, and computer virus myths. One excellent To: ALL APS MEMBERS BC: the ever-popular April resource can be found at http://

Subject: Web News Virus Fool’s virus. www.kumite.com/myths. This site, These virus alert operated by Rob Rosenberger, a recog- Message: Warning! There is a dangerous virus that my office just messages serve the nized authority and consulting editor on received by e-mail. It is called the Web News virus. This same purpose as a computer viruses, specializes in the virus loads itself onto your computer when you open the message. virus itself. They stir investigation of and exposure of e-mail up hysteria and dis- myths. Other sources for virus informa- If you receive any e-mail with the subject line, “Web rupt the flow of busi- tion include Stiller Research at News,” DO NOT OPEN IT! It will delete your entire hard ness. While these http://www.stiller.com, Seven Locks drive! Please pass this message on to as many people as you can! false warnings may Software at http://www.sevenlocks. serve as a nuisance, com, and Computer Knowledge at there are a number of http://www.cknow.com. This message is a fraud I just invent- computer viruses being circulated that Finally, if you receive a message like ed. All that is left for me to do now is to can erase your data and waste valuable the one above, consider the contents forward this message to as many people time. After all, a computer virus once carefully before you forward it to anyone as I can, and within a short period of installed and executed can delete files, else. You may be being used to perpetu- time, the entire East Coast will be furi- corrupt your hard drive, or disable your ate a hoax. ously scanning their hard drives for a modem. So how do you determine if the If you have a subject related to the virus that does not exist. risk is genuine? Web that you would like addressed, or if What this message does, as many of Here are a few facts to consider. To you know of an interesting site that you these messages do, is claim to serve as a date, there are no known e-mail viruses. would like to have posted, please contact warning for a destructive virus that is Expert sources, such as McAfee Associ- Paul Lombard at plombard@aps. being circulated in your area. Often, these ates, Symantec, and IBM agree that no faseb.org.❖

NIH to Issue NGA Via E-mail LCME Establishes Continuing the transition from paper- that it will transmit NGAs in this fashion based research administration to the elec- to all institutions with the capacity to Web Site tronic exchange of information, NIH receive e-mail. announced it will begin issuing the Notice Eventually, the NGA will be avail- The Liaison Committee on Medical of Grant Award (NGA) by e-mail. able on the “NIH Commons,” an inter- Education (LCME), the accrediting Over the summer, NIH began a pilot face for the support of electronic authority for medical education protest of the electronic NGA with a small research administration on the World grams in the US and Canada spon- set of institutions. In a process similar to Wide Web that is currently under devel- sored by the Association of American the current paper-based procedure, NIH opment. For more information about Medical Colleges and the American sent the NGA to a central e-mail address changes to the NGA, see the August 1 Medical Association, has established a for a pilot institution, and the institution NIH Guide to Grants and Contracts at new Web site at http://www.lcme. was responsible for distributing the NGA http://www.med.nyu.edu/ cgi-bin/dis- org. The site includes information to the principal investigator and the play_nih_guideidx?199708 01.index.❖ about accreditation standards and procedures, publications, and accredited appropriate officials within the organiza- ❖ tion. By the end of 1998, NIH anticipates schools.

Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 243 Chapter News APS Chapter Program Adds Two New Chapters The APS Chapter Program continues to the Society for those chapters just start- the Midwest Physiological Society as a grow. With the addition of two new chap- ing and the yearly support enabling each meeting venue. Consequently, the first of ters that were approved at the recent APS chapter to bring in one keynote APS Lec- those, the Wisconsin Physiological Soci- Council meeting, there are now a total of turer for its meeting allow the chapters to ety, was organized and became an official five chapters, with more in the planning build a stronger meeting, thereby attract- chapter in April 1997. Another newly stages. ing more local people to attend. The con- formed organization, the Nebraska Phys- Since the program’s inception in tacts made and collaborations planned at iological Society, requested chapter sta- November 1993, the momentum for the these meetings can be very beneficial. tus from Council at the recent summer program has been gathering slowly but Members of chapters, in turn, help Council meeting. In addition, a long-time surely. With a number of state physiolog- APS by directing members of the local organization, the Oklahoma Society of ical societies already in existence, the chapter to the Society as a whole and Physiologists, also petitioned to become development of a chapter program under through the enumeration of the benefits a chapter. Both requests were unani- the auspices of APS seemed a natural of membership, are able to encourage mously approved by Council. extension for the Society to undertake. them to join. This enables the Society to Other states continue to work toward The ability of chapters to attract reach a more diverse group of people the establishment of their own societies members not usually targeted by the than it might be able to contact under prior to approaching APS concerning the Society, including those from junior col- normal circumstances. chapter program. Interestingly enough, it leges, undergraduate teaching colleges, The Ohio Physiological Society, a appears the Midwestern states are lead- and even high schools, allows for better long-time active organization, became ing the other states in the development of dissemination of information on the ben- the first official APS chapter in April statewide societies. efits of biomedical research, the use of 1995. It was followed shortly thereafter Anyone interested in organizing a animals in research, and other public by the newly formed Iowa Physiological state society and APS chapter should affairs issues. Annual meetings enable Society in July 1995. The Midwest Phys- contact Martin Frank, Executive Direc- this diverse group of people to meet and iological Society was then formed, with tor, at APS Headquarters for assistance talk about common interests and for several states participating: Wisconsin, (301-530-7118).❖ younger researchers to present their data Michigan, Illinois, Minnesota, and Iowa. in a less overwhelming environment than The participating states were encouraged the EB meeting. The financial support of to form individual societies and utilize

People and Places Hall To Leave NINDS in December APS member Zach W. Hall, Director of NIH. In particular, he has been a leader in the National Institute of Neurological creating an atmosphere of cooperation Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), among the neuroscience institutes. announced he will leave NINDS in ther, he has inspired and built powerful December in order to become Associate connections between the fundamental Dean for Research at the University of neurosciences and clinical neurology.” California at San Francisco (UCSF) Hall took a leave from UCSF in School of Medicine. 1994 to serve as Director of NINDS. At Appointed as Director of NINDS in UCSF, he was Chair of the Department September 1994 by NIH Director Harold of Physiology and widely recognized as Varmus, Hall presided over the reorgani- an academic leader. zation of both the intramural and extra- In his new post at UCSF, Hall will mural programs at NINDS as well as oversee the medical school’s research other changes. enterprise, the largest biomedical research Varmus said in a statement that Hall program of its kind in the West.❖ “has made major accomplishments at Zach W. Hall

244 The Physiologist People and Places

Richard K. Albert has moved from the Divi- Recently, Colleen G. Farmer joined the Matthew Sean Hickey has left the Human sion of Respiratory Disease, University of Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Performance Laboratory, East Carolina Uni- Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, to Biology, University of California at Irvine. versity, Greenville, NC, to join the Depart- the Department of Medicine, Denver Health Formerly, Farmer was associated with Brown ment of Exercise and Sport Science, Colorado Medical Center, Denver, CO. University in Providence, RI. State University, Ft. Collins, CO.

Previously, Cynthia M. Arbeeny was a Formerly with the Department of Nutrition at Paul M. L. Janssen, formerly of the Depart- senior research investigator with Sepracor the University of California at Davis, Maria ment of Physiology and Biophysics, Universi- Pharmaceuticals, Marlboro, MA. Presently, Florez-Duquet has joined the Psychology ty of Illinois at Chicago, has obtained a posi- Arbeeny is Director of Lipid Research, Gel- Department at the University of Delaware, tion at the Department of Cardiology at the Tex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Waltham, MA. Newark, DE. University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

A graduate student, James Ernest Blevins Jeffrey Fredberg of the Biomechanical Insti- Having moved from the Department of Biol- has moved from the Department of Physiolo- tute Inc. in Boston, MA., has recently relocat- ogy, Keimyung University, Daegu, South gy, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, to the ed to Harvard School of Public Health, Korea, Jin Seok Jeon has relocated to the Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Boston, MA. Department of Zoology, Ohio State Universi- Biology at the University of California at ty, Columbus, OH. Davis School of Veterinary Medicine. Jefferson Clark Frisbee has affiliated with the Department of Physiology, Medical Col- David Joseph Lefer recently affiliated with Michael S. Conley, a postdoctoral fellow for- lege of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI. Prior to merly with the Department of Exercise Sci- the Department of Physiology, Louisiana his new affiliation, Frisbee was associated State University, Shreveport, LA. Prior to his ence at the University of Georgia in Athens, with the National Simulation Resource Center GA, has become affiliated with the Muncie new position, Lefer was affiliated with the for Bioengineering, University of Washing- Tulane University School of Medicine, Center for Medical Education, Ball State Uni- ton, Seattle, WA. versity, Muncie, IN. Department of Medicine, Cardiology Section, New Orleans, LA. Leaving the Department of Physiology and Having accepted a position with the Depart- Biophysics with the Faculty of Medicine at ment of Obstetrics/Gynecology at Albany the University of Calgary in Calgary, Alberta, Yu-Fung Lin has joined the Jan Laboratory, Medical College, Albany, NY, Daniel I. Edel- Matthew James Gdovin has recently joined University of California at San Francisco. stone has left the Department of the Division of Life Sciences at the Universi- Prior to his new appointment, Lin was associ- Obstetrics/Gynecology, Magee Womens Hos- ty of Texas at San Antonio. ated with the Neuroscience Laboratory, Uni- pital, Pittsburgh, PA. versity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. Paul M. Gross recently became Vice Presi- D. Farley has joined the Alaska Science Cen- dent of CroMedica Inc., of Ottawa, Ontario. Brian N. Ling has joined the Mountain Kid- ter, National Biological Service/Biological Prior to his new position, Gross was Director ney Associates, Asheville, NC. Prior to his Resources Division of Standards, US Geolog- of the Neurosurgical Research Unit at new position, Ling was with the Renal Divi- ical Survey, Anchorage, AK. Prior to his new Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario. sion, Emory University School of Medicine, position, Farley was with the Department of Atlanta, GA. Zoology, Washington State University, Pull- Having been appointed Special Advisor to the man, WA. Deputy Director, Gilbert R. Hageman has Having accepted a position with the Division joined the NIH Rockledge Center, Bethesda, of Science, College of Liberal Arts, Florida MD, for one year. Hageman is from the Depart- Atlantic University, H. Jay Lyons has left the ment of Physiology, University of Alabama at Deceased Members Department of Physiology, Southeastern Col- Birmingham Medical Center. Roger C. Bone Toledo, OH lege of Medicine, North Miami Beach, FL. Lewis Dexter Walpole, MA Rowshanak Hashemiyoon was formerly associated with the Department of Physiology James L. Madara has joined the Department John F. Gaugl Fort Worth, TX and Biophysics, Hahnemann University, of Pathology, Emory University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA. Recently, Hashemiyoon has Atlanta, GA. Previously, Madara was affiliat- Stanley Glauser Bryn Mawr, PA joined the Department of Neurobiology and ed with the Department of Pathology, M. D. Hammond Scottsdale, AZ Anatomy, Allegheny University of the Health Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA. Sciences, Philadelphia, PA. Keith Kroll Seattle, WA Affiliating with the Department of Physiolo- Ade T. Milhorat Pelham Manor, NY Formerly a graduate teaching assistant with gy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, the Department of Biology, University of Michael P. Massett has left the Department Richard Skalak La Jolla, CA Texas at Arlington, Jay K. Herman has of Exercise Science, University of Iowa, Iowa Roy H. Steinberg San Francisco, CA joined the Department of Comparative Bio- City, IA. sciences at the University of Wisconsin at John R. Sutton Lidicombe, Aus. Madison.

Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 245 People and Places

Moving to Hiroshima, Japan, Kanji Mat- Michael Samardzija has become affiliated Doug White has joined the Department of sukawa has joined the Department of Physi- with the Department of Pharmacology, Uni- Nutrition and Food Science, Auburn Univer- ology, Hiroshima University School of versity of California at San Diego. Prior to his sity, Auburn, AL. Prior to his new assignment, Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences. Mat- new affiliation, Samardzija was with the White was with the Department of Foods and sukawa was previously with the Department Graduate Hospital, Bockus Research Insti- Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA. of Cardiac Physiology, Suita, Osaka, Japan. tute, Philadelphia, PA. Having left the Department of Pharmacology Daniel S. Miles has become Director of Jennifer C. Schiltz has joined the Laborato- and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Crozer-Keystone Health System, Center for ry of Neural Structure and Function at the Hanover, NH, Kenneth E. White has joined Preventive Medicine and Human Perfor- Salk Institute, San Diego, CA. Formerly, the Indiana University School of Medicine, mance of Springfield Hospital, Springfield, Schiltz was with the Department of Neuro- Endocrine Division, Indianapolis, IN. PA. Previously, Miles was associated with science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Renaissance Technologies, Inc., Clinical PA. Christine Wilson has moved to the Boston, Affairs and Business Development, New- MA, area, having joined the Department of town, PA. Physical Therapy at Northeastern University. Having accepted a position with the Puget Prior to her recent move, Wilson was affiliat- Accepting a position with Concordia Univer- Sound VA Health Care System in Seattle, ed with the Department of Preventive sity, Department of Natural Sciences, River WA, Dana Kevin Sindelar has left the Van- Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Forest, IL, Aaron J. Moe has left the Depart- derbilt University Medical Center in WI. ment of Pediatrics, Washington University Nashville, TN. School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. Recently, Jennifer Joy Wilson joined the Kevin Strange has joined the Department of Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Aage R. Moller moved from the Department Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Vander- University, Nashville, TN. Prior to her new of Neurological Surgery, Presbyterian Univer- bilt University School of Medicine, position, Wilson was affiliated with the sity Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA. Moller has Nashville, TN. Previously, Strange was asso- Department of Biophysics, University of joined the Callier Center for Communication ciated with the Division of Nephrology, Chil- Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, Disorders, University of Texas at Dallas. drens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, NY. Boston, MA. Robert S. Moreland is presently affiliated Frank C. P. Yin has accepted a position with with Allegheny University of the Health Sci- the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Currently a graduate student with the Depart- ences, Department of Physiology, Philadel- Washington University, St. Louis, MO. Prior ment of Physiology, Medical College of Wis- phia, PA. Moreland previously was with the to his new post, Yin was Professor of consin, Milwaukee, WI, Francis A. Sylvester Bockus Research Institute, Graduate Hospi- Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Cardiolo- has left Drake University, Des Moines, IA. tal, Philadelphia, PA. gy Division, Baltimore, MD.

Toyoaki Murohara has affiliated with the Dorothy E. Vatner has become associated Kurume University School of Medicine, with the Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Kurume City, Fukuoka-ken, Japan. Prior to Research Institute, Allegheny University of his new assignment, Murohara was with St. the Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA. Prior to Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Division of Car- her new position, Vatner was with the Depart- diovascular Research, Boston, MA. ment of Pediatrics, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA. Joining the American Association of Pharma- ceutical Scientists, Alexandria, VA, David C. Correction Pang is no longer with Medical Information Paul R. Wade has accepted a position with the Department of Zoology and Physiology, at US Pharmacopeia Convention, Inc., in In the August 1997 issue of The Rockville, MD. University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. Prior to his new appointment, Wade was associated Physiologist, Mariana Morris was listed as having “joined the Depart- Gregory John Quirk has accepted a position with the Anatomy and Cell Biology Depart- ment, Columbia University, New York, NY. ment of Physiology and Toxicology, in the Department of Physiology, Ponce Wright State University School of School of Medicine, Ponce, PR. Quirk moved Medicine, Dayton, OH.” from the Center for Neural Science, New Recently, Cheryl Watson joined the Depart- York University, New York, NY. ment of Biology, Central Connecticut State The statement should have read University, New Britain, CT. Prior to moving “joined the Department of Pharma- Having joined the Montage Media Corpora- to Connecticut, Watson was with the Depart- cology and Toxicology, Wright State tion in Mahwah, NJ, Roberto Refinetti has ment of Physiology, University of Maryland University School of Medicine, Day- moved from the Department of Psychology at at Baltimore. ton, OH. the College of William & Mary in Williams- burg, VA. We apologize for the error.

246 The Physiologist News from Senior Physiologists

Letter to Harold S. Weiss brane, and proton pump. It is informative to compare the experimental complexity C. Edward Stevens writes: “I retired of the different scales of study. Such from my position as Associate Dean, comparisons allow us to make qualitative Director of Research and Graduate Pro- predictions about a new scale of study grams, in 1992 and fully retired from the and to identify the units of function. university in 1995. I continue teaching in “This point perhaps should serve as a a graduate course and completed a second word of advice for colleagues joining the medical students again by leading a edition of Comparative Physiology of the Society: maintain an open mind for devel- weekly seminar for a small group as part Vertebrate Digestive System with Ian opments outside your field. That goes for of their pharmacology course. One of my Hume in 1995. We also wrote an article mathematical biology, molecular biology, pleasurable activities was participating in for Physiological Reviews on “Contribu- neurobiology, behavioral sciences, and the APS Senior Physiologists Committee. tions of microbes in the vertebrate gas- other fields that may have fundamental I appreciated the opportunity to corre- trointestinal tract to the production and connections with your own. It does not spond with so many members who were conservation of nutrients,” which should matter whether you approach these fields enjoying their retirement years in interest- be published early next year. from a reductionist or an integrative point ing ways. “My best advice to younger col- of view. Secondly, keep an eye on the “In addition, I have been busier than leagues is to not let committee assign- emergence of nonlinear dynamics as more I sometimes wish with volunteer activi- ments or administrative responsibilities and more attempts are made to deal with ties at our science museum, tutoring allow you to forget your original reasons qualitative knowledge. To paraphrase many wonderful people who have come for choosing your career. The greatest Warren Buffett, “It is better to be approxi- here from other countries needing help perk of the job is the rejuvenation of sab- mately right than to be precisely wrong.” with their English, and working with our batical leaves and contact with young peo- Finally, look beyond homeostasis as an local Peace Action chapter. Whenever I ple. One of the greatest joys of retirement explanatory principle for physiology. can, I try to read some of the literature I is reading and trying to understand what Aside from the body’s ability to preserve never had time to explore before. I hope I you could not before.” its internal environment in the face of can continue in good health for a few external changes, there are other perhaps more years. There is lots to do.” Letters to Arthur J. Vander more remarkable abilities that come into play when living systems respond to con- Helen M. Tepperman writes: “It is hard Philip R. Steinmetz writes: “Yes, I do tingencies or initiate new actions rather to believe it is 10 years since the Society belong to the year of 1927, which may than being reactive to the environment. To sent me the earlier [70th birthday] letter. I have been a vintage year for steering its me, such phenomena are of great interest. am happy to report that the time has been newcomers to the direction of the physi- Do they represent self-organization or a full of more good things than I could have ological sciences. Ever since my student form of entrainment linked to physiologi- anticipated. My husband Jay Tepperman days at Leiden, I have zigzagged between cal processes? In any event, I enjoy having and I have been fortunate in so many physiology and medicine. Now that I the time and freedom to explore some of ways. We have enjoyed watching the have reached the status of an emeritus these questions.” many accomplishments of our three chil- professor, I consider these oscillations dren and seeing our five grandchildren part of my career. They allow me to Letters to Robert M. Berne growing up. Traveling around the country remain active and to focus on new areas to keep in touch with them and taking of exploration without going too far Herbert Gershberg writes: “For many advantage of our retirement time to visit astray. years, I combined research with the prac- foreign places have earned us many free “In terms of experimental work, I tice of medicine. Each had its own satis- air miles. have completed what is going to be our faction, and each may have suffered from “Jay and I closed our research labo- last study on the density and distribution the intrusion of the other. In the last 20- ratory when we retired 12 years ago, but of particles associated with the apical odd years, I have practiced internal we continue to try to understand some of membrane in the proton-secreting cells medicine and endocrinology full-time. the advances in endocrinology. I partici- of the turtle urinary bladder. I am now “Practice has changed drastically. It pate in biweekly meetings of our faculty involved in studying the scaling of uri- has become unrewarding both psycho- endocrinology and metabolism journal nary acidification, that is, the occurrence logically and financially because of club and use that as a stimulus to learn of iterative patterns of functional organi- HMOs. I will be glad to retire at the end enough to take my turn at presenting a zation as we look back at a 35-year peri- of the year.” review of some recent developments. A od and compare the scales of study for few years ago, I enjoyed contact with the whole kidney, tubule, cell, mem-

Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 247 News from Senior Physiologists

Paola S. Timiras writes: “My teaching oratory of Hans Selye at the University of activities are concerned, I am still quite and research activities remain somewhat Montreal. proud of the fact that we have a relatively the same despite my early retirement in “It may be recalled that the fields of heavy laboratory teaching component in 1994 from the Department of Molecular endocrinology and gerontology started our medical physiology course and some and Cell Biology at the University of simultaneously in 1889 with the identifi- laboratory teaching in our dental, allied California. I continue to teach the two cation by the French physiologist E. health, and nursing courses as well. It is courses I initiated several years ago, Brown Séquard of ‘internally secreted’ fun to see the changes that the recent Physiology of Human Development and substances that have beneficial effects on introduction of MacLabs is bringing to Physiology of the Aging Process, and to the brain and muscles of elderly individ- our laboratory teaching. coteach an introductory human physiolo- uals. As discussed in many subsequent “In my less optimistic moments, I gy course and one on interdisciplinary publications, chemical mediators such as frequently recall the times in the not too advances in aging. hormones play an important role not only distant past when our main concerns in “The concept first introduced in my during development but also in senes- directing a department were hard work, early book Developmental Physiology cence. Several current studies of replace- striving for excellence, and good produc- and Aging (Macmillan, 1972) that aging ment of estrogens, growth hormone, and tivity, rather than the more politically is a stage — albeit the last one — of a some adrenal andogens in the elderly correct activities of writing mission state- continuum of physiologic adjustments seem to support this view. We have ments, strategic plans, and executive throughout life currently receives general demonstrated in early studies that estro- summaries. It is indeed a miracle that our validation. Indeed, as indicated in the sec- gen and thyroid hormones have an departments achieved a modicum of suc- ond edition of a subsequent book, Physi- important role in the functional and bio- cess, even without knowing what our ological Basis of Aging and Geriatrics chemical maturation of the brain. We are ‘missions’ were.” (CRC Press, 1994), ‘successful’ aging in continuing to investigate today with stu- senescence depends in part on the vigor dents and visiting researchers in my lab- Letter to Eugene M. Renkin of physiologic competence and absence oratory the role of these hormones on James F. Masken writes: “I became of disease at young and adult stages and normal and abnormal aging of cultured Professor Emeritus in May 1992 after their persistence in old age. neural cells.” serving on the faculty of the Department “In relation to these interests, I was John J. Spitzer writes: “I must apolo- of Physiology at Colorado State Univer- invited by the University of Rome, ‘La gize for this enormously long delay in sity for 30 years. Upon retiring, I moved Sapienza,’ to present a series of lectures answering your kind note. I suppose part to Chicago and have been living here on the physiology of aging. It was a great of the reason for my usual tardiness is ever since. pleasure to return to as a visiting profes- that although I am quite used to taking “Shortly after arriving here, I sor to ‘La Sapienza,’ the medical school advantage of senior citizen theater tickets became Adjunct Professor of Biology in from which I graduated in 1947 and and senior citizen discounts on airfares, I the Department of Biological Science at where several members of my family am not used to the idea that I am now a DePaul University, and I continue to taught, starting with my grandfather at ‘senior physiologist.’ serve in this capacity. Besides teaching the turn of the century. “Even though I recently passed my and advising, I serve on graduate com- “The major buildings of the medical 70th birthday, nothing really changed mittees and am doing some research and school and the university hospital have concerning my professional activities. I writing. I also serve on a research com- not changed on the outside since my stu- am still head of the Department of Phys- mittee (IACUC) at Children’s Memorial dent days but have been very much iology at the Louisiana State University Hospital here in Chicago. So I am quite improved within. Despite the clamorous Medical Center in New Orleans, a posi- active in my ‘retirement’ and enjoy it traffic, Rome remains (especially for a tion I have held since 1973. I still enjoy very much.” born Roman like me) a most beautiful running the department (at least most of Letter to Richard L. Malvin city, blending ancient history with mod- the time) largely due to the fact that my ern enterprise. faculty is very pleasant, active, and coop- Donald C. Johnson writes: “The Physi- “Researchers in the Department of erative. Not to speak of the special plea- ologist came today, and it reminded me Pharmacology, which hosted my visit, sure of seeing young associates receive that I, too, am a ‘senior physiologist.’ conduct research under the direction of their first NIH grants. In addition, I con- Reading the latest news from that group the chairman, Luciano Angelucci, on the tinue as director and active participant in is somewhat depressing. More and more neuroendocrinology of stress during our National Institute on Alcohol Abuse I think that Rep. Claude Pepper did sci- development and aging, an area of inves- and Alcoholism-supported Alcohol ence a great disservice by allowing all tigation close to my own interests from Research Center. professors to die of old age in their jobs. my postgraduate training days in the lab- “As far as our departmental teaching “What is it they cannot give up?

248 The Physiologist News from Senior Physiologists

Authority, prestige, imagined importance up the basics of integrated animal physi- “For the last couple of years, we to science, money, or what? I wonder ology.” have been engaged in a mammoth pro- how many of these seniors would have ject, the translation of the formidable their positions if their mentors had the Letter to William J. Stekiel Texture of the Nervous System of Men opportunity to hold a job forever. My Tauba Pasik writes: “My retirement and Vertebrates by Santiago Ramón y mentor had to give up his professorship was not at age 70 — it should have been Cajal. We obtained the permission of the when he turned 68, and his retirement that way — but much earlier. Due to Cajal family, and we are doing a transla- made room for two new faculty mem- health conditions directly related to my tion directly from the Spanish version, bers. However, some of his most impor- work in the laboratory, I developed a with all the pertinent new developments tant contributions came during his emer- severe allergy to toxic fumes (aldehydes, that Cajal studied during the interval itus years. chloroform, ether, osmic acid, etc.) and between Textura and the publication of “I became emeritus in 1996 when I tobacco smoke. Unfortunately, at that the French translation by Azoulay, called turned 69, not because I was going brain time, I could do very little to avoid these Histology of the Nervous System. dead or had any physical infirmity but situations, so I decided to retire and work “We are correcting the errors con- simply to make a position for a new fac- from home. tained in the Histology. The bibliography ulty member. If we are going to make any “Since my husband Pedro Pasik con- was incomplete and many times in great progress toward solving the employment tinued to be very successful with his labo- error; great savants like Cajal did not care problem for our bright, young graduates, ratory endeavors, I took advantage of the so much about this kind of precision. We somebody has to give up his or her full- situation and contributed with ideas, writ- used the original Cajal artwork, which time equivalency. I still enjoy laboratory ten work, and discussions. But as you the Cajal Institute director was so kind to work but now as a coinvestigator rather know, that is not enough for a person used place at our disposal. than as a primary investigator. I still to working from morning until night. So I “So this translation, with all the enjoy teaching as well, but I do not miss filled the gaps in time with other activities library and research work that it entails, the committee meetings, the politics of that gave me much pleasure and that I is now occupying most of my time. academia, or the meeting of grant dead- could not indulge myself in previously: “You asked me for some words of lines. reading the New York Times in the morning wisdom for my colleagues. These are “Fortunately, because of the fore- for one hour while having breakfast (even if very difficult to give because not every- sight of administrators and faculty mem- the my morning meal is only a cup of tea, one is in the same state of health, nor bers many years ago, we are provided what a luxury!) and reading a pile of books does everyone have the same amount of with magnificent pension systems that that have been waiting for me for quite an energy. Some enjoy a blissful retirement remove any worries about having the amount of time. in a relaxed way; others keep on work- wherewithal to do whatever we want. “My husband and I worked together ing. Others enjoy their grandchildren; What more can one ask? You have the to publish the scientific research I had others play golf in Florida. But whatever ultimate tenure, one that does not have to done while still in the laboratory and the they do, they deserve it, and no one has to be reviewed or renewed by anyone. This research from more recent projects in feel diminished because he or she choos- freedom allows one to severely criticize which my contribution was substantial. es a relaxed lifestyle. One should not feel administrators in governments as well as “I started doing some physical activ- obligated to keep working, unless one institutions in, I hope, a constructive way ity, for which I could never find time enjoys it fully. and not in a way to simply bitch at some- before, like taking the long, brisk walks “A combination of both lifestyles is thing. that my cardiologist advised for me in best but difficult to achieve. I, myself, “I wish I had some pearls of wisdom 1975! Needless to say, my health has find it very difficult to relax; I am still for the younger members of the Society, improved considerably, particularly my working at it. I want to finish this trans- but I do not. Some of their research at the respiratory functions. lation with my husband, write a biogra- molecular level is very exciting, but “Since my husband reduced his phy, and finish a family chronicle I have much of it also seems boring because it presence in the laboratory to nine months been writing for the last 10 years and that has little or no relationship to under- of the year, we are doing a lot of travel- seems never to have an end. Meanwhile, standing in vivo physiological mecha- ing, enjoying being visiting professors in I enjoy our three children and their nisms. Many of them are in danger of places like China, Russia, Hungary, spouses — four MDs and two PhDs in all ‘painting themselves into a corner’ with Argentina, and Spain at the invitation of — and our five grandchildren, who, due little chance of escape. Some of us oldies to great luck, live in the tristate area. We their respective academies of science and ❖ can learn the new tricks of molecular visiting wildlife places like the Serengeti, see them often and enjoy them fully.” biology, but unfortunately it is difficult etc. for narrowly trained investigators to pick

Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 249

Book Reviews

Respiratory Physiology: advances. Norman Staub, a founder of our Fitzgerald and Sukhamay Lahiri begins with current concepts of pulmonary edema, takes Hall, Kussmaul, Traube, Rosenthal, and People and Ideas us from Laennec, Welsh, Starling, and Miller Pflüger and ends with the discovery of the through the early, seminal studies of Guyton, oxygen-sensitive potassium channels in the John B. West (Editor) Taylor, and his own work up to the year carotid body type I cells. The rich and occa- Bethesda, MD: American Physiological 1968. It includes noninvasive measurements sionally turbulent history in between is well Society, 1996, 431 pp., illus., index, of lung water in humans and the application described. The chapter on the history of $85.00. APS Member price: $55.25 of Laplace’s law to surface tension. John upper airway and lung reflexes is by John ISBN: 0-19-508081-5 West — well known for his description of Widdicombe and Guiseppe Sant’Ambrogio. “lung zones,” his work in gas exchange at They put into perspective the lasting contri- “As I read of respiratory physiologists of altitude, and his contributions to the ventila- butions of Hering’s disciples, Breuer, Head, previous generations and look back on tion-to-perfusion ratio — develops the ori- and Kratschmer of the 19th century, and the many colleagues who worked with me gins of pulmonary blood flow measurement those of Adrian and Zotterman of the early and taught me, ... I recognize what a fine, and the related concept of matching of venti- years of this century. helpful, generous group they were.” lation and perfusion. The fifth and final section on compara- Robert Forster, Chapter 2 The third section on pulmonary tive respiratory physiology by Marsh Tenney Respiratory Physiology: People and Ideas mechanics appropriately begins with Jere begins with giants near the turn of the centu- Mead, who has been working in pulmonary ry: D’Arcy Thompson (growth and form), This volume, Respiratory Physiology: Peo- and chest wall mechanics for nearly 50 years Max Rubner (“the law of isodynamics”), ple and Ideas, sponsored by APS and edited and is rightly a dean of the field. The chapter Julian Huxley (oxygen consumption and by John West, provides a benchmark for res- takes us from the pioneering work of the body size), August Krogh (“for many prob- piratory physiology: how far it has come, Swiss physiologist Rhorer through the devel- lems there is an animal on which it can be ... where it is, and even clues as to where the opment of research tools, including pressure studied”), and more recently the work of field may go. The reader can be confident transducers, flow meters, body plethysmo- Fenn, Rahn, Dejours, and Piiper. The section that each chapter is by an acknowledged graphs, and mathematical models. He then describes clearly the great understanding leader in the field. The chapters in this out- shows how the tools have been applied to the that has been derived in gas transport, standing book provide the opportunity for fundamental problems of mechanics, such as mechanics, breathing designs, and control the reader to look back and, as Forster says, pulmonary hysteresis, frequency depen- mechanisms that have come from the study to be taught by “fine, helpful, and generous” dence, expiratory flow limitation, and the of fish, birds, amphibians, and other “lower” associates who help us know the past so that work of breathing. The chapter on pul- animals. The section also provides a kind of we can better understand the present from monary surfactant is by John Clements, completion for the whole volume by return- which the future must be built. whose work has given us a firm understanding to the work of Weibel and Taylor, where The first of the book’s five sections is ing of the alveolar lining layer. He shows morphometric study of various animals gives on morphology. Although but a single chap- how several decades of research were need- particular insight into function of the lung. ter, it is a tour de force. Ewald Weibel, who ed to establish that the surface lining layer This book is richly illustrated and well brought mathematics and careful quantita- helps stabilize the lung alveolus, but once indexed. Criticisms of the book are few tive measurement to anatomy, describes our that was established, it “opened the flood- indeed. Even the duplication of people and steps through time in understanding how the gates and everyone could see the application ideas that occurs in several chapters is useful lung is built and how its structure allows gas to clinical problems.” Peter Maclem, in his in that different points of view are brought to exchange suitable for various mammals and chapter on respiratory muscle physiology, light. The volume is recommended to stu- for increasing metabolic activity. Thus, the describes his painful but ultimately produc- dents of all ages who are interested in prob- reader sees at once the development of the tive controversy with Jere Mead on the rela- lems of respiration. ❖ concept of interdependence of structure and tive functions of the diaphragm versus the function. chest wall muscles. This is exactly the sort of John T. Reeves The second section is concerned with chapter, written clearly and with honest Univ. of Colorado Health Sciences Center gas exchange and blood flow. Robert Forster, humility, that brings light and not smoke to pioneer in oxygen hemoglobin kinetics, future generations of scientists. takes us through the mistaken views of oxy- The fourth section on the control of gen secretion in the early days of this centu- breathing begins with Curt von Euler’s steps ry to the current concepts of diffusion, chem- to our current understanding of rhythmic ical reactions, and pulmonary nonuniformi- breathing. Neurophysiology is complex — ties. Poul Astrup and John Severinghaus, and rhythmic breathing is no exception — who were key to the development of modern but the chapter follows Einstein’s dictum of blood gas analysis, review our understanding being as “simple as possible but not one bit of respiratory gases from Hippocrates and simpler.” It also raises unsolved questions, Galen, leading up to blood gas electrodes such as the question of pacemaker tissue in and oximetry, and emphasize how these the fetus and newborn. The chapter on the innovative methods sparked scientific history of chemoreception by Robert

Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 251 Book Reviews

Essential Endocrinology, mechanisms by which hormones exert their discussion of other hormonal components of actions. While this is a complex and constant- this regulation, including vitamin D and Third Edition ly changing field, the critical elements are dis- parathyroid hormone. Just as the adrenal cussed in a manner that allows for a under- gland was divided into two distinct chapters, John Laycock and Peter Wise standing of how hormones bring about cellu- so is the pancreas. The first pancreas chapter New York: Oxford University Press, lar changes. It is important to note that this focuses on the control of metabolism, dia- 1996, 409 pp., illus., index, $34.95 book is principally one of the physiology and betes, and hypoglycemia, while the second ISBN: 0-19-262471-7 clinical aspects of endocrinology. While the centers on other pancreatic peptides and their early chapters present a primer with which to related syndromes. This book, the third edition of this series, has understand the molecular aspects of The final four chapters discuss aspects of been completely revised to account for endocrine action, readers who seek a thor- endocrinology that cover multiple organ sites updates in the field of endocrinology in the ough discourse of this area should seek alter- and endocrine disorders. Chapters are dedicat- last decade. Many improvements have been native sources. ed to the important area of understanding how made, including several introductory chapters With that in mind, the remainder of the hormones influence our growth and develop- that briefly cover many of the molecular book provides an excellent resource with ment. It is clear that many hormones have dif- aspects of hormone action. The book, there- which to understand endocrinology. The ferent roles depending on our point in the life fore, goes from a discussion of the core prin- authors have accomplished the extremely dif- cycle, and it is important to understand how ciples of molecular endocrinology to tissue ficult task of taking complex issues and dis- hormones are involved in developmental pro- actions and the aberrant processes that result tilling them to their critical elements. Readers cesses. Disorders of endocrine action are then in clinically important issues. This book is should walk away with an understanding of reviewed, including lipid metabolism and obe- well organized and written and serves as an endocrinology and the spectrum of clinical sity and ectopic hormone syndromes. The “essential” book for medical students as well pathologies that result when these complex book closes with a section on tests and proce- as for graduate students in many fields. The pathways are disturbed. The remaining chap- dures for evaluating endocrine function and text is thoroughly illustrated with simplistic ters are broken down according to organ sites, tables of normal ranges for commonly mea- diagrams, allowing the reader to visualize the starting at the hypothalamo-hypophysial sured hormones. concepts discussed. The addition of color (pituitary) axis. Following are two chapters I would like to reiterate that I think that plates provides the opportunity to give a feel describing the adrenal gland. Since the this book is “essential” endocrinology. By this, for clinical disorders and the gross dramatic adrenal cortex and medulla have quite distinct I mean that this book is important for medical effects often portrayed by aberrant endocrine actions, this division is logical and and other students just beginning to learn the endocrinology. Each chapter is followed by a serves as a clear representation of the com- field of endocrinology but also to both clinical section suggesting current further reading. plexity even within a single organ. The next and basic scientists who have worked in the These references are not only up-to-date but two chapters discuss the hormonal regulation area for many years. Basic scientists will find it provide excellent resources for the reader of the male and female reproductive systems, useful in that it is an easily understood discus- who wants a further elucidation of points respectfully. These chapters cover well the sion of the clinical aspects of the hormones that raised in the chapter. endocrine regulation of the testes and the are being studied at the molecular level. In The introductory chapter provides an ovaries, although other hormonally regulated summary, this is an excellent book that is a entrance into endocrinology by introducing organs, i.e., the prostate, are not covered as resource of endocrinology, and I recommend it the reader to the field. Critical starting points, adequately. This discussion of reproductive highly. ❖ including what hormones and hormone fami- endocrinology is followed by a thorough lies are and why they are important, are review of the thyroid. Calcium regulation and Robert H. Getzenberg addressed. The following chapters provide a its role in bone and metabolic disorders is University of Pittsburgh Medical Center beginning understanding to the molecular then covered. Included within this chapter is a

Cardiovascular Physiology, level textbook is intended for medical and the student in mind. Italics and bolding are graduate students, it is useful as a reference used to emphasize new terms, definitions, key Seventh Edition book for dental, nursing, and allied health stu- facts, and important concepts. Each chapter dents as well. It also serves as an excellent ref- has a summary section that highlights key Robert M. Berne and Matthew N. Levy erence book for faculty and researchers on the points, followed by a problem section with St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, 1997, cardiovascular system. I recommend that all answers given in Appendix A. Appendix B pro- 324 pp., illus., index, $35.95 faculty who teach cardiovascular physiology vides review questions and answers. Examples ISBN: 0-8151-0901-6. read this book in its entirety. I certainly learned of abnormal function have been added to the very much by reading it. Seventh Edition and are presented throughout This textbook is authored by two world- The Seventh Edition has been updated the text in framed boxes. The bibliography at renown experts on the cardiovascular system and extensively revised, including deleting the end of each chapter focuses primarily on whose individual expertise complement one some old and adding some new figures. The review-type articles and key research papers. another. As such, this book is highly authorita- figures were selected for their didactic useful- Some topics that are still controversial are tive and accurate. Although this introductory ness. In fact, the whole book was written with carefully pointed out.

252 The Physiologist Book Reviews

The book emphasizes control mecha- of the peripheral circulation, control of car- done, well-illustrated, didactic, and authori- nisms relevant to the cardiovascular system. diac output, coupling between the heart and tative textbook on the cardiovascular system The various regulatory mechanisms are dis- vasculature, coronary circulation, and other and its regulation. It is comprehensive, cov- cussed first in the individual chapters, and the special circulations. ering virtually all the important topics and last chapter discusses how the individual Certain chapters stand out as being out- concepts. Because it is written in a clear and components are coordinated and integrated in standing, such as Chapter 7 on microcircula- concise manner, the book’s length is quite the body. This is done by describing how the tion, the Law of Laplace, diffusion, and the manageable, having a total length of only 324 body responds to the two important stresses Starling hypothesis. Chapter 5 on hemody- pages (including the index). This textbook is of exercise and hemorrhage. The first chapter namics is very well illustrated and quantita- actually a delight to read. I strongly recom- presents a brief overview of the circuit ele- tive, as is Chapter 6 on the arterial system. mend it to the student and teacher. ❖ ments for the cardiovascular system. This is The same is true of the other chapters. Chap- followed by the normal and pathophysiologi- ter 2 on the electrical activity of the heart Nicholas Sperelakis cal electrical activity of the heart, the heart as covers the important highlights of the cardiac University of Cincinnati College of Medicine a pump, regulation of heart rate and contrac- action potential and its propagation under tile force, hemodynamics, properties of the normal and pathological conditions. arteries, microcirculation, lymphatics, control In summary, this is an excellent, well-

Books Received

Adhesion Molecules in Health and Disease. From Living Eyes To Seeing Machines. Oxygen, Gene Expression, and Cellular Leendert C. Paul and Thomas B. Issekutz Mandyam V. Srinivasan and Svetha Venkatesh Function, Vol. 105. (Editors). (Editors). Linda Biadasz Clerch and Donald J. New York: Dekker, 1997, 768 pp., illus., New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, Massaro (Editors). index, $195.00. 271 pp., illus., index, $85.00. New York: Dekker, 504 pp., 1997, illus., ISBN: 0-8247-9824-4. ISBN: 0-19-857785-0. index, $185.00. ISBN: 0- 8247-0062-7. Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Methods in Enzymology: Cell Cycle Control, Environment. Fifth Edition. Vol. 283. Purinergic Approaches in Experimental Knut Schmidt-Nielsen William G. Dunphy (Editor). Therapeutics. New York: Cambridge University Press, San Diego, CA: Academic, 1997, 678 pp., Kenneth A. Jacobson and Michael F. Jarvis 1997, 607 pp., illus., index, $49.95. illus., index, $105.00. (Editors). ISBN: 0-521-57098-0. ISBN: 0-12-182184-6. New York: Wiley, 579 pp., 1997, illus., index, $89.95. The Anthropology of Modern Human Teeth: ISBN: 0-47114071-6. Dental Morphology and Its Variation Molecular Physiology of Growth. in Recent Human Populations. P. T. Loughna and J. M. Pell (Editors). New York: Cambridge University Press, Review of Medical Physiology, 18th Edition. G. Richard Scott and Christy G. Turner II. William F. Ganong. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997, 170 pp., illus., index, $54.95. ISBN: 0-521-47110-9. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1997, 830 1997, 382 pp., illus., index, $80.00. pp., illus., index, $36.95. ISBN: 0-521-45508-1. ISBN: 0-8385-8443-8. Neural Control of the Respiratory Muscles. Colony-Stimulating Factors: Molecular and Alan D. Miller, Armand L. Bianchi, and Cellular Biology. Second Edition. Beverly P. Bishop (Editors). John M. Garland, Peter J. Quesenberry, and Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 1997, 310 pp., illus., New From APS Douglas J. Hilton (Editors). index, $139.00. New York: Dekker, 1997, 594 pp., illus., ISBN: 0-8493-40001-2. Moving Questions: A History of index, $195.00. Membrane Transport and Bioenergetics. ISBN: 0-8247-9492-3. Nitric Oxide and the Kidney: Physiology and Joseph D. Robinson Concepts of Human Physiology. Pathophysiology. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Richard L. Malvin, Michael D. Johnson, and Michael S. Goligorsky and Steven S. Gross Society, 1997, 373 pp., illus., index, Gary M. Malvin. (Editors). $85.00. APS member price: $56.60 Menlo Park, CA: Addison Wesley Longman, New York: Chapman & Hall, 1997, 463 pp., 1997, 450 pp., illus., index, $49.00. illus., index, $197.00. ISBN: 0-19-51F0564-8. ISBN: 0-673-98562-8. ISBN: 0-412-08061-3.

Vol. 40, No. 5, 1997 253 Announcements Nominations Sought for Bristol-Myers Squibb Award The eighth annual Bristol-Myers Squibb silver commemorative medallion. The nominating procedures for the award, Award for Distinguished Achievement in deadline for the receipt of nominations is contact the Secretary, Bristol-Myers Cardiovascular/ Metabolic Research will December 19, 1997. Squibb Award for Distinguished be presented in May 1998 to a scientist All medical schools, hospitals, and Achievement in Cardiovascular/ who has made an outstanding contribu- cardiovascular or related metabolic dis- Metabolic Research, 345 Park Avenue, tion to the progress of research in cardio- ease research centers are invited to nom- Room 21-4, New York, NY 10154-0037. vascular and related metabolic diseases. inate candidates for the award. Tel: 212-546-4616.❖ The award includes a $50,000 prize and a For more information regarding the

Life Fitness Academy Seeks Candidates for Research Grants The Life Fitness Academy Scientific and the effects of physical activity on vari- uate student or junior investigator. Medical Advisory Board, which consists ous health states, such as diabetes, Researchers interested in applying of 32 of the country’s most renowned osteoporosis, anorexia, hypertension, for the grants must submit a two-page professionals in exercise science and menopause, obesity, depression, stroke, letter of intent by December 1, 1997. For sports medicine, is pleased to announce back injury, asthma, cancer, arthritis, more information on the application pro- the availability of $20,000 in grants for and visual impairment. cedure, contact Barbara Usmial, Life Fit- exercise science research to be conducted The project funded by these monies ness, 10601 W. Belmont Avenue, in 1998-99. may be part of another project funded by Franklin Park, IL 60131. Tel: 800-735- Two grants of $5,000 each will be another source. The specific component 3867 extension 3617; fax: 847-288- awarded to junior investigators, and four of the project to be funded by this grant 3791; e-mail: grants of $2,500 each will be awarded to must be a unique component of the total [email protected].❖ graduate students. The grants will sup- research project. The idea for the project port applied human studies focusing on must be the original thought of the grad- PRAT Program Sponsors Research in Pharmacological Sciences The Pharmacology Research Associate Potential fellows make an applica- permanent residents are eligible. (PRAT) Program of the National Institute tion together with a preceptor to the Contact the PRAT Program Assis- of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) PRAT Program. Selected fellows receive tant at 301-594-3583 or by e-mail at sponsors postdoctoral fellows conducting a two-year appointment, salary, supplies, [email protected] to request a PRAT research at NIH in pharmacological sci- and travel funds from NIGMS to support fact sheet and an application kit or visit ences. This can include research in the research in the preceptors’ laboratories. the NIGMS home page at http:// areas of signal transduction, drug Candidates should apply to the www.nih.gov/nigms to view the PRAT metabolism, immunopharmacology, PRAT Program prior to coming to NIH. fact sheet.❖ chemistry and drug design, structural biol- Applications are due on or before Jan- ogy, endocrinology, neuroscience, clinical uary 2, 1998, for fellowships starting in pharmacology, and other areas. October of that year. Only US citizens or

AACR Gertrude B. Elion Cancer Research Award The purpose of the American Associa- industry are not eligible for this award. Jenny Anne Horst-Martz, American tion for Cancer Research (AACR) Terms: The one-year award Association for Cancer Research, Public Gertrude B. Elion Cancer Research includes a $30,000 grant plus travel to Ledger Building, Suite 826, 150 South Award is to foster meritorious basic, the AACR annual meeting to accept the Independence Mall West, Philadelphia, clinical, or translational research in the award. Candidates must be nominated by PA 19106-3483. Tel: 215-440-9300; fax: US or Canada by a nontenured scien- a member of AACR and submit a 215-440-9372; e-mail: tist at the level of assistant professor. detailed application. [email protected].❖ Tenured faculty, federal government Deadline: December 15, 1997. employees, and employees of private For application information, contact

254 The Physiologist Scientific Meetings and Congresses 1997 1998 October 13-16 February 12-17 9th International Conference on Occupational Respiratory Diseases, AAAS Annual Meeting and Science Innovation Exposition, Kyoto, Japan. Information: 9th ICORD Secretariat, c/o Japan Industrial Philadelphia, PA. Information: AMSIE'98, Office of Membership and Safety and Health Association, 5-35-1, Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Meetings, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Japan. Tel: +81-3-3452-6841 extension 525 or 526; fax: +81-3-3453- 1200 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Tel: 202-326- 8034. 6450. October 20-23 February 21-26 Morphogenesis: Cellular Interactions. A New York Academy of Sci- The International Society for Optical Engineering International ences Conference, Bethesda, MD. Information: Science and Technology Symposium on Medical Imaging 1998, San Diego, CA. Information: Meetings, New York Academy of Sciences, 2 East 63rd Street, New York, SPIE, PO Box 10, Bellingham, WA 98227-0010l. Tel: 360-676-3290; NY 10021. Tel: 212-838-0230, extension 324; fax: 212-838-5640; e-mail: fax: 360-647-1445; e-mail: [email protected]. [email protected]; Internet: http://www.nyas.org. March 4-7 October 22-25 Heart and Brain–4th International Conference on Stroke and 1st Fourth World Congress on Sport Sciences, Monte Carlo, Monaco. Conference of the Mediterranean Stroke Society, Marrakech, Information: SPORTEL Organisation, Fourth IOC World Congress on Morocco. Information: N. M. Bornstein, PO Box 50006, Tel Aviv Sport Sciences, 4, Bd du Jardin Exotique, MC 98000 Monaco. Tel: 61500, Israel. Tel: +972-3-5140014; fax: +972-3-5175674 or +377-93 30 41 59; fax: +377-93 30 41 62. 5140077; e-mail: [email protected]. com. October 25-28 March 7-11 Sixth International Conference on Fetal and Neonatal Physiologi- Twenty-ninth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Neu- cal Measurement, Memphis, TN. Information: University of Ten- rochemistry, Denver, CO. Information: Adron Harris, Department of nessee at Memphis, Office of Continuing Medical Education, 956 Pharmacology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 Court Avenue, Room A101, Memphis, TN 38103. Fax: 901-448-6182. East Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262-0236. Tel: 303-315-8609; fax: November 7-8 303-315-7499; e-mail: [email protected]; Internet: 3rd International Symposium on Exercise and Immunology: Inte- http://www.med.usf.edu/ASN/asn.html. gration and Regulation, Paderborn, Germany. Information: Heinz May 22-24 Liesen, Institute of Sports Medicine, University of Paderborn, Warburg- 6th International Congress on Physical Education and Sport, er Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany. Tel: +49-5251-603200; fax: Komotini, Greece. Information: Savvas Tokmakidis, 6th International +49-5251-603500; e-mail: [email protected]. Congress on Physical Education and Sport, Department of Physical November 16-17 Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Gene Mutational Analysis: Advances in Detection, Diagnostics, Komotini, 69100, Greece. Tel: +30-531-21764 or 21762; fax: +30- Databases, and Clinical Applications, Hamilton, Bermuda. Informa- 531-33582 or 26908; e-mail: [email protected]; Internet: tion: Cambridge Healthtech Institute, 1037 Chestnut Street, Newton http://www.cc.duth.gr/conf/icpes98. Upper Falls, MA 02164. Tel: 617-630-1300; fax: 617-630-1325; e- June 28-July 2 mail: [email protected]; Internet: http://www.healthtech. International Conference on Intensive Cardiac Care, Jerusalem, com/conferences Israel. Information: ISAS International Seminars, PO Box 574, November 19-21 Jerusalem 91004, Israel. Tel: +972-2-6520574; fax: +972-2-6520558; Human Diet and Endocrine Modulation: Estrogenic and Andro- e-mail: [email protected]. genic Effects, Fairfax, Virginia. Information: International Life Sci- June 28-July 3 ences Institute (ILSI) North America, Attn: Conference on Human 3rd International Congress of Pathophysiology, Lahti, Finland. Diet and Endocrine Modulation, 1126 Sixteenth Street, N.W., Wash- Information: ISP98, Department of Physiology, University of Kuopio, ington, DC 20036-4810. Tel: 202-659-0074; fax: 202-659-3859; e- 70211 Kuopio, Finland. Tel: +358-17-163-080 or 163-108; fax: +358- mail: [email protected]. 17-163-112; e-mail: [email protected]; Internet: http://packer. berke- November 19-22 ley.edu/conferences/isp98.html. 13th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Gravitational September 6-9 and Space Biology, Washington, DC. Information: P. Russell, European Atherosclerosis Society 70th EAS Congress, Jerusalem, ASGSB, PO Box 12247, Rosslyn, VA 22219. Fax: 703-671-1706; e- Israel. Information: Yechezkiel Stein, 70th EAS Congress, PO Box mail: [email protected]; Internet: http://www.indstate.edu/asgsb. 50006, Tel Aviv 61500, Israel. Tel: +972-3-5140014; fax: +972-3- December 13-17 5175674 or 5140077. Thirty-seventh Annual Meeting of the American Society for Cell September 19-23 Biology, Washington, DC Information: American Society for Cell European Respiratory Society Annual Congress, Geneva, Switzer- Biology, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814-3992. Tel: 301- land. Information: European Respiratory Society, 1 boulevard de 530-7153; fax: 301-530-7139; e-mail: [email protected]; Internet: Grancy, CH-1006 Lausanne, Switzerland. Tel: 41-21-613-02-02; fax: http://www.faseb.org/ascb. 41-21-617-28-65; e-mail: @ersnet.org.

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