DOCSLIB.ORG

Synthesis of Oligoesters from Biobased Building Blocks by Candida Antarctica Lipase B

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Synthesis of Oligoesters from Biobased Building Blocks by Candida Antarctica Lipase B SYNTHESIS OF OLIGOESTERS FROM BIOBASED BUILDING BLOCKS BY CANDIDA ANTARCTICA LIPASE B David I. Habeych N. Thesis committee Thesis supervisor Prof. dr. G. Eggink Professor of Industrial Biotechnology Wageningen University Thesis co-supervisor Dr. ir. C. G. Boeriu Senior Scientist, Biobased Products Wageningen University Other members Prof. Dr. W.J.H. van Berkel Wageningen University Dr. Ir. H. Noorman DSM, Delft Dr. C.J.M. van den Heuvel Teijin Aramid, Arnhem Prof. Dr. Ir. M.W. Fraaije University of Groningen This research was conducted under the auspices of the VLAG Graduate School. BIOCATALYTIC SYNTHESIS OF CYCLIC ESTER OLIGOMERS FROM BIOBASED BUILDING BLOCKS David I. Habeych N. Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. dr. M.J. Kropff, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Tuesday 13th of September 2011 at 1.30 p.m. in the Aula. David I. Habeych N. Biocatalytic synthesis of cyclic ester oligomers from biobased building blocks Thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands (2011) With summaries in English, Spanish, and Dutch ISBN: 978-90-8585-988-8 Dedicado a mi padre, mi madre y al gato CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction 9 Chapter 2. Biocatalytic synthesis of oligoesters from succinic acid 43 and 1,4‐butanediol using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B Chapter 3. Biocatalytic synthesis of polyesters from sugar‐based 75 building blocks using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B Chapter 4. Biocatalytic synthesis of oligoesters from alkyl and 107 furan derivatives using immobilized Candida antarctica Lipase B Chapter 5. Process strategies to improve the calb‐catalyzed 133 synthesis of ester oligomers from biobased building blocks Chapter 6. General discussion 169 Summary 197 Samenvatting 201 Resumen 207 Acknowledgements 213 Curriculum vitae 221 List of Publications 223 Training activities 225 INTRODUCTION 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 10 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION Polyesters are an important class of polymers with exceptional physical and mechanical properties and numerous applications. Polyester materials are used as fibres, plastics 11 and coating or as components of films, in composites and elastomers. Most of the polyesters applied today are built up from monomers derived from fossil fuel. Polyethylene terephtalate (PET), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polyacrylates are only few examples of largely used polyesters produced from petrochemical feedstocks. With oil resources forecasted to exhaust by year 2050, the permanent fluctuations of the oil price marked by political issues, increasing environmental awareness worldwide and the development of new technologies, there is growing interest for biobased polyesters produced from renewable feedstocks. Currently, there are only few biobased polyesters. Representative examples of natural occurring polyesters are polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) which are linear polyesters produced by microbial fermentation from sugars or lipids. Typical building blocks of PHA are 3 (or 4)‐hydroxy butyrate, 3‐hydroxy valerate, and 3‐hydroxy hexanoate. Polymers made of PHA were industrially marketed by ICI/Zeneca and later by Monsanto. The industrial production became unsustainable after 1995 (Gross and Kalra 2002). In the past decade much effort has been put to develop high production strains, to advance the technology for PHA production, to increase the production yield and to improve the downstream processing. Research on production of functionalized PHA with reactive groups in the aliphatic side chain is in progress. In 2005, Metabolix restarted the commercialization of microbial PHAs and currently develops transgenic crops to improve the production. Another example of a commercially produced biobased semisynthetic polyester is polylactic acid. The building blocks of PLA, L‐lactic acid, is nowadays directly obtained by fermentation of sugars using microorganism (i.e. lactobacillus sp.). Industrial 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION manufacture of high molecular weight PLA is carried out via polycondensation (PC) (implemented by Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals) and ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) from the cyclic ester dimer (lactide) (implemented by Cargill). PLA is the first renewable 12 polymer produced on an industrial scale. In April 2002, Cargill opened PLA production plant with an estimated capacity of 150.000 tonne per year. PLA has properties similar with the conventional polymers polyethylene and polypropylene, and is completely biodegradable (compostable). PLA has a wide range of applications, such as fabrics production, disposable plastic materials. Blends of PLA have a good resistance to deformation and transparency, making them useful for disposable tableware, and packaging applications. More specialized products are sutures, stents, dialysis media, and drug delivery devices. The development of the technology to produce diversity of biobased building blocks is a way to increase the number of biobased polyesters with wide spectrum of chemical, physical and mechanical properties. This new generation of biobased polyesters will replace the petroleum derived polymers (Scheme 1). These new building blocks could eventually be associated with green, biocatalytic technologies for polyesterification. The latest is the topic of this thesis. 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 13 Scheme 1 Products obtained by renewable resources. Biorefinery products. (adapted from chemistry innovation website) 2. BIOBASED BUILDING BLOCKS USED IN THIS WORK. Biobased building blocks are obtained by biorefining of biomass (Scheme 1). From the multitude of compounds that are produced in the biorefinery, some 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION of them are already produced industrially and have found industrial application for polyester synthesis, like L‐lactic acid and 1,3‐propanediol. For others, like succinic acid, the technology for their production is still under 14 development. Nevertheless, the availability of bio‐succinic acid will allow the production of a fully bio‐polybutylene succinate (PBS) (since the co‐monomer 1,4‐butanediol can also be produced from succinic acid) that can replace the petroleum‐based PBS that is currently commercialized. Also other compounds can be produced from C6 sugars that are emerging as building blocks for the polyester synthesis, namely, dianhydrohexitols and the furan‐based monomers, like furan‐2,5‐dicarboxylic acid (FDA), 5‐(hydroxymethyl)furan‐2‐ carboxylic acid (HMFA), and 2,5‐bis (hydroxyl methyl)furan (BHMF). These building blocks form the core of this thesis; therefore, we will focus below on some aspects of their production (Scheme 2). 2.1. 1,4‐Butanediol (BDO) and Succinic Acid (1,4‐Butanedioic Acid) Succinic acid and 1,4‐butanediol can be fully synthesized using sugar‐based feedstock by bacterial fermentation (Hofvendahl and Hahn–Hagerda 2000; Zeikus et al. 1999). A. succiniciproducens can utilize several substrates as carbon sources (Lee et al. 1999; Lee et al. 2001). High production yields (1.3 mole/mole) and low concentration of by‐products can be obtained in the synthesis of succinic acid by A. succiniciproducens using glycerol as substrate (Lee et al. 2001). 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 15 Scheme 2 Building blocks used in this work for the synthesis of biobased low molecular weight polyesters. A. succinogenes metabolizes carbon sources to succinic acid, acetic acid, and formic acid and tolerates a larger concentration of succinic acid than any other strain (Guettler et al. 1996a; Guettler et al. 1996b). One of the drawbacks of fermentation of A. succinogenes is the high concentrations of by‐products like acetic acid, propionic acid, and pyruvic acid which results in a high downstream processing costs. Succinic acid yield with variants of this strain is around 1 mol/mol glucose and has a productivity of 0.79 g.(L.h)‐1 (Guettler et al. 1996a). Recently, a metabolically engineered E. coli strain has been reported to produce aerobically 58.3 g.L–1 succinic acid with a yield of 0.85 mol/mol glucose. The synthesis of by‐products, however, could not be avoided (Lin et al. 2005a; Lin et al. 2005b). The purification of succinic acid from fermentative synthesis normally amounts more than 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 50% of the total production costs. Furthermore, the purification of succinic acid has been explored using electrodialysis, precipitation, and extraction with purities between 80 and 99% and efficiencies between 70 and 80% (Datta et al. 1992; Glassner and Datta 1992; 16 Huh et al. 2006). Succinic acid can be directly modified to other biobased building blocks or to precursors with a potential use at industrial scale. Three succinate derivatives with major applications are obtained through hydrogenation routes. These are ‐ butyrolactone (GBL), 1,4‐butanediol (BDO), and tetrahydrofuran (THF). From these three, BDO has a wide application as industrial solvent and recently it has been used as raw material for polyesters, such as polybutylene terephthalate and polybutylene succinate (GS Pla®, Bionolle®), resins, automotive, and electrical parts. The potential market for products based on succinic acid is estimated at 270 ktonne.yr‐1 (Willke and Vorlop 2004), while BDO has a global market of 1,300 ktonne.yr‐1 (Delhomme et al. 2009). 2.2. 1,4:3,6-Dianhydrohexitols (DAH) 1,4:3,6‐Dianhydrohexitol (DAH) is the name for 1,4:3,6‐dianhydro‐D‐glucitol or isosorbide; 1,4:3,6‐dianhydro‐D‐mannitol or isomannide; and 1,4:3,6‐dianhydro‐L‐iditol or
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mitsubishi Chemical Sustainability Report 2018
    Plant-Derived, Biodegradable Plastic BioPBS™ Relevant SDG SDG 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Striving toward Sustainable Production We are now facing such global-scale risks as accelerating climate change, the depletion of natural resources, disparities in water resource distribution, expanding and graying populations, and food and agricultural issues. Given this critical situation, as a chemical company, we believe it is our mission to realize, through innovation, the efficient use of natural resources and energy, the utilization of renewable resources, and the reduction of environmental burden and to thereby enhance environmental and social sustainability. Initiatives to replace non-renewable petroleum with renewable biomass as the raw material for plastic produc- tion are helping to more efficiently use resources and greatly contribute to ensuring sustainable production, part of one of the SDGs. At the same time, making plastics biodegradable while retaining their useful proper- ties makes it easier for them to break down in the environment, helping to reduce environmental burden. With BioPBS™, a renewably sourced and biodegradable product, Mitsubishi Chemical (MCC) has developed a plastic that offers both of these unrelated attributes. Features of BioPBS™ Polybutylene succinate (PBS) is an aliphatic polyester resin made from succinic acid and 1,4-butanediol, two raw ingredients typically manufactured from petroleum. In contrast, BioPBS™ is made with succinic acid derived from plant materials, a renewable resource. Its excellent biodegradability at low temperatures—ulti- mately breaking down into water and CO2—sets it apart from other biodegradable plastics like polylactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT). BioPBS™ also boasts such outstanding qualities as low-temperature heat sealability, compatibility with other materials, heat resistance and flexibility.
    [Show full text]
  • Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastics – Facts and Figures Focus on Food Packaging in the Netherlands
    Bio-based and biodegradable plastics – Facts and Figures Focus on food packaging in the Netherlands Martien van den Oever, Karin Molenveld, Maarten van der Zee, Harriëtte Bos Rapport nr. 1722 Bio-based and biodegradable plastics - Facts and Figures Focus on food packaging in the Netherlands Martien van den Oever, Karin Molenveld, Maarten van der Zee, Harriëtte Bos Report 1722 Colophon Title Bio-based and biodegradable plastics - Facts and Figures Author(s) Martien van den Oever, Karin Molenveld, Maarten van der Zee, Harriëtte Bos Number Wageningen Food & Biobased Research number 1722 ISBN-number 978-94-6343-121-7 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/408350 Date of publication April 2017 Version Concept Confidentiality No/yes+date of expiration OPD code OPD code Approved by Christiaan Bolck Review Intern Name reviewer Christaan Bolck Sponsor RVO.nl + Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs Client RVO.nl + Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs Wageningen Food & Biobased Research P.O. Box 17 NL-6700 AA Wageningen Tel: +31 (0)317 480 084 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.wur.nl/foodandbiobased-research © Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, institute within the legal entity Stichting Wageningen Research All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system of any nature, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. The publisher does not accept any liability for inaccuracies in this report. 2 © Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, institute within the legal entity Stichting Wageningen Research Preface For over 25 years Wageningen Food & Biobased Research (WFBR) is involved in research and development of bio-based materials and products.
    [Show full text]
  • A Glimpse of Biodegradable Polymers and Their Biomedical Applications
    Spec. Matrices 2019; 7:1–19 Research Article Open Access Kazumasa Nomura* and Paul Terwilliger e-Polymers 2019; 19: 385–410 Self-dual Leonard pairs Review Article Open Access https://doi.org/10.1515/spma-2019-0001 Received May 8, 2018; accepted September 22, 2018 Tejas V. Shah and Dilip V. Vasava* Abstract: Let F denote a eld and let V denote a vector space over F with nite positive dimension. Consider A glimpse of biodegradablea pair A, A∗ of diagonalizable polymersF-linear maps and on V ,their each of which acts on an eigenbasis for the other one in an irreducible tridiagonal fashion. Such a pair is called a Leonard pair. We consider the self-dual case in which biomedical applicationsthere exists an automorphism of the endomorphism algebra of V that swaps A and A∗. Such an automorphism is unique, and called the duality A A∗. In the present paper we give a comprehensive description of this ↔ https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2019-0041 duality. In particular,NIPAM we - displayN-isopropylacrylamide an invertible F-linear map T on V such that the map X TXT− is the duality Received December 04, 2018; accepted March 29, 2019. → A A∗. We expressDEAMT -as N, a N-diethyl polynomial acrylamide in A and A∗. We describe how T acts on ags, decompositions, ↔ NVC - N-vinylcaprolactam Abstract: Over the past two decades, biodegradableand 24 bases for V. MVE - Methyl vinyl ether polymers (BPs) have been widely used in biomedical Keywords: LeonardPEO pair,- poly(ethylene tridiagonal matrix, oxide) self-dual applications such as drug carrier, gene delivery, tissue PPO - poly(propylene oxide) engineering, diagnosis, medical devices, and antibac- Classication: 17B37,15A21AAc - Acrylic acid terial/antifouling biomaterials.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Flammability and Smoke Emission of Rigid Polyurethane
    J Therm Anal Calorim DOI 10.1007/s10973-017-6294-4 Analysis of flammability and smoke emission of rigid polyurethane foams modified with nanoparticles and halogen-free fire retardants 1 1 2 1 Kamila Salasinska • Monika Borucka • Milena Leszczyn´ska • Wojciech Zatorski • 1 1 2 Maciej Celin´ski • Agnieszka Gajek • Joanna Ryszkowska Received: 30 November 2016 / Accepted: 8 March 2017 Ó The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract Using one-step method, rigid polyurethane Introduction foams were made, modified with developed fire retardant systems containing halogen-free flame retardants and Rigid polyurethane foams (RPUF) are used in many areas, nanofillers in the form of multi-walled carbon nanotubes or including construction industry as one of the best com- nanoscale titanium dioxide. The materials were subjected mercially available insulation materials. RPUF have very to a test using a cone calorimeter and smoke-generating good mechanical properties, resistance to aging and water chamber, and selected samples were further analyzed via and also atmospheric factors [1–4]. Unfortunately, rigid thermogravimetry and oxygen index. Moreover, the prod- polyurethane foams have also some disadvantages, among ucts of thermal degradation of selected samples were which special attention should be paid to flammability and identified using gas chromatography with mass spectrom- toxicity of the gas products emitted during thermal degra- eter. Conducted flammability tests confirmed the presence dation and combustion [5]. of a synergistic effect between the used nanofillers and Combustion of polymeric materials is an exothermic halogen-free flame retardants. It has been observed that the reaction of the catalytic oxidation of organic compounds carbonized layer, the formation of which favored the carried by energy supplied in the form of heat and forming presence of nanoadditives, inhibits the combustion process.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance Materials Solutions for the Polymer Industry Table of Contents Improving Well-Being by Offering the Best of Nature
    PERFORMANCE MATERIALS SOLUTIONS FOR THE POLYMER INDUSTRY TABLE OF CONTENTS IMPROVING WELL-BEING BY OFFERING THE BEST OF NATURE Roquette is a global leader in plant-based ingredients, Roquette provides high performing, innovative and a pioneer of plant proteins and a leading provider of sustainable plant-based solutions for industrial pharmaceutical excipients. applications. In collaboration with its customers and partners, the group addresses current and future societal challenges by unlocking the potential of nature to offer the best ingredients for food, nutrition and health markets. These ingredients respond to unique and essential needs, enable healthier lifestyles and are critical components of life-saving medicines. Thanks to a constant drive for innovation and a long- term vision, the group is committed to improving the well-being of millions of people all over the world while taking care of resources and territories. Roquette currently operates in over 100 countries, has a turnover of around 3.7 billion euros and employs 8,670 people worldwide. Roquette is a monomer producer from 100% biomass feedstock to serve brand owners and consumers. ROQUETTE GROUP KEY FIGURES 100+countries served 5000+customers years85 of industrial 8670employees by ONE Global and operational Commercial Network excellence 45+nationalities industrial25 sites patents40 / year €3.7bn turnover 300+R&D workforce PRODUCTION EXPERTISE STARCH PRODUCTION SCHEME Native starch Drying STARCH = o po r f lyme ts glu ni Modification cose u Hydrolysis Enzymes Modified starch
    [Show full text]
  • Microplastic Extraction Protocols Can Impact the Polymer Structure
    Pfohl et al. Microplastics and Nanoplastics (2021) 1:8 Microplastics and https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-021-00009-9 Nanoplastics RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Microplastic extraction protocols can impact the polymer structure Patrizia Pfohl1, Christian Roth1, Lars Meyer1, Ute Heinemeyer1, Till Gruendling1, Christiane Lang1, Nikolaus Nestle1, Thilo Hofmann2, Wendel Wohlleben1 and Sarah Jessl1,3* Abstract Although microplastics are ubiquitous in today’s natural environments, our understanding of the materials, quantities, and particle sizes involved remains limited. The recovery of microplastics from different types of environmental matrices requires standardized matrix digestion protocols that allow inter-laboratory comparisons and that have no effect on the polymers themselves. A number of commonly used digestion methods rely on oxidation with concentrated hydrogen peroxide solutions to remove organic matter from the matrix. However, this can alter the nature of polymers through hydrolysis and often does not lead to a complete matrix removal. We have therefore investigated the use of two altered matrix digestion protocols, an acidic (Fenton) protocol and a new alkaline (Basic Piranha) protocol, focusing mainly on the effect on biodegradable polymers (polylactide, polybutylene adipate terephthalate, polybutylene succinate) and polymers with known degradation pathways via hydrolysis (thermoplastic polyurethanes, polyamide). Comparing the initial surface textures, chemical compositions, and particle size distributions with those obtained after
    [Show full text]
  • Print This Article
    PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE bioresources.com Mimusops elengi Seed Shell Powder as a New Bio-Filler for Polypropylene-based Bio-Composites Mathialagan Muniyadi,a,* Tiffany Yit Siew Ng,a Yamuna Munusamy,a and Zhong Xian Ooi b Mimusops elengi seed shell powder (MESSP) was introduced as a new bio-filler in polypropylene (PP). The MESSP was characterized using a particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and a thermogravimetric analyzer. MESSP was successfully melt mixed with polypropylene to produce bio- composite at various MESSP loading. The processability and properties of the bio-composites were characterized by using processing torques, differential scanning calorimetry, tensile test, water absorption, and SEM. The processability of PP was not affected by the addition of MESSP, which was revealed from the minimum changes in the processing torques, melting temperature, crystallization temperature, and degree of crystallinity. The tensile strength and elastic modulus of the bio- composites were improved with an addition of MESSP of up to 10 wt.%. However, the elongation at break and resistance to water absorption decreased slightly with increased MESSP loading. Morphological observations revealed that the MESSP showed good dispersion and adhesion in the PP matrix of up to 5 wt.% MESSP. Above 5 wt.% MESSP, agglomerates formed, which influenced the physical- mechanical properties of the PP and MESSP bio-composites. Results indicated that PP/MESSP composites can be used to replace PP in
    [Show full text]
  • Flavor Scalping of a Bio-Based Polymer Predicted by HSP Sander Van Loon – Dec 13, 2018 TAGS: Science-Based Formulation Bio-Based Solutions
    https://polymer-additives.specialchem.com/tech-library/article/flavor-scalping-of-a-biobased- polymer-predicted-by-hsp Article Flavor Scalping of a Bio-based Polymer Predicted by HSP Sander van Loon – Dec 13, 2018 TAGS: Science-based Formulation Bio-based Solutions Packing continues to be one of the biggest markets for plastics. But, there are growing environmental concerns due to the origin of petrochemicals and long life-cycles of plastics. Though recycling has become much more widespread, roadblocks still remain. This has caused the industry & the scientific community to search for alternatives. One such route is via bio-based polymers. The European Standard EN 16575:2014 ‘Bio-based products – Vocabulary’ defines the term bio- based product refers to products wholly or partly derived from biomass, such as plants, trees or animals (the biomass can have undergone physical, chemical or biological treatment). The key to successful implementation of bio-based polymers to replace traditional polymers is to know as much as possible about the material before starting processing. To do this quickly, instead of trial-and-error testing, you can use Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSP). With HSP, you can quickly: • Characterize new materials • Predict practical solutions for the solubility and compatibility of new materials Hansen Solubility Space https://polymer-additives.specialchem.com/tech-library/article/flavor-scalping-of-a-biobased- polymer-predicted-by-hsp To understand how to apply this in practice, let’s take 2 such bio-based polymers, which help address the environmental concerns in two different ways. 1. Bio-polybutylene succinate, and 2. Bio-polybutylene succinate adipate Bio-PBS and Bio-PBSA are bio-based polymers from PTTMC.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Date February 3, 2016 2. Name of Applicant/Notifier PTT MCC
    Environmental Assessment for Food Contact Notification FCN 1643 http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/EnvironmentalDecisions/default.htm 1. Date February 3, 2016 2. Name of Applicant/Notifier PTT MCC Biochem Company Limited 3. Address All communications on this matter are to be sent in care of Counsel for Notifier, Pamela L. Langhorn, Keller and Heckman LLP, 1001 G Street, NW, Suite 500 West, Washington, DC 20001. Telephone: (202) 434-4291. 4. Description of the Proposed Action The action requested in this Food Contact Notification (FCN) is clearance for the food contact substance (FCS), polybutylene succinate adipate cross-linked with malic acid, for use as a polymer in the manufacture of food-contact articles in contact with all foods, except alcoholic foods, under Conditions of Use C (“Hot filled or pasteurized above 150oF”) through G (“Frozen storage (no thermal treatment in the container)”). Uses of the FCS include films, coatings, molded articles, and thermoformed articles. Examples of food packaging materials that may be prepared from the FCS include stand-alone films used as food wraps, coatings on paper and paperboard, laminate seals for flexible packaging, injection molded food-contact articles, and thermoformed food-contact articles such as food trays. The FCS is a soft and flexible polymer that provides greater adhesion strength compared to current polymers in the market place. In paper and paperboard specifically, the FCS is intended to provide a protective layer that prevents food from penetrating into the paper and paperboard structure, leading to soaking and reduced structural strength. The FCS will be used in single-use food-contact applications.
    [Show full text]
  • Applicability of Analytical Tools, Test Methods and Models for Polymer Risk Assessment
    Applicability of Analytical Tools, Test Methods and Models for Polymer Risk Assessment Technical Report No. 133-2 EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR ECOTOXICOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY OF CHEMICALS Applicability of Analytical Tools, Test Methods and Models for Polymer Risk Assessment Technical Report No. 133-2 Version 1 - March 2020 DISCLAIMER: This Technical Report reflects current experience and knowledge and shall be adapted, amended and refined as new evidence on polymer risk assessment becomes available. Brussels, March 2020 ISSN-2079-1526-133-2 (online) Applicability of Analytical Tools, Test Methods and Models for Polymer Risk Assessment ECETOC Technical Report No. 133-2 © Copyright – ECETOC AISBL European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals Rue Belliard 40, B-1040 Brussels, Belgium. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, copied, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. Applications to reproduce, store, copy or translate should be made to the Secretary General. ECETOC welcomes such applications. Reference to the document, its title and summary may be copied or abstracted in data retrieval systems without subsequent reference. The content of this document has been prepared and reviewed by experts on behalf of ECETOC with all possible care and from the available scientific information. It is provided for information only. ECETOC cannot accept any responsibility
    [Show full text]
  • Biopolymers, Facts and Statistics 2019 – 3 BIOPLASTICS 2 Process Routes Old Economy New Economy
    Biopolymers facts and statistics 2019 Production capacities, processing routes, feedstock, land and water use 1 Introduction and background 3 1 Introduction and background 2 Process routes, feedstock, land and water use 5 The IfBB – Institute for Bioplastics and Biocomposites is a re­ Glossary 6 search institute within the Hochschule Hannover, University of 2.1 Bio-based polyesters 8 Applied Sciences and Arts. The IfBB was established in 2011 af­ 2.1.1 Polylactic acid (PLA) 8 ter more than a decade of on-going research activities in the field 2.1.2 Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) 10 of bioplastics to respond to the growing need for expert knowled­ ge in this area. With its practice­oriented research and its 2.1.3 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) 12 collaboration with industrial partners, the IfBB is able to shore 2.1.4 Polybutylene succinate adipate (PBSA) 15 up the market for bioplastics and, in addition, foster unbiased 2.1.5 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) 18 public awareness and understanding of the topic. 2.1.6 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio­PET) 21 As an independent research­led expert institution for biopla­ 2.2 Bio-based polyolefins 24 stics, the IfBB is willing to share its expertise, research findings 2.2.1 Polyethylene (Bio­PE) 24 and data with any interested party via online and offline publi­ cations or at fairs and conferences. In carrying on these efforts, 2.3 Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) 26 substantial information regarding market trends, processes and 2.3.1 Homopolyamides 26 resource needs for bioplastics are being presented here in a 2.3.1.1 Bio­PA 6 26 concise format, in addition to the more detailed and compre­ hensive publica tion “Engineering Biopolymers”1.
    [Show full text]
  • Biobased and Biodegradable Plastics
    THE NORWEGIAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastics An Assessment of the Value Chain for Bio- Based and Biodegradable Plastics in Norway Project report Prosjekt/ 1446 Rapportdato/ 30.november.2018 Project no: Report date: M-nummer: M-1206|2018 Distribusjon/ [Fyll inn] Miljødirektoratets Distribution: nummerserie Tittel/ Bio-Based and Biodegradable Title: Plastics Forfatter(e)/ Simon Hann Antall sider/ 61 Author(s): Rosy Scholes Number of pages: Rebecca Briedis Kathrine Kirkevaag Antall vedlegg/ [Fyll inn] Attachments: Oppdragsgiver/ Norwegian Environment Agency Kontaktperson/ Andreas Andersen Client: Contact person: Executive Summary: This report aims to give a description of the value chain for bio-based and biodegradable plastics on a global and national scale. Common bio-based and biodegradable materials based on their feedstock and traits: • Biobased and biodegradable: PLA, PHAs, starch blends incl. Mater-Bi, bio-PBS(A) • Fossil-based and biodegradable: PBAT, PBS(A), PCL, PVA • Bio-based and non-biodegradable: bio-PET, bio-PE, PEF, bio-PP, bio-PAs, PTT Raw materials come from forestry, agriculture, residues, bio-waste and other sources. Important bio- based feedstocks and the material types that can be produced using these feedstocks: • Sugarcane: PLA, PHAs, bio-PBS(A), bio-PET, bio-PE, PEF, bio-PP, bio-PAs, PTT • Sugarbeet: PLA, PHAs, bio-PBS(A), bio-PET, bio-PE, PEF, bio-PP, bio-PAs, PTT • Corn: PLA, PHAs, starch blends, bio-PBS(A), bio-PE, PEF, bio-PP, bio-PAs, PTT • Potato: PLA, PHAs, starch blends, bio-PBS(A), bio-PE, PEF, bio-PP, bio-PAs, PTT • Wheat: PLA, PHAsstarch blends, bio-PBS(A), bio-PE, PEF, bio-PP, bio-PAs, PTT • Castor seed oil: bio-PAs • Biomass: PBAT, PBS 0.016 % of the global agricultural areas is used to grow bio-based and biodegradable plastic feedstocks.
    [Show full text]