PJR
By
P.J.Reginald M.Tech (P.hD) Asst Prof ECE PJR COMMUNICATIONS
➢ Transfer of information ➢ Simplex (Ex:Pager) ➢ Half duplex( Walkie talkie) ➢ Duplex(Cell phone) PJR PJR
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION
➢Wireless is defined as “having no wires”.
➢The term is used to describe communication where there is no physical wired connection between sender and receiver, rather the network is connected by radio or microwaves. Growth of cellular telephone subscribers throughout the world. MARTIN COOPER PJR CELLULAR NETWORK BASICS
➢ Cellular network/telephony is a radio-based technology; radio waves are electromagnetic waves that antennas propagate.
➢ Most signals are in the 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz frequency bands. PJR CELLULAR SYSTEM PJR
CELLULAR NETWORK BASIC ARCHITECTURE PJR CELLULAR NETWORK
➢ Base stations transmit to and receive from mobiles at the assigned spectrum. ➢ The service area of each base station is called a cell.
➢ Each mobile terminal is typically served by the ‘closest’ base stations. ➢ Handoff when terminals move. PJR
OPERATIONAL CHANNELS
➢ Forward Voice Channel (FVC): This channel is used for the voice transmission from the BS to the MS. ➢ Reverse Voice Channel (RVC): This is used for the voice transmission from the MS to the BS. ➢ Forward Control Channel (FCC): Control channels are generally used for controlling the activity of the call, i.e., they are used for setting up calls and to divert the call to unused voice channels PJR THE MULTIPLE ACCESS PROBLEM
➢ The base stations need to serve many mobile terminals at the same time (both downlink and uplink) ➢ All mobiles in the cell need to transmit to the base station ➢ Interference among different senders and receivers ➢ So we need multiple access scheme PJR MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEMES
3 orthogonal Schemes:
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) • Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) • Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) PJR CELLULAR NETWORK GENERATIONS
1. It is useful to think of cellular Network/telephony in terms of generations:
+ 1G: Analog cellular telephony.
+ 2G: Digital cellular telephony.
+ 3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony (including video telephony).
+ 4G: IP-based “anytime, anywhere” voice, data, and multimedia telephony at faster data rates than 3G (deployed in 2012–2015). PJR FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
frequency
✕ Each mobile is assigned a separate frequency channel for the duration of the call ✕ Sufficient guard band is required to prevent adjacent channel interference ✕ Usually, mobile terminals will have one downlink frequency band and one uplink frequency band ✕ Different cellular network protocols use different frequencies ✕ Frequency is a precious and scare resource. We are running out of it + Cognitive radio PJR TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
Guard time – signal transmitted by mobile terminals at different locations do no arrive at the base station at the same time
• Time is divided into slots and only one mobile terminal transmits during each slot – Like during the lecture, only one can talk, but others may take the floor in turn • Each user is given a specific slot. No competition in cellular network – Unlike Carrier Sensing Multiple Access (CSMA) in WiFi PJR CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
✕ Use of orthogonal codes to separate different transmissions ✕ Each symbol of bit is transmitted as a larger number of bits using the user specific code – Spreading + Bandwidth occupied by the signal is much larger than the information transmission rate + But all users use the same frequency band together
Orthogonal among users PJR EVOLUTION OF CELLULAR NETWORKS
1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G PJR PJR 1G TECHNOLOGY
➢ 1G refers to first generation of wireless telephone technology, it is introduced in 1980’s.
➢ It’s speed was upto 2.4kbps.
➢ It uses analog signal.
➢ The frequency is typically 800 MHz band
➢ AMPS was the first 1G mobile systems in USA .
➢ NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony) is European Technology with 450 MHz and 900 Mhz.
➢ TACS(Total Access communication) is British version PJR PJR AMPS
➢ Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) is an analog mobile cell phone system standard developed by Bell Labs,
➢ It is officially introduced in the America on October 13, 1983. AMPS phone was developed by Motorola PJR PJR DRAWBACKS OF 1G
➢ Poor voice quality.
➢ Poor battery life.
➢ Large phone size.
➢ No security.
➢ Limited capacity.
➢ Poor handoff reliability.
➢ call drop. PJR PJR 2G TECHNOLOGY
➢ 2G refers to second generation which is based on GSM and launched in the year 1991.
➢ It uses digital signals.
➢ Data speed was upto 64kbps.
➢ It enables services such as text messages, picture messages and multi media message(MMS).
➢ It provides better quality and capacity. PJR PJR GSM
➢ Global System for Mobile Communications.
➢ Concurrent development in USA and Europe in the 1980’s.
➢ The European system was called GSM and deployed in the early 1990’s. PJR GSM SERVICES
Voice, 3.1 kHz
Short Message Service (SMS) + 1985 GSM standard that allows messages of at most 160 chars. (incl. spaces) to be sent between handsets and other stations + Over 2.4 billion people use it; multi-billion $ industry PJR GSM CHANNELS
Downlink Channel s Uplink
➢ Physical Channel: Each timeslot on a carrier is referred to as a physical channel ➢ Logical Channel: Variety of information is transmitted between the MS and BTS. Different types of logical channels: ➢ Traffic channel ➢ Control Channel PJR GSM FREQUENCIES
➢ Originally designed on 900MHz range, now also available on 800MHz, 1800MHz and 1900 MHz ranges.
➢ Separate Uplink and Downlink frequencies ➢ One example channel on the 1800 MHz frequency band, where RF carriers are space every 200 MHz
UPLINK FREQUENCIES DOWNLINK FREQUENCIES
1710 MHz 1785 MHz 1805 MHz 1880 MHz
UPLINK AND DOWNLINK FREQUENCY SEPARATED BY 95MHZ PJR GSM ARCHITECTURE PJR MOBILE STATION (MS)
➢ MS is the user’s handset and has two parts ➢ Mobile Equipment ➢ Radio equipment ➢ User interface ➢ Processing capability and memory required for various tasks ➢ Call signalling ➢ Encryption ➢ SMS ➢ Equipment IMEI number ➢ Subscriber Identity Module PJR
SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY MODULE (SIM)
➢ A small smart card
➢ It is an integrated circuit chip that is intended to securely store the international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) number and its related key Introduce Standard Length Width Thickness SIM card Volume (mm3) d reference (mm) (mm) (mm) PJR ISO/IEC Full-size 1991 7810:2003, 85.60 53.98 0.76 3511.72 (1FF) ID-1 ISO/IEC Mini-SIM 1996 7810:2003, 25.00 15.00 0.76 285.00 (2FF) ID-000
ETSI TS Micro-SI 102 221 2003 15.00 12.00 0.76 136.80 M (3FF) V9.0.0, Mini-UICC
ETSI TS Nano-SIM early 2012 102 221 12.30 8.80 0.67 72.52 (4FF) V11.0.0 JEDEC De sign Guide 4.8, SON-8 Embedded ETSI TS -SIM 103 383 6.00 5.00 <1.00 <30.00 (eSIM) V12.0.0 GSMA SGP.22 V1.0 PJR BASE STATION SUB SYSTEM
• Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit (TRAU) – Performs coding between the 64kbps PCM coding used in the backbone network and the 13 kbps coding used for the Mobile Station (MS) • Base Station Controller (BSC) – Controls the channel (time slot) allocation implemented by the BTSes – Manages the handovers within BSS area – Knows which mobile stations are within the cell and informs the MSC/VLR about this • Base Transceiver System (BTS) – Controls several transmitters – Each transmitter has 8 time slots, some used for signaling, on a specific frequency PJR GSM ADVANTAGES
➢ The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules allows users to switch networks and handsets .
➢ GSM covers virtually all parts of the world so international roaming is not a problem
➢ Less signal deterioration inside buildings PJR DRAWBACKS OF 2G
➢ It requires digital signals for communication. If there is no network coverage then digital signals would weak.
➢ These systems are unable to handle complex data such as videos. ➢ Reduced range
➢ Interferes with some electronics, especially certain audio amplifiers. PJR 2.5 TECHNOLOGY
➢ 2.5G is a technology that emerges between 2G and 3G. ➢ It is also described as 2G cellular technology combined with GPRS. ➢ Some of the features are
▪ Voice & Data ▪ Send/Receive e-mail messages ▪ web browsing ▪ camera phones ▪ speed: 64-144 kb/sec ▪ Time to download a 3 min MP3 song: 6-9 min PJR THE EVOLUTION GENERATION (2.5G)
➢ Several platforms are leading the 2.5G effort; they are as follows: 1. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)/High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) 2. Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) 3 .Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA2000) (phase 1) PJR GPRS
➢ General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
➢ GSM upgrade that provides IP-based packet data transmission up to 114 kbps.
➢ Users can “simultaneously” make calls and send data.
➢ GPRS provides “always on” Internet access and the Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) whereby users can send rich text, audio, video messages to each other.
➢ Performance degrades as number of users increase.
➢ GPRS is an example of 2.5G telephony – 2G service similar to 3G. PJR 3G TECHNOLOGY
➢ Services include wide-area wireless voice telephony, Video-calls and broadband wireless data high speed data transfer Multimedia applications
➢ UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunication service) is 3G system with data rates higher then 2Mbps . PJR 3G OVERVIEW
➢ 3G is created by ITU-T and is called IMT-2000 PJR
Features includes
❖ Phone calls
❖ Global roaming
❖ Send/receive large email messages
❖ High speed web
❖ Navigation / maps
❖ Video conferencing
❖ TV streaming
❖ Electronic agenda meeting reminder
❖ Speed: 200 kb/sec-2mb/sec
❖ Time to download a 3 min MP3 song:
11 sec-1.5 min PJR
MUSIC ON YOUR MOBILE!!
▪ Music Live streaming
▪ Video Live streaming.
▪ access to downloadable music,with
▪ no cables or PC. PJR
Taking games to the next level
❑ 3G technology has taken the gaming to the next level.
❑ Real-time multiplayer gaming is possible in 3G system.
❑ Innovative new services are being added by developer daily. PJR
EXTENDING TV TO MOBILES
▪ Not simply rebroadcast of TV or website
▪ Enhanced existing service for mobile environment.
▪ Multi-faceted – 24*7 access to multiple
live streams , video , image & text ▪ Fully integrated in browser – one click access.
Video-Conferencing PJR
ADVANTAGES OF 3G
▪ New radio spectrum to relieve overcrowding in existing systems.
▪ More bandwidth , security & reliability.
▪ Inter-portability between services providers. ▪ High data rates compared to previous generations
▪ Rich multimedia services. ▪ Speech Quality like Wired Services. PJR DISADVANTAGES OF
3G
▪ New Infrastructure is needed for 3G
▪ 3G phones are Expensive .
▪ Lack of buy-in by 2G mobile users for the new 3G PJR EVOLUTION FROM 2G
IS-136 2G IS-95 GSM- & PDC
IS-95 GPRS HSCS 2.5G B EDGE D
Cdma2000-1 W-CD Cdma2000-1xExRTT MA 3G EDGE Cdma2000-3V,DV,DO TD-SC DMA xRTT 3GPP2 3GPP PJR 3.5G (HSPA)
➢High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation of two mobile telephony protocols, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), that extends and improves the performance of existing WCDMA protocols.
➢3.5G introduces many new features that will enhance the UMTS technology in future. 1xEV-DV already supports most of the features that will be provided in 3.5G. These include: ➢ - Adaptive Modulation and Coding ➢ - Fast Scheduling ➢ - Backward compatibility with 3G ➢ - Enhanced Air Interface PJR PJR 4G (LTE)
➢ LTE stands for Long Term Evolution. LTE was first proposed by NTT DoCoMo of Japan in 2004
➢ Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps but targeted 1Gbps
➢ Based on UMTS 3G technology.
➢ Optimized for All-IP traffic. Unlike 3G, which is based on two parallel infrastructures consisting of circuit switched and packet switched network nodes, 4G is based on packet switching only. PJR 4G
➢ Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for downlink.
➢ Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for uplink.
➢ Uses Multi-input Multi-output(MIMO) for enhanced throughput
➢ Reduced power consumption.
➢ Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (less battery power used by handsets).
➢ Faster and more reliable PJR ADVANTAGES OF LTE PJR COMPARISON OF LTE SPEED PJR WHAT IS 5G???
➢ 5G is a packet switched wireless system with wide area coverage and high throughput.
➢ 5G wireless uses OFDM and millimeter wireless that enables data rate of 20 mbps and frequency band of 2-8 GHz.
➢ 5G is going to be a packed based network.
www.ppttopics.co m PJR OBJETIVES OF 5G:
▪ 5G being developed to accommodate QoS rate requirements set by further development of existing 4G applications.
▪ Flexible channel bandwidth between 5 and 20MHz, optionally up to 40MHz.
▪ Data rate of at list 1Gb/s between any two points in the world.
▪ Increase system spectral efficiency of up to 3bit/s/Hz/cell in the downlink and 2.25bit/s/Hz/cell for indoor usage.
www.ppttopics.co m PJR STANDARD WIRELESS 5G:
➢ WiMAX formed to provide conformance and interoperability of the IEEE 802.16 standard. It aims to provide wireless data over long distance from point-to-point link to cellular mobile type access.
➢ WiBRO a part of IEEE 802.16e in process to provide collaborative and generic mobile WiMAX.
➢ 3GPP LTE a project aims to improve the mobile phone standard to cope with future requirements.
➢ 5GPP 2 UMB a project to improve the CDMA2000 mobile phone standard for next generation applications.
www.ppttopics.co m PJR
Thank you