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Studies on Early Modern Aristotelianism History of Science and Medicine Library Studies on Early Modern Aristotelianism History of Science and Medicine Library VOLUME 30 Scientific and Learned Cultures and Their Institutions Editor M. Feingold California Institute of Technology VOLUME 7 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/hsml Studies on Early Modern Aristotelianism By Paul Richard Blum LEIDEn • BOSTON 2012 Cover Illustration: Andreas Jaszlinsky, S.J.: Institutiones Logicae (Trnava, 1754). See Chapter 15 and Plate 1 (p. 281). This is a late, hybrid, rendering of the Porphyrian Tree. At the foot it is embellished with religious symbols: at the root is Adam’s skull branching into his descendents; to the left John the Baptist (with the Cross/Staff of Asclepius), accompanied by the Lamb of God; to the right Saint Peter with the cock; man, cock, and lamb are named as examples for species. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Blum, Paul Richard. Studies on early modern aristotelianism / by Paul Richard Blum. p. cm. — (History of science and medicine library ; v. 30) (Scientific and learned cultures and their institutions ; v. 7) Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 978-90-04-23218-1 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-23219-8 (e-book) 1. Catholic Church and philosophy—History. 2. Jesuits—Intellectual life—History. 3. Catholic learning and scholarship—History. 4. Aristotle. 5. Philosophy, Renaissance. 6. Philosophy, Medieval. 7. Philosophy, Modern. I. Title. BX1795.P47B58 2012 149’.91—dc23 2012015718 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.nl/brill-typeface. ISSN 1872-0684 ISBN 978 90 04 23218 1 (hardback) ISBN 978 90 04 23219 8 (e-book) Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS List of Illustrations .......................................................................................... ix Preface ................................................................................................................ xi PHILOSOPHY AT EARLY MODERN SCHOOLS Chapter One Philosophers’ Philosophy and School Philosophy ... 3 1.1 Philosophy is as Philosophers Do ............................................... 3 1.2 Individual and Universal in Italian National Philosophy .... 7 1.3 Neo-Scholasticism and Transcendental Truth ........................ 13 1.4 Jesuit School Philosophy ............................................................... 15 1.5 School Philosophy vs. Philosophers’ Philosophy ................... 19 Chapter Two Apostolato dei Collegi: On the Integration of Humanism in the Educational Program of the Jesuits .................. 21 2.1 Jacobus Pontanus on the Usefulness of the Humanities ..... 21 2.2 Organizing Public Education ....................................................... 23 2.3 Studia humanitatis ........................................................................... 25 2.4 Scholastic Humanism ..................................................................... 31 Chapter Three Philosophy at Early Modern Universities ............... 35 3.1 Structure and Heritage of Catholic Universities .................... 35 3.2 Teaching Metaphysics at the Jesuit Colleges in Germany in the Seventeenth Century .......................................................... 40 3.3 The Ratio studiorum on Philosophy ........................................... 43 Chapter Four Péter Pázmány: The Cardinal’s Philosophy ............. 51 4.1 Pázmány as Professor of Philosophy ......................................... 52 4.2 Manuscripts ....................................................................................... 54 4.3 Some Philosophical Themes ......................................................... 59 4.4 The Plan of a Philosophical Textbook ....................................... 63 vi contents Chapter Five Philosophy in Hungarian: Pál Bertalanffi SJ, Bernard Sartori OFM, and the Scholastic Philosophy of the Eighteenth Century ................................................................................... 67 5.1 János Apáczai Csere ........................................................................ 67 5.2 Pál Bertalanffi SJ ............................................................................... 70 5.3 Bernard Sartori OFM ...................................................................... 74 SCIENCE FROM THE RENAISSANCE THROUGH THE ENLIGHTENMENT Chapter Six Jesuits between Religion and Science ........................... 85 6.1 God in Natural Philosophy ........................................................... 87 6.2 Natural Theology .............................................................................. 90 6.3 Piety and Science ............................................................................. 93 Chapter Seven Principles and Powers: How to Interpret Renaissance Philosophy of Nature Philosophically? ....................... 101 7.1 Cusanus and Ficino: Reasonable Questions behind Obscure Answers ............................................................................. 102 7.2 Telesio: Is there any Order in Nature? ...................................... 103 7.3 Cardano: The Unity of Nature and of its Explanation ......... 107 7.4 Strategical Uniformity in Creating Theories ............................ 109 7.5 From Universality to Specialization ........................................... 110 Chapter Eight The Jesuits and the Janus-Faced History of Natural Sciences ......................................................................................... 113 8.1 Father Clavius’s Complaints: Mathematics in the Jesuit Curriculum ............................................................................. 115 8.2 The Unity of Human Episteme .................................................... 123 8.3 Experiments with the Philosophy Course: Melchior Cornaeus S.J. ................................................................... 126 8.4 The Story of Science ........................................................................ 135 Chapter Nine Benedictus Pererius: Renaissance Culture at the Origins of Jesuit Science .......................................................................... 139 9.1 Pererius and Averroes .................................................................... 141 9.2 Pererius and Renaissance Philosophy ....................................... 147 9.3 The Role of Metaphysics within Philosophy ........................... 151 9.4 Concessions to Platonism ............................................................. 157 contents vii 9.5 History of Philosophy against the Myth of Ancient Wisdom ............................................................................ 159 9.6 Against Alchemy and Kabbalah ................................................ 163 9.7 Dreams and Clairvoyance ........................................................... 176 9.8 Astrology .......................................................................................... 179 Chapter Ten “Ubi natura facit circulos in essendo, nos facimus in cognoscendo.” The Demonstrative Regressus and the Beginning of Modern Science in Catholic Scholastics ................... 183 10.1 Scholastic and Cartesian Logic .................................................. 183 10.2 Franciscus Toletus ......................................................................... 185 10.3 French Contexts ............................................................................. 190 10.4 Franciscans ...................................................................................... 194 Chapter Eleven Aristotelianism More Geometrico: Honoré Fabri ............................................................................................... 199 11.1 A Key to Aristotelianism ............................................................. 200 11.2 Space: A Universal Concept ....................................................... 203 11.3 Excursus on Natural Theology ................................................... 204 11.4 Hypothesis—Founded or Fictitious? ...................................... 206 METAPHYSICS AND THEOLOGY Chapter Twelve Rodrigo de Arriaga on Immortality as a Response to Platonism ............................................................................. 217 12.1 Ontology ........................................................................................... 219 12.2 Epistemology ................................................................................... 223 Chapter Thirteen Bartolomeo Mastri: From Metaphysics to Natural Theology ........................................................................................ 227 13.1 Kinds of Abstraction ....................................................................
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