DOCSLIB.ORG

A Glimpse of Biodegradable Polymers and Their Biomedical Applications

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Glimpse of Biodegradable Polymers and Their Biomedical Applications Spec. Matrices 2019; 7:1–19 Research Article Open Access Kazumasa Nomura* and Paul Terwilliger e-Polymers 2019; 19: 385–410 Self-dual Leonard pairs Review Article Open Access https://doi.org/10.1515/spma-2019-0001 Received May 8, 2018; accepted September 22, 2018 Tejas V. Shah and Dilip V. Vasava* Abstract: Let F denote a eld and let V denote a vector space over F with nite positive dimension. Consider A glimpse of biodegradablea pair A, A∗ of diagonalizable polymersF-linear maps and on V ,their each of which acts on an eigenbasis for the other one in an irreducible tridiagonal fashion. Such a pair is called a Leonard pair. We consider the self-dual case in which biomedical applicationsthere exists an automorphism of the endomorphism algebra of V that swaps A and A∗. Such an automorphism is unique, and called the duality A A∗. In the present paper we give a comprehensive description of this ↔ https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2019-0041 duality. In particular,NIPAM we - displayN-isopropylacrylamide an invertible F-linear map T on V such that the map X TXT− is the duality Received December 04, 2018; accepted March 29, 2019. → A A∗. We expressDEAMT -as N, a N-diethyl polynomial acrylamide in A and A∗. We describe how T acts on ags, decompositions, ↔ NVC - N-vinylcaprolactam Abstract: Over the past two decades, biodegradableand 24 bases for V. MVE - Methyl vinyl ether polymers (BPs) have been widely used in biomedical Keywords: LeonardPEO pair,- poly(ethylene tridiagonal matrix, oxide) self-dual applications such as drug carrier, gene delivery, tissue PPO - poly(propylene oxide) engineering, diagnosis, medical devices, and antibac- Classication: 17B37,15A21AAc - Acrylic acid terial/antifouling biomaterials. This can be attributed AAm - Acrylamide to numerous factors such as chemical, mechanical and physiochemical properties of BPs, their improved pro- cessibility, functionality and sensitivity towards Introduction stimuli. The present review intended to highlight main results 1 Introduction of research on advances and improvements in terms of Let F denote aPetroleum-based eld and let V denote polymers a vector (commonly space over knownF with as nite positive dimension. We consider a synthesis, physical properties, stimuli response, and/or pair A, A∗ of diagonalizablePlastics) haveF been-linear used maps since on Va ,long each time of which due to acts its on an eigenbasis for the other one in an applicability of biodegradable plastics (BPs) during last irreducible tridiagonalhandiness, fashion. durability, Such aflexibility pair is called and a Leonardless reactivity pair (see [13, Denition 1.1]). The Leonard pair two decades, and its biomedical applications. Recent A, A∗ is said totowards be self-dual the wheneverwater and there other exists chemicals, an automorphism also these of the endomorphism algebra of V that literature relevant to this study has been cited and their swaps A and A∗products. In this caseare sucheasy anand automorphism cheaper to isprocess. unique, These and called the duality A A∗. developing trends and challenges of BPs have also been ↔ properties allow synthetic plastics to be broadly used in discussed. The literature contains many examples of self-dual Leonard pairs. For instance (i) the Leonard pair associ- ated with an irreduciblemany fields module (1). The for demand the Terwilliger for plastic algebra is boosting of the hypercubeday (see [4, Corollaries 6.8, 8.5]); (ii) a by day, the production of plastic was between 280-290 Keywords: biodegradable polymers; polylacticLeonard acid; drug pair of Krawtchouk type (see [10, Denition 6.1]); (iii) the Leonard pair associated with an irreducible million tons in 2012, exceeded 300 million tons in 2014. delivery; orthopedic application; tissue engineeringmodule for the Terwilliger algebra of a distance-regular graph that has a spin model in the Bose-Mesner alge- It is alleged that only half of this plastic, has been bra (see [1, Theorem], [3, Theorems 4.1, 5.5]); (iv) an appropriately normalized totally bipartite Leonard pair collected for recycling or reuse, while others have been Abbreviations (see [11, Lemmaremained 14.8]); (v) littered the Leonard or thrown pair away consisting in the of oceans any two (2-4). of a modular Leonard triple A, B, C (see [2, PGA - poly(glycolic acid) Denition 1.4]);Most (vi) theof the Leonard petroleum-derived pair consisting polymers of a pair are of resistant opposite generators for the q-tetrahedron alge- PCL - poly(ε-caprolactone) bra, acting on anto evaluationdegradation module and many (see of [5, them Proposition release 9.2]).toxic Thegases, example (i) is a special case of (ii), and the PBS - polybutylene succinate examples (iii), (iv)upon are incineration, special cases they of trigger (v). the pollution and global PBSA - poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) Let A, A∗ denotewarming. a Leonard Whereas, pair sites on V to. We bury can this determine waste are whether also A, A∗ is self-dual in the following way. d PTMAT - poly (methylene adipate-co- terephthalate)By [13, Lemma 1.3]limited. each Thus, eigenspace upon being of A ,discarded,A∗ has dimension they put a one. serious Let θ denote an ordering of the eigen- { i}i= PVA - polyvinyl alcohol impact on the environment and surroundings (5-9). d values of A. For ≤ i ≤ d let vi denote a θi-eigenvector for A. The ordering θi i= is said to be standard PLA - poly(lactic acid) However, to conquerd the drawbacks of the synthetic { } d whenever A∗ acts on the basis vi i= in an irreducible tridiagonal fashion. If the ordering θi i= is standard PDLA - poly (D- lactic acid) plastics, dresearchers{ } are intensifying their efforts in { } then the ordering θd−i i= is also standard, and no further ordering is standard. Similar comments apply to PHB - poly(hydroxybutyrate) d the{ development} of biodegradable plastics (BPs). d A∗. Let θ denote a standard ordering of the eigenvalues of A. Then A, A∗ is self-dual if and only if θ PBS - polybutylene succinate { i}i= These polymers are vulnerable by variation in pH and { i}i= PBAT - poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)is a standard orderingtemperature, of the eigenvaluesenzymatic and of A ∗non-enzymatic(see [7, Proposition actions 8.7]). of micro-organisms, oxidation, reduction, light which scissions them in smaller portions which are further degraded into simpler and non-harmful products such * Corresponding author: Dilip V. Vasava, Department*Corresponding of Chemistry, Author: Kazumasa Nomura: Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, 272-0827,Japan, as CO2, CH4, water, and hummus. BPs can be used for School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad,E-mail: [email protected] packaging materials, disposable non-woven, hygiene Gujarat- 380009, India, email: [email protected] Terwilliger: Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI53706, USA, E-mail: products, consumer goods, agricultural tools, and much Tejas V. Shah, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences,[email protected] Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat- 380009, India. more (10-13). Open Access. © 2019 Shah and Vasava, published byOpen De Gruyter. Access. ©This2019 work Kazumasa is licensed Nomura under and the Paul Creative Terwilliger, Commons published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution alone 4.0 License. Attribution alone 4.0 License. 386 T.V. Shah and D.V. Vasava: A glimpse of biodegradable polymers and their biomedical applications by authors over the globe with their claimed biomedical uses have been communicated in detail. Drug delivery, orthopedics and couple of other applications and trends of degradable polymers are also highlighted. 2 Common polymers used for biomedical applications 2.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) Polyhydroxyalkanoates are the versatile class of biodegrad- able and biocompatible polyesters produced by micro- Figure 1: Classification of biodegradable plastics. organisms as an energy storage material via fermentation process under stressed conditions. A number of bacterial BPs can be classified into three major classes (3,10,14) species from both gram-positive and gram-negative species (Figure 1): are capable of producing PHA ranging from 30-80% of their cellular dry weight. The general formula of PHA is given in (I) Natural polymers: These are the polymers which are Figure 2, and till date more than 150 types of different PHA derived directly from the natural sources monomers have been identified and classified, thus allowing (II) Semi-synthetic polymers: These are the polymers a possibility of preparing an extensive range of polymers and in which raw material is obtained from nature, but copolymers with different properties (34-37). polymerization takes place after some chemical Few common monomers of this family are presented modification. in Table 1. (III) Synthetic polymers: These are purely synthetic Monomer units in PHA possess D (-) configuration and polymers derived from chemical synthesis. the molecular mass of PHA depending upon the source, Owing to their outstanding biocompatibility, low ranges from 50,000 to 1,000,000 Da. In general, PHAs toxicity and chemically tunable properties, biodegradable contain 1 to 14 carbon atoms at C-3 position, and thus polymers have become excellent materials for biomedical can also be classified into three subcategories depending applications and by observing the recent literature, it is upon number of carbons at C-3 position as: not exaggerating to say that, BPs have rife applications in a) short chain
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Extrusion Foaming of Bioplastics for Lightweight Structure in Food Packaging
    EXTRUSION FOAMING OF BIOPLASTICS FOR LIGHTWEIGHT STRUCTURE IN FOOD PACKAGING A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Sitthi Duangphet School of Engineering and Design Brunel University December 2012 i Abstract This thesis reports the systematic approaches to overcome the key drawbacks of the pure PHBV, namely low crystallisation rate, tensile strength, ductility, melt viscosity, thermal stability and high materials cost. The physical, mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of the pure PHBV were studied systematically first to lay a solid foundation for formulation development. The influence of blending with other biopolymers, inclusion of filler, and chain extender additives in terms of mechanical properties, rheology, thermal decomposition and crystallization kinetics were then followed. Creating lightweight structures by foaming is considered to be one of the effective ways to reduce material consumption, hence the reduction of density and morphology of PHBV-based foams using extrusion foaming technique were studied comprehensively in terms of extrusion conditions (temperature profiles, screw speed and material feeding rate) and the blowing agent content. The material cost reduction was achieved by adding low-cost filler (e.g. CaCO3) and reduction of density by foaming. The thermal instability was enhanced by incorporation of chain extender (e.g. Joncryl) and blending with a high thermal stability biopolymer (e.g. PBAT). The polymer blend also improved the ductility. Adding nucleation agent enhanced the crystallization rate to reduce stickiness of extruded sheet. The final formulation (PHBV/PBAT/CaCO3 composite) was successfully extruded into high quality sheet and thermoformed to produce prototype trays in an industrial scale trial. The effect of the extrusion conditions (temperature profiles, screw speed and material feeding rate) and the blowing agent content are correlated to the density reduction of the foams.
    [Show full text]
  • Mitsubishi Chemical Sustainability Report 2018
    Plant-Derived, Biodegradable Plastic BioPBS™ Relevant SDG SDG 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Striving toward Sustainable Production We are now facing such global-scale risks as accelerating climate change, the depletion of natural resources, disparities in water resource distribution, expanding and graying populations, and food and agricultural issues. Given this critical situation, as a chemical company, we believe it is our mission to realize, through innovation, the efficient use of natural resources and energy, the utilization of renewable resources, and the reduction of environmental burden and to thereby enhance environmental and social sustainability. Initiatives to replace non-renewable petroleum with renewable biomass as the raw material for plastic produc- tion are helping to more efficiently use resources and greatly contribute to ensuring sustainable production, part of one of the SDGs. At the same time, making plastics biodegradable while retaining their useful proper- ties makes it easier for them to break down in the environment, helping to reduce environmental burden. With BioPBS™, a renewably sourced and biodegradable product, Mitsubishi Chemical (MCC) has developed a plastic that offers both of these unrelated attributes. Features of BioPBS™ Polybutylene succinate (PBS) is an aliphatic polyester resin made from succinic acid and 1,4-butanediol, two raw ingredients typically manufactured from petroleum. In contrast, BioPBS™ is made with succinic acid derived from plant materials, a renewable resource. Its excellent biodegradability at low temperatures—ulti- mately breaking down into water and CO2—sets it apart from other biodegradable plastics like polylactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT). BioPBS™ also boasts such outstanding qualities as low-temperature heat sealability, compatibility with other materials, heat resistance and flexibility.
    [Show full text]
  • Blown Films for Chilled and Frozen Food Packaging Applications
    polymers Article Evaluation of the Suitability of Poly(Lactide)/Poly(Butylene-Adipate-co-Terephthalate) Blown Films for Chilled and Frozen Food Packaging Applications Arianna Pietrosanto, Paola Scarfato * , Luciano Di Maio , Maria Rossella Nobile and Loredana Incarnato Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (L.D.M.); [email protected] (M.R.N.); [email protected] (L.I.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 20 December 2019; Accepted: 12 March 2020; Published: 3 April 2020 Abstract: The use of biopolymers can reduce the environmental impact generated by plastic materials. Among biopolymers, blends made of poly(lactide) (PLA) and poly(butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) prove to have adequate performances for food packaging applications. Therefore, the present work deals with the production and the characterization of blown films based on PLA and PBAT blends in a wide range of compositions, in order to evaluate their suitability as chilled and frozen food packaging materials, thus extending their range of applications. The blends were fully characterized: they showed the typical two-phase structure, with a morphology varying from fibrillar to globular in accordance with their viscosity ratio. The increase of PBAT content in the blends led to a decrease of the barrier properties to oxygen and water vapor, and to an increase of the toughness of the films. The mechanical properties of the most ductile blends were also evaluated at 4 C and 25 C. The ◦ − ◦ decrease in temperature caused an increase of the stiffness and a decrease of the ductility of the films to a different extent, depending upon the blend composition.
    [Show full text]
  • Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastics – Facts and Figures Focus on Food Packaging in the Netherlands
    Bio-based and biodegradable plastics – Facts and Figures Focus on food packaging in the Netherlands Martien van den Oever, Karin Molenveld, Maarten van der Zee, Harriëtte Bos Rapport nr. 1722 Bio-based and biodegradable plastics - Facts and Figures Focus on food packaging in the Netherlands Martien van den Oever, Karin Molenveld, Maarten van der Zee, Harriëtte Bos Report 1722 Colophon Title Bio-based and biodegradable plastics - Facts and Figures Author(s) Martien van den Oever, Karin Molenveld, Maarten van der Zee, Harriëtte Bos Number Wageningen Food & Biobased Research number 1722 ISBN-number 978-94-6343-121-7 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/408350 Date of publication April 2017 Version Concept Confidentiality No/yes+date of expiration OPD code OPD code Approved by Christiaan Bolck Review Intern Name reviewer Christaan Bolck Sponsor RVO.nl + Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs Client RVO.nl + Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs Wageningen Food & Biobased Research P.O. Box 17 NL-6700 AA Wageningen Tel: +31 (0)317 480 084 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.wur.nl/foodandbiobased-research © Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, institute within the legal entity Stichting Wageningen Research All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system of any nature, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. The publisher does not accept any liability for inaccuracies in this report. 2 © Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, institute within the legal entity Stichting Wageningen Research Preface For over 25 years Wageningen Food & Biobased Research (WFBR) is involved in research and development of bio-based materials and products.
    [Show full text]
  • High Performance Ester Plasticizers
    High Performance Ester Plasticizers Abstract Traditional elastomer polymers, such as nitrile, polychloroprene, chlorinated polyethylene and chlorosulfonated polyethylene, have for years used moderate- to low- performance ester plasticizers. However, longevity requirements for rubber articles made from these elastomers have created a need for higher-performance ester plasticizers. With the increasing high-temperature demands required by automotive, other elastomers such as acrylic, high-saturated nitrile, epichlorohydrin and ethylene propylene diene monomer EPDM are replacing the more traditional elastomers. Plasticizers commonly used for the traditional and the high-temperature polymers are extractable, incompatible or too volatile. This paper provides information on plasticizers that are designed for traditional elastomers and high-performance polymers. The test data will include heat aging, extraction by hydrocarbons and low-temperature as molded after aging. The information provided indicates that the permanence of the plasticizer after these various agings is the key to the retention of physical properties. Introduction End uses for elastomer compounds are quite diverse, but they can be loosely categorized as being either general performance or higher performance applications. Each of these performance categories requires a different set of considerations in terms of compounding with ester plasticizers. An ester plasticizer, in its simplest concept, is a high-boiling organic solvent that when added to an elastomeric polymer reduces stiffness and permits easier processing.1 For general performance applications, compounders require moderate performance in several areas without particular emphasis on any one. Some general performance ester plasticizers used in the marketplace today are DOA, DIDA, DIDP, DOP, DINP and other phthalates and adipates made from straight-chain alcohols of 7–11 carbons in length.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Flammability and Smoke Emission of Rigid Polyurethane
    J Therm Anal Calorim DOI 10.1007/s10973-017-6294-4 Analysis of flammability and smoke emission of rigid polyurethane foams modified with nanoparticles and halogen-free fire retardants 1 1 2 1 Kamila Salasinska • Monika Borucka • Milena Leszczyn´ska • Wojciech Zatorski • 1 1 2 Maciej Celin´ski • Agnieszka Gajek • Joanna Ryszkowska Received: 30 November 2016 / Accepted: 8 March 2017 Ó The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract Using one-step method, rigid polyurethane Introduction foams were made, modified with developed fire retardant systems containing halogen-free flame retardants and Rigid polyurethane foams (RPUF) are used in many areas, nanofillers in the form of multi-walled carbon nanotubes or including construction industry as one of the best com- nanoscale titanium dioxide. The materials were subjected mercially available insulation materials. RPUF have very to a test using a cone calorimeter and smoke-generating good mechanical properties, resistance to aging and water chamber, and selected samples were further analyzed via and also atmospheric factors [1–4]. Unfortunately, rigid thermogravimetry and oxygen index. Moreover, the prod- polyurethane foams have also some disadvantages, among ucts of thermal degradation of selected samples were which special attention should be paid to flammability and identified using gas chromatography with mass spectrom- toxicity of the gas products emitted during thermal degra- eter. Conducted flammability tests confirmed the presence dation and combustion [5]. of a synergistic effect between the used nanofillers and Combustion of polymeric materials is an exothermic halogen-free flame retardants. It has been observed that the reaction of the catalytic oxidation of organic compounds carbonized layer, the formation of which favored the carried by energy supplied in the form of heat and forming presence of nanoadditives, inhibits the combustion process.
    [Show full text]
  • Bio-Based Food Packaging in Sustainable Development
    Bio-based food packaging in Sustainable Development Challenges and opportunities to utilize biomass residues from agriculture and forestry as a feedstock for bio-based food packaging Author: Rubie van Crevel, intern Supervisor: Valeria Khristolyubova, Officer Forest Products Team Forestry Policy and Resources Division February 2016-June 2016 Table of contents Executive summary ......................................................................................................................... 4 1. Bio-based food packaging as a function of sustainable development ....................................... 7 2. Food packaging materials and environmental concerns .......................................................... 10 2.1 Methodology to assess environmental performances of a packaging material ................ 10 Life cycle thinking .................................................................................................................. 10 Life Cycle Assessment ........................................................................................................... 10 Limitations of Life Cycle Assessments .................................................................................. 12 2.2 Bio-based feedstock ............................................................................................................ 13 Defining bio-based products ................................................................................................. 13 Primary versus secondary biomass resources .....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Biodegradation and Hydrolysis Rate of Aliphatic Aromatic Polyester
    Polymer Degradation and Stability 95 (2010) 2641e2647 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Polymer Degradation and Stability journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/polydegstab Biodegradation and hydrolysis rate of aliphatic aromatic polyester Thitisilp Kijchavengkul a, Rafael Auras a,*, Maria Rubino a, Susan Selke a, Mathieu Ngouajio b, R. Thomas Fernandez b a School of Packaging, Packaging Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1223, USA b Department of Horticulture, Plant & Soil Science Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1223, USA article info abstract Article history: The biodegradation and hydrolysis rates of an aliphatic aromatic copolyester were measured in manure, Received 20 April 2010 food, and yard compost environments and in phosphate buffer solution (pH ¼ 8.0) and vermiculite at Received in revised form 58 C. Mineralization, molecular weight reduction, and structural changes determined by DSC, FTIR, and 8 July 2010 1H NMR were used as indicators of the biodegradation and hydrolysis rates. Poly(butylene adipate- Accepted 26 July 2010 co-terephthalate), PBAT, film biodegraded at distinctive rates in manure, food, and yard compost envi- Available online 4 August 2010 ronments having different microbial activities. The highest biodegradation rate was found in manure compost, which had the highest CO emissions and lowest C/N ratio. The possible presence of extra- Keywords: 2 Mineralization cellular enzymes in manure and food composts may facilitate the hydrolytic reaction since greater 1 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) molecular weight reduction rates were observed in these composts. H NMR and thermal analysis PBAT revealed that, while PBAT is a semi-crystalline copolyester with cocrystallization of BT and BA dimers, the Composting soft aliphatic domain (BA) and the amorphous region are more susceptible to hydrolysis and biodeg- radation than the rigid aromatic domain (BT) and the crystalline region.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance Materials Solutions for the Polymer Industry Table of Contents Improving Well-Being by Offering the Best of Nature
    PERFORMANCE MATERIALS SOLUTIONS FOR THE POLYMER INDUSTRY TABLE OF CONTENTS IMPROVING WELL-BEING BY OFFERING THE BEST OF NATURE Roquette is a global leader in plant-based ingredients, Roquette provides high performing, innovative and a pioneer of plant proteins and a leading provider of sustainable plant-based solutions for industrial pharmaceutical excipients. applications. In collaboration with its customers and partners, the group addresses current and future societal challenges by unlocking the potential of nature to offer the best ingredients for food, nutrition and health markets. These ingredients respond to unique and essential needs, enable healthier lifestyles and are critical components of life-saving medicines. Thanks to a constant drive for innovation and a long- term vision, the group is committed to improving the well-being of millions of people all over the world while taking care of resources and territories. Roquette currently operates in over 100 countries, has a turnover of around 3.7 billion euros and employs 8,670 people worldwide. Roquette is a monomer producer from 100% biomass feedstock to serve brand owners and consumers. ROQUETTE GROUP KEY FIGURES 100+countries served 5000+customers years85 of industrial 8670employees by ONE Global and operational Commercial Network excellence 45+nationalities industrial25 sites patents40 / year €3.7bn turnover 300+R&D workforce PRODUCTION EXPERTISE STARCH PRODUCTION SCHEME Native starch Drying STARCH = o po r f lyme ts glu ni Modification cose u Hydrolysis Enzymes Modified starch
    [Show full text]
  • Microplastic Extraction Protocols Can Impact the Polymer Structure
    Pfohl et al. Microplastics and Nanoplastics (2021) 1:8 Microplastics and https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-021-00009-9 Nanoplastics RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Microplastic extraction protocols can impact the polymer structure Patrizia Pfohl1, Christian Roth1, Lars Meyer1, Ute Heinemeyer1, Till Gruendling1, Christiane Lang1, Nikolaus Nestle1, Thilo Hofmann2, Wendel Wohlleben1 and Sarah Jessl1,3* Abstract Although microplastics are ubiquitous in today’s natural environments, our understanding of the materials, quantities, and particle sizes involved remains limited. The recovery of microplastics from different types of environmental matrices requires standardized matrix digestion protocols that allow inter-laboratory comparisons and that have no effect on the polymers themselves. A number of commonly used digestion methods rely on oxidation with concentrated hydrogen peroxide solutions to remove organic matter from the matrix. However, this can alter the nature of polymers through hydrolysis and often does not lead to a complete matrix removal. We have therefore investigated the use of two altered matrix digestion protocols, an acidic (Fenton) protocol and a new alkaline (Basic Piranha) protocol, focusing mainly on the effect on biodegradable polymers (polylactide, polybutylene adipate terephthalate, polybutylene succinate) and polymers with known degradation pathways via hydrolysis (thermoplastic polyurethanes, polyamide). Comparing the initial surface textures, chemical compositions, and particle size distributions with those obtained after
    [Show full text]
  • Print This Article
    PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE bioresources.com Mimusops elengi Seed Shell Powder as a New Bio-Filler for Polypropylene-based Bio-Composites Mathialagan Muniyadi,a,* Tiffany Yit Siew Ng,a Yamuna Munusamy,a and Zhong Xian Ooi b Mimusops elengi seed shell powder (MESSP) was introduced as a new bio-filler in polypropylene (PP). The MESSP was characterized using a particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and a thermogravimetric analyzer. MESSP was successfully melt mixed with polypropylene to produce bio- composite at various MESSP loading. The processability and properties of the bio-composites were characterized by using processing torques, differential scanning calorimetry, tensile test, water absorption, and SEM. The processability of PP was not affected by the addition of MESSP, which was revealed from the minimum changes in the processing torques, melting temperature, crystallization temperature, and degree of crystallinity. The tensile strength and elastic modulus of the bio- composites were improved with an addition of MESSP of up to 10 wt.%. However, the elongation at break and resistance to water absorption decreased slightly with increased MESSP loading. Morphological observations revealed that the MESSP showed good dispersion and adhesion in the PP matrix of up to 5 wt.% MESSP. Above 5 wt.% MESSP, agglomerates formed, which influenced the physical- mechanical properties of the PP and MESSP bio-composites. Results indicated that PP/MESSP composites can be used to replace PP in
    [Show full text]
  • Flavor Scalping of a Bio-Based Polymer Predicted by HSP Sander Van Loon – Dec 13, 2018 TAGS: Science-Based Formulation Bio-Based Solutions
    https://polymer-additives.specialchem.com/tech-library/article/flavor-scalping-of-a-biobased- polymer-predicted-by-hsp Article Flavor Scalping of a Bio-based Polymer Predicted by HSP Sander van Loon – Dec 13, 2018 TAGS: Science-based Formulation Bio-based Solutions Packing continues to be one of the biggest markets for plastics. But, there are growing environmental concerns due to the origin of petrochemicals and long life-cycles of plastics. Though recycling has become much more widespread, roadblocks still remain. This has caused the industry & the scientific community to search for alternatives. One such route is via bio-based polymers. The European Standard EN 16575:2014 ‘Bio-based products – Vocabulary’ defines the term bio- based product refers to products wholly or partly derived from biomass, such as plants, trees or animals (the biomass can have undergone physical, chemical or biological treatment). The key to successful implementation of bio-based polymers to replace traditional polymers is to know as much as possible about the material before starting processing. To do this quickly, instead of trial-and-error testing, you can use Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSP). With HSP, you can quickly: • Characterize new materials • Predict practical solutions for the solubility and compatibility of new materials Hansen Solubility Space https://polymer-additives.specialchem.com/tech-library/article/flavor-scalping-of-a-biobased- polymer-predicted-by-hsp To understand how to apply this in practice, let’s take 2 such bio-based polymers, which help address the environmental concerns in two different ways. 1. Bio-polybutylene succinate, and 2. Bio-polybutylene succinate adipate Bio-PBS and Bio-PBSA are bio-based polymers from PTTMC.
    [Show full text]